Macbeth Student Booklet

Plot Overview and Context Act One

The play opens on the Witches with thunder and lightning. This instantly scares the Jacobean audience because it's mysterious, their purpose is undetermined, and the Jacobean's strongly disagreed with everything linked with witchcraft. Their rhyming then confirms their importance which has been suggested by the play opening on them. It also reinforces an unnatural and evil aspect about the characters, alarming the Jacobean audience. This eerie opening is contrasted with the brutal atmosphere created by the news of Banquo and Macbeth leading the Scottish army in battle against Norway and Ireland. From this, a violent mood is set that lasts for the entirety of the play.

Macbeth is introduced by being described as "valiant" and "brave" which presents him as a war hero and wins the Jacobean audience over immediately. In Scene 3 the thunder repeats as the Witches reappear therefore connoting chaos, danger, and a change in natural order.

The Witches make three predictions and vanish. Macbeth's first line "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" immediately links him with the supernatural Witches who earlier chanted "Foul is fair and fair is foul." The Witches first predict: 1. Macbeth will be made Thane of Cawdor. 2. Macbeth will be made King soon. 3. Banquo won't become King, but his descendants will.

After seeing the Witches, Banquo questions his sanity, recognising the evil in the Witches and their manipulating power. As a result, Banquo refuses to be deceived by them. Macbeth on the other hand is spellbound and scared by what he has seen. Primarily, he is excited by the ambition they awake in him. When he is made Thane of Cawdor he completely trusts the Witches and thus his downfall begins.

In Scene 5, Lady Macbeth is introduced by reading a letter from Macbeth about the prophecies made by the Witches. She voices her opinions which shows the audience that she is not the stereotypical Jacobean wife. She knows she will have to convince her husband to kill King Duncan, but she has no doubts about killing Duncan to become Queen. Her use of imperatives connect her to the Witches and therefore evil and unnatural spirits. We see her and Macbeth together for the first time and they are both nervous and rushed - clearly keen to discuss Duncan's murder without being caught or interrupted.

We see the falseness of the couple as they flatter Duncan when he stays with them. The seventh scene sees Macbeth debating whether he should kill Duncan but Lady Macbeth convinces him to do so by questioning his masculinity. She also rejects her femininity by announcing that she would kill her own child - showing her evil, remorselessness, and wild behaviour as a Jacobean wife.

Macbeth Act One Questions

1. What do the Witches predict for Macbeth in Act One?

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2. What do the Witches predict for Banquo in Act One?

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3. How does the play open?

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4. What does the first act do in reference to the whole play?

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5. What is Banquo’s reaction to seeing the Witches?

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6. What is Macbeth talking about when he says he has “black desires”?

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Act Two

After the Macbeths have collectively killed Duncan and tried to frame the servants for his death, Banquo and his son Fleance go walking at night. Although Fleance is a minor character, he is important in serving a reminder to the audience of the Witches’ prediction regarding Banquo’s descendants becoming King. We know the sky has no stars that night (“Their candles are all out”) and the darkness here symbolises Macbeth’s upcoming and progressing evil. Banquo denies Macbeth his support and remains loyal to King Duncan.

In Act Two Scene Two, Lady Macbeth is waiting for her husband to return from Duncan’s murder. Although she presents a cold front, we see her weakness here as she jumps at every noise. Furthermore, she reveals that she couldn’t go with Macbeth because King Duncan was too much of a reminder of her own father. It seems the relentless Lady Macbeth isn’t so relentless after all… King Duncan’s murder is not seen on stage which leaves the audience to imagine the brutal scene themselves which raises tension in the theatre.

The audience do however see Lady Macbeth and Macbeth after their plan was carried out and the effect is clear – they are both on edge and nervous about being found out. The repeated knocking sound also adds to their nerves by creating a sense of urgency, echoing Macbeths heartbeat.

In Act Two Scene Three, Duncan’s body is discovered but not before the Porter lightens the mood with his comedic monologue. This time of dramatic irony in which the characters don’t know about Duncan’s murder only makes the audience anticipate the reveal more.

Finally, Macduff finds Duncan’s body and his horror worsens the reveal of the murder to the remaining characters. In rage, Macbeth confesses and as a good wife, Lady Macbeth faints to distract their guests. Another opinion is that her fainting was genuine and out of fear of what Macbeth has become.

Also, fearful, Malcolm and Donalbain run away, which makes them look guilty and allows Macbeth to now take the throne as Duncan has no available descendants. In scene four things get even stranger – this can be blamed on the disruption of the natural order since all of the involvement with the supernatural. The scene finishes with Macduff telling Rosse that Macbeth will be king. Despite his knowledge of this, Macduff doesn’t attend Macbeth’s coronation which shows that he is suspicious of Macbeth.

Macbeth Act Two Questions

1. What supernatural thing does Macbeth see in the start of the second act?

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2. What causes Malcolm and Donalbain to run away?

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3. Why does Lady Macbeth not want to kill Duncan herself?

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4. What repeated noise raises tension in scene two?

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5. Who finds Duncan’s body?

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Macbeth Act Three Overview

The act opens on Banquo revealing his inner thoughts to the audience: that he is very suspicious of Macbeth, he still believes that the witches are correct about his descendants becoming King, and his ambition won’t stop fate taking its course. Similarly, Macbeth’s soliloquy also shows his inner most thoughts – his however is that his opinion on murder has changed. He has decided to kill Banquo and it now seems an easy act for him to do.

In saying this, he has to hire people to do it for him as his friendship with Banquo makes it difficult for Macbeth. This also shows the difference in the current disloyal and spineless Macbeth, and the “valiant” and “brave” Macbeth we saw at the start of the play. The Macbeths feel uneasy and unsure about their royal position, and their relationship together because Macbeth doesn’t tell Lady Macbeth about his plans to kill Banquo. This could be to protect her from the guilt they’re already experiencing about Duncan’s death, but this is never confirmed. This unsettled tone is furthered by the animal imagery used which emphasises Macbeth’s insecurity and paranoia.

From this, audiences and characters alike become unsure of Macbeth and don’t trust him. After Macbeth added a third murderer, Banquo is killed (shown by his light going out). Fleance escapes – just as the witches predicted. Thinking that both Banquo and Fleance are being dealt with, Macbeth rejoices and hosts a feast. The feast is ruined when one of the murderers reveals that Fleance is still alive. Macbeth is trapped by his secret and the potential of it coming out. As Macbeth learns of Banquo’s death and Fleance’s escape, Banquo’s ghost appears only to Macbeth showing his guilt and anxiety. The ghost sits on Macbeth’s throne, serving to remind him of the Witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s descendants would be King.

Macbeth’s strange behaviour lead Lady Macbeth to take control and pretend that he is unwell, and she privately questions his masculinity again. Macbeth’s downfall is beginning to seem inevitable. In Act Three Scene Five, the Witches are told off by Hecate who is annoyed at their involvement with Macbeth without her. They then plan to trick Macbeth into false confidence, ensuring that the natural order will remain in chaos.

The minor characters reveal that Macduff has raised an army against Macbeth. Additionally, Macbeth’s secret murders are becoming public speculation as Lennox suspects Macbeth’s involvement, but is careful not to reveal his suspicions until his speech where he clears Malcolm and Donalbain’s names and demands the English courts free Malcolm. Audiences are left to question how far Macbeth will get before he will be stopped and inevitably killed.

Macbeth Act Three Questions

1. Who escapes being murdered?

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2. Why does Macbeth want to kill Banquo and Fleance?

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3. Who/what does Macbeth see on his throne?

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4. What does Lady Macbeth do to excuse Macbeth’s strange behaviour at the

feast?

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5. Who is annoyed with the Witches and why?

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6. Who believes Duncan’s sons to be innocent and why?

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Macbeth Act Four Overview

Act Four, much like Act One, opens on the Witches casting their famous “double, double toil and trouble” spell as they mix body parts in their cauldron. When Macbeth comes in they flatter him as an act of false obedience in order to take advantage of his hamartia - his ambition for power.

The witches again make three predictions: 1. Beware of Macduff. 2. No one born from a woman can harm him. 3. Macbeth will be safe until Birnam Wood moves to Dunsinane Hill.

Macbeth takes the Witches’ predictions at face value and therefore leaves feeling confident and secure – just as they intended. Macbeth is still unsure about the Witches’ prediction about Banquo and so they show him a vision of Banquo’s descendants. This makes him angry, so angry in fact that he now wants to kill all of Macduff’s family for their association.

Furthermore, he no longer discusses his murder plans with Lady Macbeth showing his drastic change in character since the first act in the play. Lady Macduff is scared as Macduff has ran away, leaving her to protect their castle and children. Her fear represents the fear of the nation being ruled by Macbeth as Scotland had already turned chaotic and immoral. The murderer enters and brutally stabs Lady Macduff’s son, interrupting his intimate conversation with his mother.

This murder can reveal a lot about the Macbeths. Firstly, the bond between Lady Macduff and her son contrasts Lady Macbeth who claims she would’ve “dashed the brains out” of her own child. Secondly, the words the murderer uses to emphasise how young the Macduff son is, alongside the fact that it happens on stage, shows how brutal Macbeth has become as he kills anyone without remorse. However, one thing stays the same: Macbeth is still too much of a coward to do it himself.

As his wife and son are being murdered, Macduff was in England trying to convince Malcolm to raise an army against Macbeth. Malcolm doesn’t trust Macduff, as a result of the fear Macbeth had created amongst his people. Malcolm in fact believes that Macduff must be supporting Macbeth as (to his knowledge) his family hadn’t been harmed, creating dramatic irony as the audience are aware of how wrong Malcolm is. Malcolm tests Macduff’s loyalty and sees that Macduff is loyal to Scotland. After great reluctance, Rosse tells Macduff was has happened to his family creating a dramatic and emotional moment on stage. Macduff grieves obviously and resorts to short sentences and rhetorical questions, showing his shock. This is the turning point and the main motivation for Macduff to seek revenge against Macbeth.

Macbeth Act Four Questions

1. What three predictions do the Witches make?

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2. What are the Witches doing before Macbeth enters?

