machinegun theory
DESCRIPTION
Tactics Certification Course (TCC). Machinegun Theory. THE THEORY OF MACHINE GUN FIRE. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. ACTION Employ Company Organic Weapons Systems. CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THE THEORY OFTHE THEORY OFMACHINE GUN FIREMACHINE GUN FIRE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Employ Company Organic Weapons Systems.
CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions.
STANDARD Correctly perform task standards IAW ARTEP 7-8MTP in order to perform an overwatch
and/or a support by fire during the TEWT.
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NONE
NONE
LOW
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INTRODUCTION
“IF ANY SINGLE EVENT CAN BE SAID TO HAVE
TRANSFORMED THE HISTORY OF WARFARE,
IT WAS THE PERFECTION OF THE TRUE AUTOMATIC
MACHINE-GUN BY HIRAM MAXIM IN 1885.
“OF ALL THE HIDEOUS WEAPONS OF WAR PRODUCED
IN THE 20th CENTURY, NONE HAS EXTRACTED
A MORE DREADFUL TOLL OF HUMAN LIFE THAN THE
MACHINE GUN”.
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INTRODUCTION
In 1881 Maxim, visited the Paris Electrical Exhibition. There he met a man who told him:
"If you wanted to make a lot of money, invent something that will enable these Europeans to cut each other's
throats with greater facility."
Over the next few years Maxim worked on producing an effective machine-gun. In 1885 he demonstrated the world's first automatic portable machine-gun to the British Army. Maxim used the energy of each bullet's recoil force to eject the spent cartridge and insert the
next bullet. The Maxim Machine-Gun would therefore fire until the entire belt of bullets was used up. Trials showed
that the machine-gun could fire 500 rounds per minute and therefore had the firepower of about 100 rifles.
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“THE MACHINE GUN WILL NEVER REPLACE THE HORSE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF WAR”.
SIR DOUGLAS HAIG,COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
DECEMBER 1915
INTRODUCTION
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WORLD WAR 101 JULY 1916THE SOMME
ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE ALLIED SOMME OFFENSIVE 19,000 BRITISH AND COMMONWEALTH SOLDIERS WERE KILLED, AND A FURTHER 38,000 WOUNDED BY GERMAN
MACHINE GUN FIRE ALONE.
INTRODUCTION
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THE SOMME
THE BRITISH III CORPS LOST 80% OF ITS EFFECTIVE STRENGTH AS IT ADVANCED ABREAST OF THE
BAPAUME ROAD, BETWEEN THE
TWIN VILLAGES OF LA BOISELLE AND OVILLERS,
VIRTUALLY ALL OF THEM CUT DOWN
BY SUSTAINED MACHINE-GUN FIRE.
INTRODUCTION
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World War 1
THE 1914-1918 WAR KILLED AT THE VERY LEAST 9 MILLION PEOPLE, THE VAST MAJORITY OF THEM ON THE
BATTLEFIELD ITSELF, AND WOUNDED A FURTHER 12.5 MILLION: A TOTAL OF 22 MILLION CASUALTIES.
EVEN AT A CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE, 25% OF THESE CASUALTIES WERE DUE TO MACHINE-GUN FIRE, GIVING A
TOTAL OF 5.5 MILLION CASUALTIES.
INTRODUCTION
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Modern Day
AAR from action in Somalia in 1993 verified that the 7.62mm machinegun is still the Dismounted Infantry Platoon’s most lethal weapon system
The bulk of an Dismounted Infantry Platoon’s organic firepower is provided by the 7.62mm Machinegun, especially in the COE of today (MOUT, Close Combat, Mountain).
INTRODUCTION
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ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Describe the Considerations for Machinegun Fire.
CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions.
STANDARD Correctly perform task standards IAW ARTEP 7-8MTP in order to perform an overwatch and/or a support by fire during the TEWT.
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GENERAL DATA
M249 SAW 5.56mm
Squad Automatic WeaponLight Machinegun
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GENERAL DATA – M249
• CALIBER: 5.56mm • MAXIMUM RANGE: 3600 m
• MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE:
POINT TARGETS 600 mAREA TARGETS 800 mSUPPRESSION 1000 m
• RATES OF FIRE:
SUSTAINED: 85 rpmRAPID: 200 rpmCYCLIC: 850 rpm
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GENERAL DATA
M60 7.62mm
Medium Machinegun
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GENERAL DATA – M60
• CALIBER: 7.62mm • MAXIMUM RANGE: 3725 m
• MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE: 1,000m • GRAZING FIRE: 600m • TRACER BURN OUT: 900m
• RATES OF FIRE:
SUSTAINED: 100 rpmRAPID: 200 rpmCYCLIC: 550 rpm
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GENERAL DATA
M240B 7.62mm
Medium Machinegun
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GENERAL DATA – M240B
• CALIBER: 7.62mm • MAXIMUM RANGE: 3725 m
• MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE: 1,000m • GRAZING FIRE: 600m • TRACER BURN OUT: 900m
• RATES OF FIRE:
SUSTAINED: 100 rpmRAPID: 200 rpmCYCLIC: 650-950 rpm
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GENERAL DATA
M2HB .50 Cal
BrowningHeavy Machinegun
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GENERAL DATA – M2HB
• CALIBER: .50 cal (12.7mm)• MAXIMUM RANGE: 6764 m (4.22 miles)
• MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE:
POINT TARGETS: 1500 m (Single Shot)AREA TARGETS: 1830 m
• RATES OF FIRE:
SINGLE SHOT or CYCLIC: 450-550 rpm
• TYPES OF AMMO:BALL INCENDIARYTRACER AP (ARMOR PIERCING)DUMMY API (ARMOR PIERCING INCENDIARY)BLANK APIT (ARMOR PIERCING INCENDIARY TRACER)
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Browning .50 M2HB (Ma Deuce)
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ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Describe & understand Machinegun Terminology.
CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions.
STANDARD Correctly perform task standards IAW ARTEP 7-8MTP in order to perform an over-watch /support by fire during the TEWT or FTX week of training.
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MACHINEGUNTERMINOLOGY
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Machinegun Terminology
LINE OF SIGHT BURST OF FIRE TRAJECTORY MAXIMUM ORDINATE CONE OF FIRE BEATEN ZONE DANGEROUS SPACE DANGEROUS ZONE DEAD SPACE
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LINE OF SIGHT
Machinegun Terminology
AN IMAGINARY LINE, FROM THE FIRERS EYE,
THROUGH THE SIGHTS, TO THE POINT OF AIM ON THE TARGET.
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• A BURST OF FIRE IS A NUMBER OF SUCCESSIVE ROUNDS FIRED WITH THE SAME ELEVATION AND POINT OF AIM WHEN THE TRIGGER IS HELD TO THE REAR.
• THE NUMBER OF ROUNDS IN A BURST CAN VARY, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF FIRE EMPLOYED.
Machinegun Terminology
BURST OF FIRE
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TRAJECTORY IS THE CURVED PATH A ROUND TAKES DURING ITS FLIGHT. THE TRAJECTORY OF A ROUND IS AFFECTED BY AIR RESISTANCE AND GRAVITY.
Machinegun Terminology
TRAJECTORY
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MAXIMUM ORDINATE IS THE HIGHEST POINT ABOVE THE LINE OF SIGHT TO WHICH A PROJECTILE RISES DURING ITS FLIGHT. THE MAXIMUM ORDINATE OCCURS APPROXIMATELY 2/3 OF THE WAY
ALONG THE TRAJECTORY OF THE PROJECTILE.Example: AS THE RANGE INCREASES, SO DOES THE HEIGHT OF THE MAXIMUM ORDINATE.
MAXIMUM ORDINATE
Machinegun Terminology
MAXIMUM ORDINATE
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THE GROUP OF TRAJECTORIES RESULTING FROM A BURST OF FIRE IS TERMED THE CONE OF FIRE. WHEN A BURST OF FIRE STRIKES A VERTICAL TARGET, THE ROUNDS WILL FORM A PATTERN, OVAL IN SHAPE, WITH THE DENSITY OF SHOTS DECREASING TOWARDS THE EDGES.
CONE OF FIRE
Machinegun Terminology
CONE OF FIRE
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THE PATTERN FORMED WHEN THE CONE OF FIRE STRIKES THE GROUND IS TERMED THE BEATEN ZONE. IT IS OVAL OR CIGAR SHAPED AND THE DENSITY OF ROUNDS DECREASES TOWARDS THE EDGES. BECAUSE OF DISPERSION ONLY THAT PART OF THE BEATEN ZONE IN WHICH 85% OF THE ROUNDS FALL IS CONSIDERED THE EFFECTIVE BEATEN ZONE.
BEATEN ZONE
Machinegun Terminology
BEATEN ZONE
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DANGEROUS SPACE OCCURS BETWEEN THE MUZZLE OF THE MACHINE GUN AND THE POINT WHERE THE LOWEST ROUND IN THE BEATEN ZONE STRIKES THE GROUND.
Machinegun Terminology
DANGEROUS SPACE
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THE DANGEROUS ZONE IS THAT AREA COVERED BY THE DANGEROUS SPACE AND THE BEATEN ZONE. FOR THE FIRE TO BE EFFECTIVE, THE TARGET MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE DANGEROUS ZONE.
DANGEROUS ZONE
Machinegun Terminology
DANGEROUS ZONE
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ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Describe the Effects of Range & Ground on the Beaten Zone.
CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions.
STANDARD Correctly perform task standards IAW ARTEP 7-8MTP in order to perform an overwatch and/or a support by fire during the TEWT.
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The effects of Range on the Beaten Zone
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THE RANGE ONTHE BEATEN ZONE
AS RANGE INCREASES…………………………………..