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3. Macbeth, without discussing it with Lady Macbeth, decides to do what?

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4. Who tells Macduff about the death of his family?

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5. Malcolm tests Macduff’s loyalty and confirms that he is loyal to who/what?

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6. The first on-stage murder is the death of who?

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7. Malcolm is weary of Macduff, who does he think he is supporting?

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Macbeth Act Five Overview

At Dunsinane a gentlewoman has sent for a doctor to assess Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking. They both watch her sleepwalk into the room with a candle, and act as though she is washing her hands, saying "Yet here's a spot. . . Out, damned spot; out I say.” She looks guilty to the two onlookers, including the doctor who concludes Lady Macbeth needs a priest’s help, not a doctor’s. He leaves advising that neither he or the gentlewoman should speak of what they had seen or heard.

The thanes march towards Birnam Wood where they intend to meet with Malcolm and the army. Macbeth receives the doctor’s diagnosis of his wife’s visions and is displeased with this report, equally as much as he is displeased with earlier reports of military matters. Malcolm marches through Birnam Wood with the thanes and the soldiers, instructing them all to cut off branches and use them for camouflage, to deceive Macbeth and conceal their true numbers. They comment on the fact that Macbeth confidently holds Dunsinane, which is quickly revoked by the fact that all of his men have abandoned him.

Macbeth orders his men to hang banners from the walls of the castle, claiming, with confidence, that had it not been for the deserters he would meet the English army head on, and the castle shall stand until the English army dies of famine. Lady Macbeth dies, leaving Macbeth unbothered, commenting that she should have died at a later, more convenient date. The battle commences with Macbeth’s first victim being Young Siward.

The castle is stormed, and Macbeth is found and challenged to a battle by Macduff. Macduff reveals that he was born through the medieval version of a c-section, therefore not technically born of a woman, to which Macbeth responds with his refusal to fight him. Upon their entry, the thanes and Malcolm establish that the battle has been won and the castle stormed, noting that Young Siward and Macduff are still missing.

They are informed by Rosse that Young Siward is dead, and having confirmed that he died fighting bravely, Siward announces he could not have wished for a braver death for his son. Macduff enters with the severed head of Macbeth, exclaiming “Hail, King of Scotland!” Malcolm announces he will pardon and earl all of the previously exiled thanes, and he himself will later be crowned King.

Macbeth Act Five Questions

1. A)What four predictions did the witches have for Macbeth?

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B) Explain their significance.

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2. What is Macbeth’s reaction to his wife’s death?

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3. Why does Lady Macbeth repeatedly wash her hands, even when sleepwalking?

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4. What is Macbeth doing in preparation for the attack?

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5. What is the significance of Siward dying of the injury to the chest?

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6. What is Macbeth’s reaction to the fact that Birnam Wood is actually coming to

Dunsinane?

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7. What does Malcolm think about Macbeth’s army?

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8. What trick does Malcolm use to deceive Macbeth?

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9. What does Macbeth request of the doctor?

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10.Who was not born of a woman?

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Macbeth Overview Worksheet

Briefly explain Macbeth’s plot in your own words.

Act One:

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Act Two:

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Act Three:

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Act Four:

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Act Five:

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Character Traits Ambitious

Macbeth is a brave warrior who is rewarded by becoming the Thane of Cawdor for his bravery in battle. However, this doesn’t satisfy his ambition as he desires greater power. Upon hearing the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth becomes obsessed with power which causes him to murder Duncan to claim the throne of Scotland. Macbeth is so driven by his own personal ambition that he acknowledges the flaws of his plan to kill Duncan and that it will result in his own demise, yet he lets his ambition cloud his thoughts and carries out the murder of Duncan. However, as the play concludes, Macbeth loses his ambition as he rejects life having any significance, illustrating that personal ambition was his downfall.

Brave

Macbeth is most comfortable on the battlefield. When Macbeth is fighting, he doesn’t have to think about his moral conscience and his personal ambition. Macbeth clearly exhibits bravery when he fights for his country, this is acknowledged by King Duncan who rewards Macbeth with the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is characterised as a “valiant” warrior at the start of the play and furthermore, Rosse calls Macbeth “Bellona’s bridegroom”. This is a metaphor that compares Macbeth to Mars, the Roman God of War, showing that Macbeth is a skilled warrior whose ability can only be likened to the God of war. Macbeth dies in battle against Macduff’s army in the final battle and Macbeth fights “bear-like” to the end despite knowing he has no chance of victory; Macbeth is steadfast in not yielding to his opponent.

Brutal

Macbeth’s dark desires and violent ambition overshadows all of his noble characteristics, his dark desires drove him to become a ruthless and calculating killer. Once Macbeth has the taste of murder, after being influenced by Lady Macbeth, the murders that follow come more easily to Macbeth as he secures his position as King. Macbeth has Banquo and Macduff’s family killed because he thought they would threaten his position as king. These brutal murders illustrate that Macbeth’s ambition is much greater than his sense of morality, indicating that his nobility as a soldier has been surpassed by his dark desires.

Easily led

Macbeth is influenced by Lady Macbeth, she insults him saying he will be “more the man” if he kills Duncan. As a brave soldier these insults will anger Macbeth,

since Lady Macbeth is questioning his masculinity. Consequently, Lady Macbeth’s cunning behaviour persuades Macbeth to kill Duncan. Macbeth is very easily led by the supernatural, especially the prophecy of the Witches. As the Witches’ prophecies start to unfold, Macbeth’s faith in them grows stronger and he becomes convinced that what they say will come to fruition. Consequently, Macbeth refuses to go back to his original ways since it challenges the prophecy of the Witches.

Moral

Towards the start of the play, Macbeth has a strong sense of right and wrong. Macbeth focuses a great deal on the consequences of his actions because of earth’s “judgement” and the “deep damnation” following death. Macbeth is initially reluctant to kill Duncan because he knows that murder is wrong and that he is a good King. However, Lady Macbeth’s ambition influences Macbeth and results in him murdering Duncan. But after Duncan’s death, Macbeth struggles as he experiences waves of terrible guilt and remorse for his actions. This illustrates that despite his violent actions Macbeth can still comprehend that what he did was wrong.

Key Themes Manhood

As a warrior, Macbeth exhibits very traditional masculine traits including bravery and strength. When Macbeth fights he is seen to be a courageous warrior who is willing to lay his life down on the battlefield. Thus, Macbeth is awarded with the title of Thane of Cawdor by Duncan for his bravery in battle. However, all too often Macbeth’s manhood is called into question by his own wife as she manipulates him to achieve her own ambition. As Lady Macbeth persuades her husband to kill Duncan, she insults his manhood by calling him a “coward” and says that he will be “more the man” if he murders Duncan. Lady Macbeth’s emotional blackmail of Macbeth results in him murdering Duncan in an attempt to uphold his masculinity.

Good and Evil

Macbeth is a noble character with a strong moral conscious who carries out evil deeds. Macbeth’s nobility is recognised at the start of the play where Duncan makes him the Thane of Cawdor after seeing Macbeth’s potential for glory and greatness. However, Macbeth’s ambition is so strong that it exceeds his virtue and allows his wicked desires to flourish. After this Macbeth becomes even more evil as he becomes accustomed to his dark desires and he isn’t fazed when orders the murder of Banquo and Macduff’s family. Good and evil also encompasses the fight

for the crown of Scotland. Macduff raises an army to topple the evil King Macbeth to allow the throne of Scotland to be pure and good once more.

Kingship

Macbeth gained the throne of Scotland unlawfully by murdering Duncan and framing Duncan’s son’s Malcom and Donalbain. There is little that Macbeth is unwilling to do in his desire to become king. However, upon being king Macbeth cannot be described as a good ruler but rather as a tyrant. To consolidate his position as King, Macbeth orders Banquo to be killed and Macduff’s family too. Macbeth is undeserving of the title of King due to the way he gained the throne and also because of the way he acts as king. Macbeth’s reign as king causes disruption in the land of Scotland as the days turned to night and the horses began eating each other, indicating a imbalanced natural order. Consequently, this is why the throne of Scotland is eventually prised away from Macbeth in the final battle against Macduff’s army.

Supernatural

The supernatural visions that Macbeth has are used to remind Macbeth of the guilt of his actions. Macbeth’s visions are seen as ambiguous because they don’t provide a clear message. Consider Macbeth’s vision of the dagger, it isn’t clear as to whether it is encouraging him to kill Duncan or warning him against killing Duncan. Supernatural themes are highlighted when Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost at a banquet. Nobody else can see Banquo’s ghost so it indicates that Banquo’s ghost is merely the guilty conscience of Macbeth. Macbeth’s vision of Banquo is frightening for Macbeth, his fear results in him babbling away as he loses control of his speech. Macbeth’s continuous encounters with the supernatural suggest signs of madness as he is disturbed by the visions.

Loyalty and Betrayal

Macbeth’s loyalty is shown through his actions. At the start of the play, Macbeth is loyal to his King and country as he fights for Duncan and gives him his “service and loyalty”. However, this loyalty soon wanes as Macbeth lets his dark desires get in the way of his loyalty as he betrays Duncan by murdering him. Macbeth’s initial devotion and loyalty to Duncan makes the betrayal all the more shocking. As well as betraying Duncan, Macbeth also betrays his own moral conscience. Macbeth had a strong sense of right and wrong, but Macbeth’s ambition seems to have taken priority ahead of this eventually resulting in his own demise where he rejects the notion of life having any significance at all.

Key Quotes

“Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires.” -Act 1, Scene 4

Explanation

Macbeth has his own aspirations of taking power from Duncan, through murderous impulses after hearing the Witches’ prophecy, when he learns that Duncan is visiting the castle. When Macbeth says, “Stars, hide your fires!” he wishes to remain in darkness so that his “black and deep desires” can be hidden. Metaphors of light and dark are used here, the darkness is used to illustrate Macbeth’s immoral desires and the light is used as a divine force that critique’s Macbeth’s actions and desires.

“ I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other.” -Act 1, Scene 7

Explanation

Macbeth questions whether he should carry out his plan to murder Duncan, he notes that he is being driven by his personal ambition rather than prioritising the good of his country. But Macbeth isn’t convinced by his own personal ambition and he begins to assess what is causing him to act in this way and the consequences of this action. But ultimately, Macbeth recognises that he will ignore this sense of reluctance and he “o’erleaps” himself, thus falling to the flaws of his own ambition.

“ Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee; I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal

vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in

form as palpable as this which now I draw.” -Act 2, Scene 1

Explanation

As Macbeth thinks upon his plan to murder Duncan, he sees a dagger floating in front of him and he ponders whether the dagger is real or if it is a figment of his imagination. As Macbeth goes to clutch the dagger he finds that he cannot grasp it, this confuses him greatly since he notes that it is impossible to have such a vision yet he can see it so clearly in front of him, this is shown when Macbeth talks of the dagger’s “palpable” quality and how much it resembles his own sword. The vision of the dagger leads Macbeth to question what is fictitious and what is reality,

the vision of the dagger is merely a vision but it results in a truth of Macbeth’s coming murder of Duncan.

“ I am in blood stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o’er.” -Act 3, Scene 4

Explanation

When Macbeth says “I am in blood” he means that he is deeply involved in murder after killing Duncan and Banquo, Macbeth feels that the blood he has spilled is flowing around him and that he is beginning to drown in it, this is illustrated where Macbeth says, “should I wade no more”. The imagery of a pool of blood is used to show Macbeth’s shame and guilt, Macbeth feels that his fate is sealed as a result of his actions and that nothing he can do will change this. Macbeth states that reverting to his original ways would be “tedious”, thus illustrating that he could turn away from his murderous ways if he were more tenacious.

“Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day to the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a

walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,

signifying nothing.” -Act 5, Scene 5

Explanation

As Macduff’s army approaches for the final battle, Macbeth claims that life has no meaning and is just a monotonous series of events ending in eventual death. Eventually, Macbeth’s ruthless nature has caught up with him and he rejects the notion of his life having any significance whatsoever, this is shown when Macbeth commands, “Out, out, brief candle!”.

Exam Question Practice

Answer the following questions:

1. How does the character Macbeth exhibit the theme of betrayal?

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2. How does the supernatural affect the character Macbeth?

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3. Explore the ambition expressed by the character Macbeth.

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4. Show how Shakespeare develops the character Macbeth.

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5. How does Shakespeare present the character Macbeth?

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6. Does Shakespeare present the character Macbeth as evil?

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Macbeth Quotes

Explain the meaning of each quote in your own words.

1. "Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires." Act 1,

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2. "I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other." Act 1, Scene 7

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3. "Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee; I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable as this which now I draw." Act 2, Scene 1

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4. "I am in blood stepp'd in so far, that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o'er." Act 3, Scene 4

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5. "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day to the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." Act 5, Scene 5

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Lady Macbeth Character Traits

Cruel

Lady Macbeth has the ability to manipulate her husband with ease, and she uses this to pursue her own agenda and achieve her ambition. Lady Macbeth will let nothing get in the way of her achieving her desire of status and power. This is evident when she commits terrible crimes so that she gets what she wants. Lady Macbeth’s cruelty is shown most clearly when she tries to summon spirits to fill her with “direst cruelty” so that her human compassion won’t prevent her from carrying out her murderous plans. However, as the play goes on she becomes remorseful for her cruel actions as she accepts her guilt and it drives her insane. Eventually leading her to commit suicide because she can no longer live in the knowledge of what she has done.

Clever

Lady Macbeth can be seen as an intelligent character who is often covering her husband’s mistakes. Upon seeing Banquo’s ghost Macbeth behaves strangely talking to the ghost which nobody else in the room can see, but Lady Macbeth thinks quickly on her feet and says her husband is ill and needs rest. In addition to this, upon hearing of Duncan’s murder Lady Macbeth faints, this could be a clever distraction away from her husband’s suspect speech. However, Lady Macbeth is arguably using the stereotype of women being weak at that time by pretending to be shocked to conceal her true cruel nature. Furthermore, it is Lady Macbeth who formulates the plan to frame Duncan’s servants for the murder, showing a cunning plan alongside heartless thinking.

Guilty

The guilt that Lady Macbeth expresses comes towards the end of the play when she realises the magnitude of her actions. Upon realising her guilt, Lady Macbeth becomes disturbed and she begins sleepwalking because her mind is so affected by her guilt that she struggles to sleep. The doctor calls Lady Macbeth’s behaviour a “perturbation in nature”. The guilt Lady Macbeth feels encompasses everything she does as she tries to wash off the metaphorical blood on her hands in her sleep, her guilt becomes so extreme that it causes her to enter a state of psychosis. Lady Macbeth’s guilt consumes her and the isolation from her husband, as Macbeth distances himself and carries out his own agenda alone without the involvement of his wife, results in her being unable to live what she has done causing her to commit suicide.

Revolutionary

At the time which Shakespeare wrote Macbeth, women were seen as very passive and weak due to their femininity. However, Shakespeare challenges this idea with Lady Macbeth rejecting her femininity, this is shown where she asks the spirits to “take my milk for gall”. Lady Macbeth never actually directly kills anybody because she doesn’t possess the powerful trait of violence which men stereotypically possess, however she uses the non-violent trait of manipulation to devastating effect. This indicates that the female non-violent traits can be just as powerful as the violent traits of men. Despite rejecting her femininity, Lady Macbeth still has a soft side as she says that she would be unable to murder Duncan since he reminded her of her father. Thus, indicating that she isn’t as cold-hearted as she is presented.

Ambitious

The ambition of Lady Macbeth greatly surpasses that of her husband’s, Lady Macbeth uses her intelligence to manipulate her husband to kill Duncan so that she can realise her personal ambition of reaching power and status. Lady Macbeth is very willing to act upon her ambition with ruthless intent, Lady Macbeth is the one who plans the murder of Duncan and criticises her husband’s lack of ambition referring to him as a “coward”. Lady Macbeth asked the spirits to “unsex” her because she believed that no ordinary woman would be able to plan such a murder. As a result, she asks the spirits to fill her with the “direst cruelty” so that she has no obstacles in her way that would prevent her from realising her ambition.

Key Themes Gender

Lady Macbeth challenges gender stereotypes throughout the play by manipulating her husband to her will. Gender is present when Lady Macbeth asks the spirits to unsex her, since she believes that her femininity will hold her back due to the inherent compassion and nurturing nature. Once she has rid herself of this femininity only then does she feel capable of taking violent action. Lady Macbeth also acknowledges the weakness of man, and exploits her husband to use his violent traits to fulfil her ambition through emotional blackmail.

Power and Status The strong ambition shown by Lady Macbeth to reach power and status is realised when Macbeth gains the throne of Scotland. Initially, lady Macbeth seems content with her new status as she becomes accustomed to the role. However, as the play progresses the status which Lady Macbeth strived to achieve gives her no satisfaction as it dawns on her that power and status alone isn’t enough to cause contentment. This theme is highlighted in Act 3, Scene 2 where Lady Macbeth says “Nought’s had, all’s spent where our desire is got without content.” This quote exemplifies that all the evil deeds has resulted in a lack of contentment. Thus, Shakespeare uses Lady Macbeth to illustrate that no amount of power or status can result in human contentment.

Brutality Lady Macbeth shows ruthless elements in her character which is most evident in the manipulation of her husband to kill Duncan and claim the throne of Scotland for himself. Once Macbeth has claimed the throne of Scotland he carries out more murders to consolidate his position in power. However, Lady Macbeth can be attributed to unlocking the murderous impulses in her husband by manipulating him to achieve their shared ambition. Thus, Lady Macbeth has the blood of many people on her hands. Brutality is shown to the end with Lady Macbeth, as she continues her ruthless nature upon herself as she can no longer live with her guilt and commits suicide.

Supernatural When she is sleepwalking, Lady Macbeth’s language is frantic because she is distressed due to her guilt. The visions that she experiences of Duncan’s blood on her hands is her guilty conscience of her and her husband’s murderous actions. The guilty vision Lady Macbeth experiences is because she can no longer contain her own guilt after she recognises the error of her and her husband’s ways. Furthermore, supernatural themes are evident when Lady Macbeth pleads for the help of the spirits as she plots the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth recognises that her human capabilities are limited and flawed so she calls upon the help of the spirits to carry out her plan. This indicates that the murder of Duncan was the influence of the supernatural rather than the plan of human ideas.

Key Quotes

“Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty; make thick my blood,

stop up the access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between the effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts, and take my milk for gall.“ -Act 1, Scene 5

Explanation

Lady Macbeth begins to plot Duncan’s downfall as she learns that he is visiting the castle for the evening. To carry out her plan, she calls upon evil spirits to help her because she recognises that she possesses human compassion which will prevent her from fulfilling her plan. In order to eliminate her human compassion, Lady Macbeth calls upon the spirits to fill her with “direst cruelty”, this indicates that she wishes to be overtaken by the spirits and deprive herself of her human compassion so that she can be filled with pure cruelty in order for her to achieve her ambition. Furthermore, Lady Macbeth perceives that her gender will also prevent her from being able to enact her plan. Shakespeare focuses upon images of female fertility in this instance where Lady Macbeth pleads with the spirits to “unsex” her and “take my milk for gall”. These quotes illustrate that Lady Macbeth is willing to give up her feminine and nurturing traits to become evil. Additionally, Lady Macbeth’s renouncement of the body shows not only a rejection of womanhood but also of humanity itself, indicating that she wishes to remove herself from humanity and rather become a supernatural entity who can act without the burden of a moral conscience.

“Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it.” -Act 1, Scene 5

Explanation

Lady Macbeth is persuading her husband to kill Duncan that night by being discreet yet brutal. This quote highlights the importance of good against evil in Macbeth. This theme is shown through the contrasting imagery of the flower and the serpent, the flower presenting peaceful connotations and the serpent being evil and brutal. The imagery of the serpent is a Biblical reference to the serpent in the Garden of Eden who tempts Eve and results in humanity entering disharmony. The same idea is exemplified in this quote, whereby Lady Macbeth is tempting her husband away from his strong moral conscience to act evilly in the name of personal ambition.