M240B
RANGE: 500m 1 X 110 mRANGE: 1000m 2 X 75 m
RANGE: 1500m 3 X 55 m
RANGE: 2000m 4 X 50 m
(IT Vol 4, Pam 7, M60, 1980, Australia & RAInf Corps Trg. Notes Vol 2 Pam 6, DFSW Pl. 1995, Australia)
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The effects of the Ground on the Beaten Zone
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LEVEL GROUND
THE GROUND ONTHE BEATEN ZONE
RISING SLOPESTEEP HILLSIDE
CONFORMING GROUND
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DEAD SPACE
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DEAD SPACE
ANY FOLD OR DEPRESSION IN THE GROUND
THAT PREVENTS A TARGET FROM BEING ENGAGED
FROM A FIXED POSITION IS TERMED DEAD SPACE.
DEAD SPACE
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FACTORS EFFECTING THE BURST OF FIRE
The Gun & the AmmunitionThe FirerThe Clarity of the TargetAir Disturbances & Weather
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CLASSES OF MG FIRE
Machineguns produce 2 Classes of Fire
with respect to the Ground:
Grazing Fire or Plunging Fire
The 2 factors that effect
the Class of Fire produced with respect to
the Ground are Range and Terrain.
TYPES OF FIRE
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GRAZING FIRE
Grazing fire is obtained when firing over level or
uniformly sloping terrain, where the center of the cone of fire
does not rise more than 1 meter above the ground.
This is approximately out to 600m. The dangerous zone, employing this type of fire, extends from the muzzle of the gun
out to where the last round in the beaten zone strikes the ground.
BEATEN ZONE
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PLUNGING FIREPLUNGING FIRE IS ACHIEVED WHEN THE DANGEROUS ZONE
IS PRACTICALLY CONFINED TO THE BEATEN ZONE. IT IS OBTAINED WHEN FIRING AT VERY LONG RANGES, FROM HIGH GROUND INTO
LOW GROUND OR INTO ABRUPTLY RISING GROUND.
BEATEN ZONE
CONE OF FIRE
DANGEROUS ZONE
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Classes of Fire with Respect to
the Target
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CLASSES OF FIRE RESPECT TO TARGET
FRONTAL FIRE
Occurs when the long axis of the beaten zone is perpendicular to the
front of the target.
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FRONTAL FIRE
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Classes of Fire with Respect to the Target
FLANKING FIRE:
Fire that is delivered directly against the flank of the target.
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FLANKING FIRE
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OBLIQUE FIRE:
When the long axis of the beaten zone is at an angle other than a right angle
to the front of the target.
Classes of Fire with Respect to the Target
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OBLIQUE FIRE
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ENFILADE FIRE:
When the long axis of the beaten zone coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the target. This type of fire
is either frontal or flanking. It is the most desirable type of fire with
respect to a target because it makes maximum use of the beaten zone.
Classes of Fire with Respect to the Target
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ENFILADE FIRE
FRONTAL FLANKING
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TRAINING NOTES
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OBJECTIVES OF MG MARKSMANSHIP
• Obtain an accurate initial burst• Traverse and search the Machinegun effectively• Observe and adjust fire• Operate with speed
Reference page 9-2 FM 23-67
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PLACEHOLDER:
USE EXAMPLES OF FIRE WITH RESPECT TO GUN: CAN BLOWUP PICTURE ON PAGE 7-4 of FM or
make slide
Classes of Fire With Respect to the Gun
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TRAINING TTP FOR LEADERS
• Crew drills varied conditions• Cross train machinegun skills, to include crew drills
and range cards• Stabilize your crews, don’t make the “new guy” the
gunner.• You the leader and crew must know FM 23-67. • Train your MG crews and weapon squads to occupy
Support By Fire positions both in and out of contact. Don’t just train for best case (deliberate occupation out of contact).
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• Remember that the M249 is also a machinegun, and team leaders/squad leaders should be trained on
their control and employment.
TRAINING TTP FOR LEADERS
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CREW DRILLS
• Can be conducted in field, on ranges, or in garrison
• Conduct under progressively harder conditions (time, day/night, rotate positions, etc.)
• PRECISION IS NEVER SACRIFICED FOR SPEED, SPEED IS ACQUIRED AFTER PRECISION HAS BEEN OBTAINED
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AIDS FOR OBSERVING THE FALL OF SHOT
GROUND: Rounds falling on dry, sandy, or rocky ground will give a good indication of strike.
TRACER: Tracer can be observed at ranges up to 1100m in normal circumstances.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: When the sun is low, it is easier to observe strike than when it is high.
BATTLEFIELD CONDITIONS: The actions of the “enemy will often indicate whether the fire is effective”.
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NOTES ON ZEROING
• IF THE WEAPON IS NOT CORRECTLY ZEROED, IT IS INEFFECTIVE.
• BOTH THE GUNNER AND THE ASSISTANT GUNNER MUST ZERO THE WEAPON.
• THE SPARE BARREL MUST BE ZEROED, NOT JUST THE MAIN BARREL.
• THE WEAPON MUST BE ZEROED BEFORE ANY OPERATION, AFTER REPAIRS,WHEN GUNNERS CHANGE AND WHEN EVER THE ZERO IS IN DOUBT
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION Employ Company Organic Weapons Systems.
CONDITIONS Given a classroom, participation in learning and a practical periods of instructions.
STANDARD Correctly perform task standards IAW ARTEP 7-8MTP in order to perform an overwatch and/or a support by fire during the TEWT.
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?