“But screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we’ll not fail.” -Act 1, Scene 7

Explanation

Lady Macbeth perseveres in convincing her husband that he should kill Duncan and claim the throne of Scotland. Macbeth remains unsure about the plan at this point, but Lady Macbeth questions her husband’s masculinity through aggressive commands and calling him to show his courage which seems to have gone astray. Lady Macbeth is convinced that courage and following their ambition will give them the desirable result. Lady Macbeth believes that no external influence can prevent them from succeeding in their plan if Macbeth shows his courage, indicating that she believes that they can carve their own destiny.

“Nought’s had, all’s spent where our desire is got w ithout content.” -Act 3, Scene 2

Explanation

Lady Macbeth’s ambition of killing Duncan and her husband gaining the throne of Scotland, resulting in her becoming Queen, has been realised. Yet she remains dissatisfied with her existence. Prior to the plan being carried out she perceived that achieving her ambition would result in complete contentment, but in actual fact, the very status that she strived to achieve is what has made her the most unhappy. This sheds some light onto the idea that happiness cannot be achieved through fame and status, Lady Macbeth points out that the status she pursued has granted her more misfortune than happiness. Thus, Shakespeare uses Lady Macbeth to illustrate the danger of desire.

“Out, damned spot! out, I say!“ -Act 5, Scene 1

Explanation Lady Macbeth’s unhappiness and guilt of her actions has driven her to insanity and stopped her from living an orderly life as she sleepwalks while rubbing her hands, as if to wash them, saying this line. This quote indicates that Lady Macbeth is attempting to wash Duncan’s blood off her hands, illustrating that she cannot escape the guilt of her actions. The fact that she cannot wash off the “damned spot” shows that she cannot remove the guilt from her as it permanently plays on her mind. This guilt which she was originally able to ignore has resulted in a complete psychological breakdown. The theme of reality against appearance is highlighted here, while Lady Macbeth was able to physically wash her hands after the murder, she is unable to mentally rid herself of her guilt and the metaphorical blood. Despite the blood being non-existent to any onlooker of this scene, to Lady Macbeth, it represents a unique reality of her conscience as her guilt is very much real and is being manifested through the blood on her hands.

Exam Question Practice

Answer the following questions:

1. Explore the theme of ambition shown by Lady Macbeth.

2. Analyse how Shakespeare develops the character of Lady Macbeth.

3. To what extent is Lady Macbeth’s behaviour influenced by the supernatural?

4. Explore the theme of gender shown by Lady Macbeth.

5. Assess whether Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth as a cruel character.

6. Explore the evil and manipulative behaviour of Lady Macbeth.

7. How is Lady Macbeth different to a traditional Jacobean woman?

8. Is Lady Macbeth more dominant than Macbeth? Explain your answer using quotes.

Make sure to plan your answer before you start writing!

Worksheet Briefly explain the meaning of each quote in your own words:

1. “I fear thy nature; It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness. To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition; but without the illness should attend it.” ……………………………………………………………………………………………...…

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2. “unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty”

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3. “Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctions visitings of

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4. “Look like the innocent flower, But be the serpent under it”

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5. “Screw your courage to the sticking-place”

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The witches Character Traits

Evil

There is no doubt that the Witches possess an evil nature. The Witches are described as being ugly and having beards, thus indicating that they’re unnatural and evil, Shakespeare uses this appearance of the Witches to emphasise their wickedness. Throughout the play the Witches make prophecies about what will happen by looking into the future and ultimately everything they say comes true. The most evil part of the Witches is that their prophecies are made in malice and they gain nothing from their actions, in summary they are trouble makers.

Arguably if the Witches never made their prophecy to Macbeth and Banquo, Macbeth may never have murdered Duncan and his ambition will have remained redundant. But the Witches’ prophecy provided a stimulus for it to come to light and lead Macbeth to enter a murderous and evil state.

Mythical

The Witches evidently aren’t a human force, the prophecies they make illustrate that they have the supernatural ability to predict the future. Shakespeare emphasises the mythical nature of the Witches by usually accompanying their entrance into a scene with “thunder and lightning” creating a morbid atmosphere. This distinct entrance separates the Witches from the rest of the characters in the play indicating that they’re different in their nature and have a mythical element to their character.

Shakespeare uses different language technique’s to assert the mythical nature of the Witches, these include the short rhyming lines which is contrasting to the other characters. Some of these lines include “wool of bat, and tongue of dog”, these rhymes sound grisly and wicked as Shakespeare highlights the supernatural nature of the Witches. Furthermore, Shakespeare very cleverly names the Witches “the weird sisters”, the word “weird” originates from the old English word “wyrd” meaning fate. This indicates that the Witches are mythical characters since they are able to see the fates of the characters in the play and thus able to provide prophecy’s about what the future holds for them.

Misleading

Despite the Witches providing accurate prophecies of the future, they confuse the characters that hear them to no end. The first prophecy that the Witches give to Macbeth and Banquo is very subjective. Banquo is suspicious about the nature of the Witches as he is unsure whether their appearance is reality or imaginary, this ultimately results in Banquo disregarding the Witches. Macbeth on the other hand, takes the prophecy to heart and begins to act upon his ambition caused by the

prophecy. Indicating that the prophecy of the Witches is both subjective and misleading for each of the characters that hear them.

Furthermore, the final prophecy that Macbeth hears leads him to enter a false sense of security. The Witches predict that Macbeth can only be killed of a man not born of a woman and that he will only be defeated if Birnam Wood moves to fight him at Dunsinane Hill. Both of these events seem practically impossible, but Macduff who murders Macbeth wasn’t born of his mother but was cut out of her and Malcom instructs his army to cut down the branches of Birnam Wood to disguise themselves. As a result of this, Macbeth is manipulated by the Witches who deceive him into believing that he is untouchable and this ultimately results in his death.

Violent

The violence of the Witches is shown when we encounter them in Act 1, Scene 3, where they meet and talk about what they’ve been doing. The second Witch says she has been killing pigs and the first Witch is tormenting the husband of a woman who wronged her. Despite not being actively violent to the characters in the play, it is clear to see that the Witches have a violent element to their character which Shakespeare is clearly trying to convey.

In addition to this, the Witches can be seen as violent characters throughout the play because their prophecies is what cause the murderous actions of Macbeth which results in continuous violence and evil to occur. Consequently, the Witches cannot be left without blame since their malicious nature is what has caused the extreme bloodshed in the play, thus indicating that their prophecies directly caused the murderous and violent actions of Macbeth.

Hecate

As previously mentioned in the Lesson Video, Hecate is introduced to us in Act 3, Scene 5, when she appears in front of the Witches to demand the reasons they excluded her out of their meetings with Macbeth. This can make Hecate seem as if she’s insecure, due to the fact that the Witches are not taking her authority seriously.

She tells the Witches that “by the strength of their illusion” Macbeth will come to the conclusion that he is invincible, which will eventually lead to his demise. This portrays Hecate as vindictive, and petty. It’s almost as if she’s punishing the Witches and Macbeth for excluding her out of their consultations.

Key Themes

Supernatural

Supernatural themes are evident within the character of the Witches, the speech of the Witches clearly outlines the supernatural theme of their character. Looking at Act 4, Scene 1, the Witches dance around the cauldron as they throw in vile ingredients such as “a wolf’s tooth” and “a goat’s bile” whilst citing incantations. This setting creates a dark and morbid mood which has strong connotations with the supernatural.

Furthermore, the prophecy the Witches make in Act 1, Scene 3 to Macbeth and Banquo, is the driving force of the whole play. The prophecy causes Macbeth to be driven mad by his own ambition, however in Shakespearean times this would’ve been seen as Macbeth being possessed. This idea is supported throughout the play where Macbeth has visions. This indicates that the prophecy made by the Witches at the start of the play has had dire consequences for Macbeth. This resulted in him becoming possessed, according to the original audience’s interpretation.

The theme of the supernatural is quite obviously focused around Hecate, who, as we know, is the goddess of witchcraft. She is more powerful that the Weird Sisters, and therefore has authority over them, which is why in Act 3, Scene 5, she demands rather than just ask why she’s been excluded from their meetings with Macbeth. She’s their superior, therefore they must answer to her.

Reality Vs. Fiction

The nature of the Witches’ character isn’t presented as overly clear by Shakespeare. An obvious example is that some of the characters struggle to distinguish whether the Witches are real or fiction. Banquo shows this most clearly when he first encounters the Witches alongside Macbeth, “That look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ Earth, and yet are on ’t?—Live you?”. Here Banquo is unable to tell whether they are earthly creatures. Banquo protests that they do not look earthly, yet he can see them clearly. The ambiguous nature of the Witches’ appearance illustrates that they aren’t simply human creatures, but have an supernatural element to both their appearance and their character.

Morality

Although the Witches are evil and supernatural beings, they do provide a concept of morality during the play. In the opening scene all three Witches chant “Fair is foul, and foul is fair hover through the fog and filthy air.” This chant indicates that in a way the Witches are exhibiting a form of inverse morality because they are saying that what is wrong is actually right and what is right is actually wrong. This concept is shown throughout the play where good and evil incidents are easily mistaken for one another. Despite not being moral creatures themselves, the Witches can provide a neutral morality that oversees the entirety of the play.

Fate

As supernatural beings, the Witches are able to make prophecies by seeing the fate of each of the characters. The Witches can be seen as the messengers who tell Macbeth and Banquo their fate when they encounter them in Act 1, scene 3. Upon hearing the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth seems happy to let fate run its course, this eventually leads to him murdering Duncan. We can see from this that the Witches have manipulated Macbeth by telling him his fate causing him to act out of character by following his ambition rather than his morality.

Overall Macbeth was in complete control of his own actions since he was able to weigh up the pros and cons prior to Duncan’s murder. Therefore, the prophecy of the Witches seems to have deceived Macbeth into believing that he is being told his fate, when in actual fact he is in complete control of his own actions.

Similarly, Lady Macbeth believes that it is her husband’s fate to become King upon hearing the Witches’ prophecy. However, she recognises that for Macbeth’s fate to be realised that he must act upon it. This is most clearly shown in the quote “metaphysical aid doth seem thee crowned withal”. In short, Lady Macbeth is saying that both fate and witchcraft seem to want Macbeth to become king. The prophecy of the Witches has manipulated Lady Macbeth into believing that her husband will become King, however it remained in his control as to whether he acted upon the Witches prophecy.

Key Quotes

“Fair is foul, and foul is fair; Hover through the fog and filthy air.” -Act 1, Scene 1

Explanation

This quote takes place in the opening scene of the play as the Witches anticipate their meeting with Macbeth and Banquo. The quote indicates that not is all that it seems. When the Witches say “fair is foul, and foul is fair”, they mean that what seems good is in fact wrong and what is bad is in fact good. This idea illustrates that good and evil occurrences can easily be mistaken for one another, a theme that is inherent throughout the play.

In addition to this, the terms “foul” and “fair” could be a reference to the witches. The Witches being supernatural, may be perceived as “foul” but they are in fact “fair” since their prophecies materialised with Macbeth becoming King. The fog and “filthy air” suggests that the senses of the characters will be influenced and that they will be able unable to tell what is good and evil.

“By the pricking of my thumbs, something w icked this way comes.” -Act 4, Scene 1

Explanation

As the Witches are gathered together preparing a mixture in a cauldron, they’re giving enchantments. The second Witch gives this quote, announcing that she feels that evil is on the way. This quote confirms the supernatural nature of the Witches since the second Witch is able to tell that something evil is going to occur in the near future just by her senses.

Furthermore, the Witches are never the active agent in the evil deeds that take place but are merely observers that comment on proceedings, thus acting as a narrator for the characters in the play. Therefore, while many of the characters see the Witches as supernatural and evil characters, they do not interfere and force Macbeth to do anything evil but just watch as fate unfolds. The comment from the second Witch illustrates that the “wicked” or evil thing that will take place will be attributed to Macbeth and that while their prophecy regarding Macbeth was correct, it wasn’t the prophecy that caused him to carry out such evil deeds but rather his own wickedness.

“Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.” -Act 4, Scene 1

Explanation

The supernatural ability of the Witches is once again show here, whereby they predict that Macbeth won’t be defeated unless Birnam Wood moves to fight him at Dunsinane Hill. This seems like an entirely impossible event, yet in Act 5, Scene 4 Malcom instructs his army to remove the branches from the trees at Birnam Wood and march with them. Malcom is unaware of the prophecy and is merely doing this to disguise his army and give Macbeth’s spies inaccurate reports.

Macbeth is so arrogant that he believes that he is untouchable upon hearing the Witches’ prophecy, due to the unlikelihood of his downfall, and he does little to challenge any event that takes place because it is simply the fulfilment of the Witches’ prophecy. Consequently, Macbeth’s reliance on the Witches’ prophecy shows that as a character he is unable to act autonomously and is heavily influenced by others around him, meaning that he is unable to carve his own destiny.

Hecate

“As by the strength of their illusion

Shall draw him on to his confusion.” -Act 3, Scene 5.

Explanation: Hecate told the Witches that Macbeth will come seeking advice again, and it will be their advice that leads him to the conclusion that he (Macbeth) is invincible. The allusion that he is invincible will eventually lead to Macbeth’s downfall when it is revealed Macduff was not technically born of a woman. Hecate knows all of this, as the goddess of witchcraft.

“And you all know, security Is mortals’ chiefest enemy.” -Act 3, Scene 5.

Explanation: Hecate reveals that the security and invincibility Macbeth is currently taking for granted will eventually lead to his downfall.

Practice Questions: Answer the following questions:

1. Explore the supernatural themes shown by the Witches. 2. Analyse whether Shakespeare presents the Witches as misleading. 3. How does Shakespeare present the Witches as controlling fate? 4. Explore how Shakespeare presents the character of the Witches. 5. Assess whether Shakespeare shows the Witches as evil. 6. Analyse the Witches’ relationship with morality. 7. What do you think is the most important quote from the witches? 8. Who do you think is to blame for the treachery caused in the play? The witches or

Macbeth? 9. How do you think a Jacobean audience would have reacted to the witches?

Don’t forget to plan your response before you write it!

Minor Characters

Malcolm

Malcolm and Donalbain are sons of King Duncan in the play. Malcolm is loosely based on an actual historical king, Malcolm III of Scotland. At the start of the play, Malcolm is proclaimed “the Prince of Cumberland” which would also mean he is going to take over King Duncan’s reign after he passes. As a natural heir to the throne, he becomes Macbeth’s most obvious target, providing a motivation for Macbeth to turn to evil. This is an inconvenience that Macbeth must “o’erleap” by killing Duncan, and intending to also kill Malcolm in order to be king.

At the beginning of the play, Malcolm is presented to us as quite insignificant due to his inability to defend himself in the battle against the Norwegians, and his bravery is highlighted as non-existent as he flees the scene of his father’s murder. However throughout the play he gains characteristics that would be desirable from a leader or perhaps a king. This is depicted perfectly in Act 4 Scene 3, during his dialogue with Macduff, where Malcolm embodies his understanding of the list of the “king-becoming graces.”

Malcolm distinguishes himself from his father using his intellect and highlighting his lack of gullibility in testing Macduff’s loyalty. Malcolm lists a plethora of vices that he doesn’t actually possess, some of those being lustfulness, greed and the complete lack of interest in being king. Macduff suggests his vices are certainly outweighed by his more positive qualities, and when given the opportunity to suggest his own kingship, Macduff completely supports Malcolm’s claim to the throne. This reassures Malcolm that the people within his vicinity, including Macduff, are trustworthy.

His humility is one of his positive characteristics, depicted in his very evident sympathy for Macduff in his bereavement, closely followed by his military accomplishments: i.e- approaching the Dunsinane castle with the use of branches as camouflage, in order to conceal the true numbers of his army. Malcolm’s consideration of his supporters depicted in the final scenes along with the acknowledgement of God’s influence on the outcome depict that he may actually have the ability to bring and upkeep peace in Scotland. Malcolm is therefore depicted as the complete opposite of Macbeth, making him a particularly important character in the end, but also Macbeth’s most precious target.

Character Traits

Malcolm’s characteristics develop and flip completely throughout the play. He starts off at the cowardly son of King Duncan. He is saved from being taken hostage by a general in the battle against the Norwegians, and flees the country after his father’s murder.

However, as the plot develops we see major changes in Malcolm. He’s sneaky and intelligent in the way he talks Macduff into admitting his loyalty and allegiance, as well as his approach on Castle Dunsinane, when he came up with the idea of carrying branches as camouflage to conceal the true size of the army. This also proved his military inclination, which added to his “king-becoming graces”.

He also showed sympathy to Macduff in his bereavement, which would depict Malcolm to be a more agreeable option for a king, in comparison to Macbeth who isn’t particularly pleasant at all.

Key Quotes

“Let us seek out some desolate shade and there Weep our sad bosoms empty.” -Act 4, Scene 3.

Explanation

Malcolm can come across as “weak” or a coward in this quote, as after his father’s murder he wanted to take some time to mourn Duncan’s death. He wasn’t ready to avenge his father’s death which would’ve been expected of him, contextually; this emotional approach to the death of his father wouldn’t have been the social standard. Shakespeare presents this emotional response to remind the audience of the fact that violence has consequences.

“What I believe I’ll wail, What know believe, and what I can redress,

As I shall find the time to friend, I w ill. What you have spoke, it may be so perchance.

This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongues, Was once thought honest: you have loved him well.

He hath not touch’d you yet. I am young; but something

You may deserve of him through me, and wisdom To offer up a weak poor innocent lamb

To appease an angry god.” -Act 4, Scene 3.

Explanation

Here Malcolm is being very cautious, due to the very recent murder of his father. He says he will grieve for what he believes are all the sorrows of Scotland, believe only what he knows is true, and redress all the wrongs done to Scotland, which could be alluding to avenging his father, and killing Macbeth in order to end his reign of terror. He admits to being “young” and inexperienced, and addresses

Macduff insinuating that he (Macduff) might even gain something from betraying him to join Team Macbeth, in offering him up like a sort of sacrificial lamb. This tests Macduff’s loyalty, and reassures Malcolm.

Key Themes

Violence

Malcolm asserts to us in Act 4, Scene 3, that “What [he] believes [he]’ll wail, What know believe, and what [he] can redress,” which means he fully intends on fixing all the wrongs he can when the time is right. One may only assume avenging his murdered father would also qualify within that statement. Furthermore, Malcolm uses trickery to storm Castle Dunsinane, leading to Macbeth’s downfall as predicted by the Witches.

Donalbain Donalbain is slightly less significant in the play, as Duncan’s younger son, and therefore Malcolm’s younger brother. We meet Donalbain in Act 2, and can instantly characterise him as an intelligent young man, considering the fact that post his father’s death, he can identify that it is best to leave the country in fear that something may happen to him or his brother, the two main heirs to the Scottish throne. In Act 2 Scene 3, Donalbain displays the same justifiable distrust as Malcolm, by saying “There’s daggers in men’s smiles” showing his awareness of their possible fate if they don’t leave the country. However, after having left the country, Donalbain isn’t present for a the rest of the play, and mentioned only a few times throughout; mainly being accused of his father’s murder. The impression we get of Donalbain then is one of intellect and distrust, but also perhaps cowardice, since he chooses to flee the scene as opposed to standing his ground and proving his innocence.

Character Traits Donalbain is presented to us as intelligent, due to the fact that post his father’s murder he urges his brother to split up and leave the country, therefore if either of them were to be attacked and face the same fate as their father, Scotland would ultimately still have one heir. He could be branded as cowardly, as when he was faced with accusations of his responsibility for his father’s murder, he fled the country as opposed to standing his ground and defending his good honour. It can also be said that Donalbain is a good-natured man, because in comparison to Macbeth, he is not power-hungry. When his brother is branded as “Prince of Cumberland” and “King of Scotland” he does not go into a jealous rage, but rather fully supports his older brother in his right to the throne.

Key Quotes

“To Ireland, I; our separated fortune Shall keep us both the safer: where we are,

There’s daggers in men’s smiles: the near in blood,

The nearer bloody.” -Act 2, Scene 3

Explanation After his father’s murder Donalbain does not trust anyone within his vicinity. He sees “daggers in men’s smiles” insinuating that he can’t trust anyone because their intentions are unknown to him; his supporters could be plotting to murder him next. He chooses to flee the country and head to Ireland, in order to stay safe.

Banquo

Character Traits

Rational Upon encountering the Witches with Macbeth, Banquo is very sceptical of them due to their supernatural nature. Banquo’s rationality is most evident when he questions whether the Witches are real or not, Banquo’s uncertainty results in him disregarding the Witches’ prophecy. This is shown in the quote “neither beg nor fear your favours nor your hate.”. This shows that Banquo is disinterested in what the Witches have to say because he didn’t ask to hear any prophecies and he’s not afraid of them. Thus indicating that he is focusing on his rationality

However, Banquo is still intrigued by the Witches’ prophecy since they are saying wonderful things about both himself and Macbeth. But Banquo remains wary of the Witches and what they are saying because he feels like they’re trying to deceive him and Macbeth by appealing to their ambition. This leads Banquo to the conclusion that the Witches are “instruments of darkness” who aren’t to be trusted.

Selfless When Banquo is attacked by the murderers, by the order of Macbeth, he commands his son to run away from the murderers so that he can live and seeks his revenge,”fly, fly, fly! Thou may ’st revenge”. This indicates that Banquo is prioritising the life of his son, Fleance, ahead of his own.

This is the ultimate sacrifice that anyone can make by dying so that they may have life, illustrating the wholly selfless nature of Banquo’s character. Consequently, this is a character trait that is denied to many of the other characters who act purely out of ambition and by following their own selfish desires, showing that Banquo is unique in being a selfless and honourable character.

Ambitious Similarly to Macbeth, Banquo has an ambitious streak to his character but unlike Macbeth he is able to control his ambition and not let it get the better of him. The Witches’ prophecy appealed to the ambition of Banquo and he hopes that it will come true. However he doesn’t act on the prophecy because he doesn’t follow his own selfish desires but rather his own wisdom because he recognises that the Witches predictions were devised to manipulate Macbeth and Banquo.

Banquo’s ability to control his own ambition and follow his moral conscience represents the path that Macbeth could’ve taken, had he acted more sensibly.

Banquo promises to keep his “allegiance clear” indicating that he is prioritising his conscience and honour ahead of his ambition for power and glory.

Brave Banquo is a courageous warrior in battle as he fights alongside Macbeth. Banquo is recognised for his bravery in battle by Duncan who refers to him as “noble Banquo” after seeing him return from battle. The wisdom that Banquo exhibits is also used in battle which is recognised by Macbeth who says that “a wisdom that doth guide his valour”. Macbeth recognises Banquo’s bravery and is threatened by him since Banquo also has an ambitious streak which Macbeth is wary of and believes that with his courage he will be able to act on and topple Macbeth from the throne. Macbeth follows this idea because of the prophecy of the Witches which predicted that Banquo’s descendants will be kings.

Key Themes

Free will Banquo outright refuses to act upon the supernatural prophecy of the Witches as he sees it as an attempt to deceive himself and Macbeth into following their own ambition rather than their moral conscience. Consequently, Banquo refuses to be influenced by the prophecy and he acts according to his own wisdom and he follows his own free will.

This theme goes against the running theme of the supernatural presented throughout the play, so many of the characters are heavily influenced by the supernatural and lose their free will because of it. The rational decision-making of Banquo by following his free will illustrates what Macbeth could’ve done rather than acting upon the prophecy and falling into the hands of fate.

Loyalty Banquo is loyal to his own sense of honour by refusing to act immorally since he desires to keep his “allegiance clear”. By this he means that he refuses to let his own ambition get the better of him and he prefers to remain loyal to himself and his country by not acting upon his selfish desires for personal glory. From this we can deduce that Banquo is faithful to Duncan and his country. We can see that in the play loyalty is rewarded and betrayal is punished. A prime example of this is when Duncan has the old Thane of Cawdor executed for betraying him and rewards Macbeth with the title for his loyalty in battle.

This foreshadows what is to come further down the line in the play. Banquo’s loyalty to his country is rewarded by the fact that his descendants will become

kings despite himself not becoming king, but Macbeth’s betrayal results in him being murdered at the final battle.

Power Despite having a strong moral conscience, Banquo still has ambitions for power and glory. Banquo recognises that Macbeth hasn’t acted fairly to gain the throne of Scotland, but he doesn’t act on these thoughts because he takes comfort in the Witches prophecy that one day his descendants will become kings. This illustrates that even the wisest and most honourable characters can tend on ambitious thoughts and let them interfere with what they believe to be right. But ultimately, Banquo’s desire for power is kept at bay because he is able to recognise that he should follow his moral conscience ahead of his personal desires.

Key Quotes

“And oftentimes, to w in us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, w in us w ith honest trifles, to betrayals in deepest consequence.“ -Act

1, Scene 3

Explanation

Macbeth and Banquo have both just heard that Macbeth has been made Thane of Cawdor, which fulfils the Witches’ prophecy that they heard earlier on in the scene. Banquo realises this and informs Macbeth that the Witches are trying to deceive him, this is shown where Banquo says “win us to our harm”. But Banquo does acknowledge that they tell truths, meaning that nothing that the Witches have predicted is false.

Banquo argues that the Witches are “instruments of darkness’, the prophecies they make are used to manipulate and gain control over the characters. The Witches succeed in doing so with Macbeth which results in him being driven mad by his ambition. Banquo, on the other hand, remains honourable and sticks to his sense of morality rather than his ambition. In this sense, Banquo represents what Macbeth could’ve been, had he stuck to his moral code rather than following his ambition and being manipulated by the Witches’ prophecy.

“Thou played’st most foully for ’t. Yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity, but that myself should be the root and father of many kings.” -Act

3, Scene 1

Explanation

Banquo begins to acknowledge that Macbeth has not played fairly upon gaining the throne of Scotland, as he suspects that Macbeth is behind the murder of Duncan so that he could fulfil the Witches’ prophecy and take the throne of Scotland. Banquo’s protests are silent as he conceals them from every other character in order to put up the image that he is fully supporting Macbeth as the new king, to maintain his own safety.

However, Banquo recognises that if the prophecy of the Witches does come to be true then his descendants will be kings, this begins to excite Banquo as he reflects upon the idea of his descendants being crowned in glory. This presents a shift in Banquo’s character. Upon first encountering the Witches, Banquo was very sceptical of them and refused to accept their prophecy due to their supernatural elements, but as the prophecy begins to unfold Banquo begins to become more optimistic as he sees that it can work in his favour. This illustrates the ambitious side to Banquo’s character, however his moral code is much stronger as he dismisses these ideas so as not to let his ambition get the better of him, as Macbeth did.

“O treachery! Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly! Thou may ’st revenge —O slave! ” -Act 3, Scene 3

Explanation

At this point of the play Banquo is being attacked by the murderers as he tells his son Fleance to escape. This is in accordance with the prophecy of the Witches who predicted that Banquo’s descendants would be kings. So in order for this to occur, Fleance will have needed to survive which he did as he escaped from the murderers.

Banquo immediately realises what is occurring as he shouts “O treachery” meaning he acknowledges that Macbeth is betraying him in order to consolidate his position on the throne of Scotland. Banquo will have realised that Macbeth has been heavily affected by the prophecy, as he tries to kill him and his son to prevent Banquo’s descendants from gaining the throne. In a way Banquo makes a prophecy here as he tells his son that one day he will get revenge, thus predicting that Banquo’s descendants will one day gain the throne of Scotland once it has been prised from Macbeth.

Macduff

Character Traits

Ambitious

Ambition is seen as mostly negative in the play – it corrupts characters and makes them act on their selfish desires. This, however, is not ambition’s only purpose and in some characters, it can do the opposite – it can make them help others (either other characters or their country rather than themselves). Malcolm and Macduff show their ambition for their country. Macduff seeks to take Macbeth’s power away from him. This is not for a selfish desire (i.e. for Macduff to have the power) but due to the ambition he has for his country (i.e. for the good of Scotland).

Loyal

Unlike Macbeth who claims he is loyal and acts against it, Macduff’s loyalty is genuine. Macduff’s loyalty primarily lays with Scotland his country and his first love. His loyalty is tested and proved when he leaves his wife and sons unprotected (resulting in their deaths) in order to travel to England and seek help and support for Scotland. His love and loyalty for Scotland is so strong that he would rather leave it and have his family murdered than remain in Scotland with his family and see it be ruled by an unjust king.

Honest

Macduff contrasts Macbeth as he is honest and sincere – he does not lie and scheme like Macbeth. This is illustrated when Macduff is horrified and shocked by the death of Duncan. Throughout the play, Macduff is referred to as a nobleman, with the emphasis on him being noble.

He is consistently proving himself as being genuine and sincere. His actions are clear, unlike Macbeth’s who’s are calculated. There is proof of this too, for example, Macduff is suspicious that Macbeth killed Duncan and as a result, he refuses to attend Macbeth’s coronation.

Patriotic

Patriotism is a key theme in the play but no one character displays it quite like Macduff. Macduff’s patriotic behaviour is clear when he goes against Macbeth’s ruling and cries to Malcolm for help. Some people believe that Macduff merely

goes against Macbeth and does not necessarily seek the best for his country. However this belief is incorrect as Macduff’s love for his country is so strong that he leaves his family unprotected – resulting in the death of his wife and son – in order to seek help for Scotland.

Brave

Macduff displays bravery in a multitude of ways: he complies to the traditional view of bravery by being the traditional Jacobean man as seen in his killing of Macbeth. This act is violent (where necessary), ruthless, and seen as restoring justice in his home.

As well as this, Macduff displays bravery in a forward-thinking way that the other characters in the play shy away from. Macduff is the only male in the play to show the effect of his emotions: he is full of grief when his family die and claims that he must kill Macbeth or his wife and children will “haunt” him until he dies. Where other men see emotions as a weakness, Macduff derives the strength to kill Macbeth from it.

Key Themes

Loyalty It is Macduff’s sense of loyalty towards his country that dispels any suspicions, Malcolm may have of him. It is apparent that Macduff is desperate to have Macbeth overthrown for his treachery and only seeks the best for his country. He displays his loyalty through his pleading speeches that signify his concern for the state and declares his loss of hope for his land when leadership falls into the hands of Macbeth.

Honesty Macduff is an honest character and is not afraid to speak his truth. Despite being a quiet man he is true to his word and does not participate in lies and deceit. In one instance he openly proclaims his suspicions of Malcolm and Donalbain in the murder of King Duncan, stating “Malcolm and Donalbain, the king’s two sons are stol’n away and fled; which puts upon them suspicion of the deed”.

Good Character Macduff is an honourable character and does what is right for his country. He has dignity and pride and only seeks to revenge when he hears of the injustice committed by Macbeth. He is the opposite to Macbeth in many ways and conducts himself in a composed manner. Shakespeare can be seen as using Macduff as a symbol of good in contrast to Macbeth’s evil.

Key Quotes

“Confusion now hath made his masterpiece. Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope the Lord’s anointed temple, and stole thence the life o’ th‘

building!” -Act 2, Scene 3

Explanation

Here Macduff is speaking about the death of Duncan. Notice how he uses the words ‘anoited temple’ signifying the holiness of the King, as a man sent by God to rule. His use of words conveys his respect and admiration for the King. the King was not just murdered, he was stolen in the most vicious way. His use of the word confusion conveys the chaos that commences as a result of his death, and peace is only restored after the death of his murderer, Macbeth.

“Malcolm and Donalbain, the king’s two sons, are stol’n away and fled, which puts upon them suspicion of the deed.” -Act 2, Scene 4

Explanation

Here Macduff is openly and honestly speaking about his suspicions of Malcolm and Donalbain as they both fled the scene soon after their father King Duncan was murdered. As we know Malcolm and Donalbain fled to save their own lives, however, their absence began to raise suspicions, particularly with Macduff.

“Despair thy charm, and let the angel whom thou still hast served tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb untimely ripped.” -Act 5, Scene 8

Explanation

This quote explains the prophecy from the witches foretelling the downfall of Macbeth, at the hands of a man not born from a woman. Macduff is said to have been ripped from his mother’s womb referencing a Caesarean section, also indicating that Macduff was born prematurely.

Duncan

Kind

King Duncan is considered a good king. He is a generous leader and treats his accomplices fairly. This is apparent in the way he addresses his people. “O valiant cousin! Worthy gentlemen!” (Act I, Scene 2). He openly shows his appreciation and respect to someone he is not very familiar with, conveying his kind and considerate nature.

Intelligent

Duncan can be considered a highly intelligent character. He is unaware of his future assassination yet continues to tell people his son Malcolm is going to become king after him. His is fully aware that his reign will come to an end someday and has come to accept this. Even Macbeth speaks highly of his intelligent and virtuous nature. “This Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against the deep damnation of his taking off”.

Trusting

King Duncan is a very trusting character, and this, unfortunately, leads to his tragic death. He can also be considered somewhat naive, having been tricked by Macbeth’s false sense of loyalty. However being a good-natured man he places his trust in his companions easily, and after the death of MacDonwald, he states “There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face. He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust”. – Despite Macdonwald being a traitor to his country. After the battle, he bestows Macbeth with the title ‘Thane of Cawdor’. However, Macbeth goes on to murder King Duncan.

Key Themes

Gender

Duncan is different from the other males in the play. He was not a soldier like Macbeth or Macduff, therefore his nature is less aggressive and forceful, making his manner more gentle. In addition, he is not afraid to be emotional and express himself openly. He describes his ‘gentle senses’, and his ‘drops of sorrow’. He

could be considered the most sensitive character in the play, very unlike the other male characters in the play, who display stereotypical masculine traits.

Loyalty

Loyalty is another important theme in Macbeth. King Duncan is exceptionally loyal and honours Macbeth and Malcolm, however, his trusting nature is sometimes to his own detriment. His selfless nature is in complete opposition to Macbeth who is selfish and power hungry. Shakespeare can be seen as using King Duncan to convey the more humane and benevolent nature of man when not corrupted by power.

Kingship

King Duncan is representative of impartiality. He is an excellent leader and is someone who does not abuse their position of power, in contrast to many other characters in the play. Power plays a considerable role in Macbeth and the responsibilities that come with being a leader. King Duncan appears to be the only character that successfully fulfils his role as a King, dedicating himself to his people and his country. Macduff also describes him as ‘a most sainted king’.

Key Themes

“This Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues w ill plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against the

deep damnation of his taking off” . -Act One, Scene 7

Explanation

Macbeth is talking about Duncan’s honourable character, and how the angels will rise up against Macbeth, confirming his eternal damnation for committing a treacherous act against a righteous man. When Macbeth states, he was ‘so clear in his great office’, it is suggestive of Duncan’s honest and transparent nature. Despite Macbeth setting out to murder Duncan, he cannot deny his kindness and honesty as a ruler.

“Here lay Duncan, his silver skin laced with his golden blood” – Act 2, Scene 3

Explanation

Macbeth is describing Duncan, soon after he murders him. Interestingly, he conveys his admiration for the king, even after murdering him. Describing his blood as golden could suggest Duncan’s royalty and prestige, it could also symbolize his precious and rare nature; so different from the others.

“Thy royal father was a most sainted king” – Act 2, Scene 3

Explanation

Macduff recalls how his father was almost saint-like. His words are depictive of how many of the characters viewed Duncan; almost religiously, as though he was a man destined to be king, by the orders of God.

“There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face. He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust” . -Act One, Scene 4

Explanation

Duncan is speaking in response to the death of MacDonwald, and how you cannot tell what someone’s nature is just by looking at their face, as we know MacDonwald turned out to be a traitor. However, the quote can be interpreted as Duncan conveying his naivety and inability to detect malice and spite in others, as he is far too trusting of people.

Practice Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. Explore how minor characters in Macbeth represent the theme of violence. 2. Explore how minor characters in Macbeth represent the theme of

Supernatural. 3. Compare and contrast the ambitions between Macbeth, Malcolm and

Banquo. 4. Evaluate Shakespeare’s use of minor characters and their purposes in the

play. 5. Assess Shakespeare’s use of the theme of violence, and its underlying

message. 6. Analyse Shakespeare’s use of the supernatural as a theme, using some

minor characters.

Banquo

1. Explore how Shakespeare presents Banquo as an honourable character. 2. Assess whether Shakespeare shows Banquo as loyal. 3. Explore how Shakespeare presents the theme of power through Banquo. 4. Analyse how Banquo is able to control his ambition. 5. How does Shakespeare present Banquo’s view of the supernatural? 6. Explore how Shakespeare shows Banquo as selfless.

Macduff

1. Explain how Macduff feels about Scotland? 2. Analyse how Macduff reacts to the death of his wife and children. 3. What happens when Macduff confronts Macbeth? 4. Is Macduff the most loyal character in the play? Explain why/why not.

Duncan

1. Who do you think is to blame for the death of Duncan, the Witches’ or Macbeth?

2. How does Duncan differ from the other male character in the play? Explain your answer.

3. Compare the way Duncan leads as opposed to Macbeth. 4. What are the consequences of Duncan’s naivety? 5. Explore the theme of Gender using Duncan as an example.

Minor Characters Worksheet

1. Who do you think is the most important minor character in the play and why? …………………………………………………….………………………………………..…

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2. Which minor character best represents the theme of violence? Why?

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3. Which minor character best represents the theme of the loyalty? Why?

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Themes Fate and Prophecy

The witches play a significant role in the theme of fate and prophecy. When the play opens, the witches are at the forefront, this goes onto to set the tone for the rest of the play. Their prophecies are significant in contributing to the actions of the other characters throughout the play, particularly Macbeth.

Seeing as witchcraft was widely believed during the 1600’s, the witches do not feature as heavily in the play, as this would have potentially disconcerted the Jacobean audience at the time. After hearing the predictions made by the witches, Macbeth seeks more information from them, as he uses their knowledge as a way to gain power. He believes their prophecies and as a result, seeks to confirm his fate. In Act Two, Macbeth begins to have visions, it is unclear whether this is a manifestation of his guilt or whether they are projections inviting him to commit greater evils.

Lady Macbeth on the other hand also delves into the supernatural as she asks the spirits to ‘unsex’ her, transforming her nature akin to that of the witches. Her communication with the spirits also brings upon her darkness, as she becomes evil, cruel and inhuman, showing no remorse for the atrocious murders committed by her husband Macbeth.

The Supernatural in Macbeth 1. In what way does Lady Macbeth play a role in the supernatural?

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2. How is Macbeth affected by the supernatural?

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Ambition

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are no doubt the most ambitious characters within the play. When Macbeth hears the Witches prophesize his fate, he is driven to extreme lengths to try and fulfil what he considers to be his destiny, closely supported by his wife, who is equally driven by the lure of power.

Lady Macbeth is also incredibly ambitious, as she goes against the traditional role of a Jacobean woman. She is expected to be submissive, loyal and kind, however her desire to become queen overshadows much of her life, and she becomes dedicated to attaining the power the comes with being Queen. She recognises that Macbeth is “too full o’ the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.” meaning that Macbeth does not have enough wickedness within him to commit a murder.

The theme of ambition in the play isn’t all bad, however, Macduff displays his positive ambitious nature, driven to protect his country and ensure the rightful king takes the crown by the end of the play. Macduff doesn’t want to see Macbeth’s downfall for his own benefit, rather he is concerned for the state of Scotland, at the hands of a ruler incapable of leading with selflessness and honesty.

Ambition as the Downfall of Lady Macbeth

Ambition is an important factor concerning the downfall of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. To begin with, Macbeth would not have been driven to such desperate measures had he not overheard the Witches prophesizing his fate. It was the lure of power at his fingertips that compelled him to stop at nothing to achieve what he so profusely believes to be his. As the play continues, we see Macbeth becoming more cruel and ruthless in nature, as his ambition begins to engulf his character, removing the little compassion and conscience left in him. Ultimately Shakespeare conveys the corruption that comes with unchecked ambition and its irreversible damage as a result.

Lady Macbeth is another character who faces her downfall when becoming transfixed with the idea of becoming Queen and begins to manipulate Macbeth when he attempts to abandon his plan to kill Duncan. Her ambition takes her as far as including the supernatural in her attempt to gain power. Her unparalleled ambition is shown distinctly when she demands the spirits “to stop up the passage to remorse”. In preparation for carrying out evil acts.

Ambition in Macbeth 1. How does Macbeth’s ambition change throughout the course of the play?

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2. How does Lady Macbeth’s ambition change throughout the course of the play?

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Appearance VS Reality

When the play begins, and Macbeth hears of the Witches’ prophecies, he believes them a lot quicker than Banquo who dismisses them. When the Witches chant “fair is foul and foul is fair”. their words are deliberately unclear, suggesting that there are characters in the play who act good and righteous but are actually evil. In another instance king Duncan describes King Duncan as being a ‘worthy gentlemen’, however, his actions and motives are not what they appear to be on the surface, as Macbeth ends up being a traitor. Up until killing the King in act 2, scene 2, Macbeth is nothing but nice to King Duncan.

Lady Macbeth encourages Macbeth into pretending to be kind and loyal, “look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it”. This is from Act 1, scene 5 where she finds out about the witches predictions and urges Macbeth to follow through with the acts to make sure he becomes King.

King Duncan is an excellent example of someone easily fooled by appearances. He put his full trust in Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. He trusted the previous Thane of Cawdor as well, who was also revealed to be a traitor.

Macbeth also trusts the Witches completely. He doesn’t bother to question their motives or ask himself whether what they’re saying is reasonable. Their appearance would have been enough to frighten the Jacobean audience at the time, however, this does not deter Macbeth, as his ambitious nature is too powerful and he revisits them once more to gain more information.

Appearance VS Reality

1. How does Macbeth represent the theme of appearance vs reality?

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2. How does Lady Macbeth represent the theme of appearance vs reality?

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Guilt

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the two main characters that accompany the theme of guilt. Macbeth starts off a strong and powerful character, however, after pursuing his ambition to seize power, he slowly becomes corrupted and loses all sense of guilt and remorse.

He begins to doubt his plan as he confirms the plot to murder King Duncan to his wife. He tells Lady Macbeth ‘We will proceed no further in this business”. He is ultimately afraid of the consequences of his actions and that is his way of seeking a way to abandon his plan, however, Lady Macbeth scolds him for what she considers cowardice and manipulates him into committing regicide. Macbeth then begins to have hallucinations and sees a dagger floating towards him, this instils even more guilt. However, with the help of Lady Macbeth, he carries out the murder, and soon after anxiously recalls hearing someone say “Macbeth shall sleep no more!”.

Similarly, after killing his best friend Banquo, he begins to see the ghost of Banquo appear, and his ghost is said to be a manifestation of his guilt, haunting his conscious. Lady Macbeth says a powerful line in the play “stop up the passage to remorse” signifying her need to remove any possible feelings of guilt. Lady Macbeth’s guilt gets the better of her eventually, haunting her in her sleep. Through Shakespeare showing guilt consciously through Macbeth and subconsciously through Lady Macbeth, he is suggesting that no matter what, the guilt through our wrongdoings will always surface.

Guilt in Macbeth

1. How does Macbeth represent the theme of guilt?

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2. How does Lady Macbeth represent the theme of guilt?

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Macbeth Model Answers

Read the following extract from Act 3, Scene 4 and then answer the question that follows. At this point in the play Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are speaking to each other while they are entertaining guests at a banquet. Macbeth believes he can see the ghost of Banquo.

Starting with this extract, explain how far you think Shakespeare presents Macbeth as a man who is in control. Write about:

• How Shakespeare presents Macbeth in this extract. • How Shakespeare presents Macbeth in the play as a whole

Grade 7/8 paragraph:

Shakespeare presents Macbeth as a man who initially has control as seen in this

extract. He is opposing Lady Macbeth, who is portrayed as a strong matriarchal,

manipulative figure, and resisting her taunting. “Why, what care I?” this rhetorical

question highlights Macbeth’s lack of concern for the overbearing Lady Macbeth

which outlines his feelings of confidence and superiority over women. Such

displays reference the patriarchal standards of the Jacobean era when Macbeth

was set, a time when men were in control and even more so, titled men, like

Macbeth who was thane of Cawdor and Glamis. Therefore, Shakespeare uses

Macbeth to represent the patriarchy, the ultimate symbol of control, and so, in this

instance, he presents Macbeth as man who is in control through the manner he

treats his wife. Grade 5 paragraph: Shakespeare presents Macbeth to be a man in control. For example, Macbeth says he is a “bold” man who “dare look upon that which might appal the Devil”. The hyperbole used here builds up Macbeth’s masculinity and his strength/superiority as a man. Men in the past often had more power than the women. So, in this scene, Shakespeare is showing Macbeth as in control by pointing out the difference in power and authority between him and Lady Macbeth, a woman with less control over her life.

Macbeth Model Answers

Read the following extract from Act 5, Scene 1 and then answer the question that follows. A gentlewoman and a doctor watch Lady Macbeth while she is sleeping.

Starting with this extract, write about how Shakespeare presents guilt in the play. Write about:

• How Shakespeare presents guilt in the play • How Shakespeare presents guilt in the play as a whole.

Grade 7/8 paragraph:

Lady Macbeth’s hysteria and apparent lunacy are used by Shakespeare to represent

guilt in this extract. “Will these hands ne’er be clean” is a metaphor for her part in

the death of Duncan, Banquo and Lady Macduff. As often referenced in literature,

‘dirtying’ your hands symbolises wrong doing and in this scene Lady Macbeth is

despairing at her wrong doing; desperately trying to wash herself of the guilt and

“blood” on her hands. Lady Macbeth hallucinating literal blood on her hands,

therefore, symbolises the guilt laying heavily on her conscience and Shakespeare

uses it to show the audience that Lady Macbeth regrets what she did and is in fact

feeling guilt where before she was portrayed as a hard, unfeeling woman.

Shakespeare appeases the Monarchy through this because it is showing that those

who oppose the natural order and try to take power for themselves, (as the King

James I feared would happen to him), will be consumed and meet a pathetic end.

Contrasting her character from before the murders to now is used to further

emphasise Lady Macbeth’s guilt so both bloody symbolism through hallucinations

and deterioration of character are manipulated to present guilt in the play.

Grade 5 paragraph:

Shakespeare presents guilt in the play through Lady Macbeth’s hallucinations. “Out

damned spot”. As the doctor has mentioned that Lady Macbeth had been scrubbing

her hand for fifteen minutes to his confusion, the audience can assume that she is

scrubbing at nothing and therefore hallucinating this spot. The “spot” is a

manifestation of Lady Macbeth’s guilt and her inability to get rid of it is symbolic of

the clinginess of guilt and its all-consuming nature, so Shakespeare presents it as ‘a

means to and end’ in this extract through Lady Macbeth’s mental deterioration.

Macbeth Essay Example

Shakespeare creates Macbeth to be a likeable, noble character who audiences then despise.

Shakespeare uses foreshadowing to make the audience despise Macbeth as the

bad light he gets portrayed in quickly changes the audience’s view of Macbeth. The

second Witch says “something wicked this way comes” to predict the arrival of

Macbeth, “wicked” being the most prominent descriptor, Shakespeare indicates

that even the witches acknowledge his evil even though they are minions of the devil

himself. Using the witches as a benchmark to compare Macbeth against triggers the

audience’s already immense distaste for the witches and amplifies that on to

Macbeth. The distaste coming from the general consensus, during the Jacobean

era, that anything supernatural is automatically sinful and should be regarded with

ire and distrust. King James believed the supernatural had caused his ships to sink

as he was about to attack another country so by casting everything supernatural in a

dark and distasteful light, Shakespeare tries to earn King James’ favour.

Much of the play is tailored so as to gain King James’ favour. Shakespeare

deliberately makes Macbeth meet a terrible fate for committing regicide which king

James feared would happen to him as his claim to the throne was weak and his rule

unstable. Firstly, Macbeth is described as “brave” and “valiant” which creates the

likeable, noble character Shakespeare initially shows him as but then centres

Macbeth’s hamartia around his decision to kill the king. Regicide is the chief of all

sins in 17th century England regardless of the public’s opinion of the monarch, so

much so that the actual murder scene wasn’t even written in to the play thus leading

the audience to despise Macbeth. Therefore, Shakespeare plays on the principals

and morality of the audience to make them despise Macbeth. Macbeth was also

used as a metaphor for King James’ enemies which would have appealed to the

monarch even more since the play ended with Macbeth’s death and the return of

the ‘rightful king’.

Macbeth’s arrogance also encourages the audience to despise him. In both the

extract and throughout the play Macbeth tempts fate and holds a great amount of

self-importance and air of superiority. After Macbeth finishes listing off all the powers

of the witches, he then commands them- “answer me to what I ask you” and again at

the end of the extract arrogantly bids them to “call ‘em; let me see ‘em.” Macbeth,

earlier in the play, assumes superiority over even the cosmos as he tries to “overleap”

fate even though admitting chance would make him king anyway. Shakespeare

references the seven deadly sins here as the combination of lust for power and pride

of oneself is against the Christian teachings of Jacobean society and the lack of

humility makes contemporary audiences grimace at the despicable Macbeth. Like

an ancient fable, the moral of Shakespeare’s play interpreted from these

descriptions is that overstepping your boundaries by forcefully moving up in the

social hierarchy will lead to a tragic end so don’t tempt fate or oppose the king.