m.a. rose, 2007 infusing sustainability principles into technology curriculum 69 th annual...
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M.A. Rose, 2007
Infusing Sustainability Principles into Technology Curriculum
69th Annual ConferenceInternational Technology Education Association
Mary Annette RoseMarch 16, 2007
M.A. Rose 2007
Overview
• The promise and price of progress• Key concepts and principles of
sustainability• Connections to technology content and
standards• Strategies for infusing sustainability
concepts and principles
M.A. Rose 2007
Resources for Sustainability
Mary Annette RoseBall State University
http://arose.iweb.bsu.edu/sustainability.htm
M.A. Rose 2007
Technological Promise: Creativity, Intellect, & Ingenuity Conquer Problems
Discovery
Invention
Innovation
Engineering Design
Problem Solving
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Promise of the Science-Technology Enterprise
Promise = Development = Progress • Eliminate Toil • Eradicate Disease• Prosperity• Increase Lifespan• Move Faster• High Security• Instant Communication• Increased Consumption• MORE is MORE….
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U.S. Measures of Progress:1970-2002
Vehicle Miles Traveled
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2003). Comparisons of growth areas and emissions. Latest findings on national air quality: 2002 status and trends. 4. Retrieved March 10, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2002_airtrends_final.pdf
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6.6 Billion in 2007
Ritchison, G. (n.d.). BIO 317: Conservation of Wildlife Resources. Lecture Notes 3. Retrieved August 18, 2006 from http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/317notes3.html
Progress of the Science-Technology Enterprise
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Price of the Science-Technology Enterprise
Price = Impacts = Consequences
• Risks to Human Health• Endocrine Disruption• Cancer• Injury • Poisoning• Cognitive Impairment
• Urban sprawl• Inequity • Social Strife & War
treeghugger.com (2005). Global warming precautions must be taken now.[Image]. Retrieved from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/01/report_says_glo.php
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Inequities of the Science-Technology Enterprise
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Inequities of the Science-Technology Enterprise
Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. 2003. "Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions." In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. Retrieved from http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type_png
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Technological Activity Exceeds Nature’s Regenerative Capacity
Ricoh .(2007). Pursuing the Ideal Society (Three P's BalanceTM)[Image]. Retrieved from http://www.ricoh.com/environment/management/earth.html
Environmental Price• Exhaustion of Resources
• Water• Petroleum• Forests
• Biodegradation• Extinction • Deforestation• Ozone Depletion • Acid Deposition• Desertification• Eutrophication
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Striking a Balance Between Technological Activity and the Environment
Ricoh .(2007). Pursuing the Ideal Society (Three P's BalanceTM)[Image]. Retrieved from http://www.ricoh.com/environment/management/earth.html
Changing the way we…Design & Engineer
• DfE & DfR• Benign Design
Produce• Reduce rate of extracting &
harvesting materials• Increase efficiency• Eliminate waste, emissions, &
toxics
Consume & Use• Use local• Reduce, Reuse
Dispose • Recover & Reclaim• Recycle, Rot & Compost
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Sustainability is a A Global Movement to Strike a Balance
Sustainability is the ability to achieve continuing economic prosperity while protecting the natural systems of the planet and providing a high quality of life for its people.
Achieving sustainable solutions calls for stewardship, with everyone taking responsibility for solving the problems of today and tomorrow --individuals, communities, businesses and governments are all stewards of the environment .
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007
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United Nations
Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
(2005-2014)
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Taxonomy of Sustainable Development Goals (Parris & Kates, 2003)
Parris, T.M., & Kates, R.W. (2003). Characterizing and measuring sustainable development. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 28(13.1-13.28). Retrieved February 27, 2007, from
http://www.isciences.com/assets/pdfs/AR198-EG28-13%5b001-028%5d.pdf
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What is a sustainable civilization?
Economy(Technology)
SocietyEnvironment
•Diverse, healthy ecosystems.
A stable economy that uses energy and material resources efficiently.
Technologies are not •harmful to the environment •or to human health.
Political systems that are just and equitable.
Policies which control economic activity.
United Nations Indicators of Sustainable Development (2001)
Social Environmental Education Employment Health/water supply/ sanitation Housing Welfare and quality of life Cultural heritage Poverty / Income distribution Crime Population Role of women Access to land and resources Community structure Equity / social exclusion
Freshwater/groundwater Agriculture / secure food supply Urban Coastal Zone Marine environment/coral reef protection Fisheries Biodiversity/ biotechnology Sustainable forest management Air pollution and ozone depletion Global climate change/sea level rise Sustainable use of natural resources Sustainable tourism Restricted carrying capacity Land use change
Economic Institutional Economic dependency/Indebtedness/ODA Energy Consumption and production patterns Waste management Transportation Mining Economic structure and development Trade Productivity
Integrated decision-making Capacity building Science and technology Public awareness and information International conventions and cooperation Governance/role of civic society Institutional and legislative frameworks Disaster preparedness Public participation
Content
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UN Indicators of Sustainable Development: Consumption and
Production Patterns Sub-themes Indicators
Material Consumption
Intensity of Material Use
Energy Use
Annual Energy Consumption per Capita
Share of Consumption of Renewable Energy Resources
Intensity of Energy Use
Waste Generation and Management
Generation of Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste
Generation of Hazardous Waste
Generation of Radioactive Waste
Waste Recycling and Reuse
Transportation Distance Traveled per Capita by Mode of Transport
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. (2001). Indicators of sustainable development: Guidelines and methodologies. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/isdms2001/table_4.htm
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If sustainability is about meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs…..
…what does sustainability mean for
technology education ?
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What are implications of sustainability for Technology Education?
• Content– Does TE curriculum include the study of
sustainability concepts and principles?– Do we address relevant & current issues?
• Strategic Skills– Does TE curriculum enhance students critical
thinking, assessment, decision-making, and engineering skills as they relate to sustainability?
• Goals & Values
M.A. Rose 2007
Do we teach about the technical system without attention to its human and environmental price?
World Coal Institute. (2007). Coal and electricity. [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=108
Coal-Fired Electric Generating Plant
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Do we emphasize the price of extractive industries to ecosystems?
Coal Mining: Mountaintop Removal, near Kayford Mountain, WV
Stockman, V. (2003). Mountaintop removal operation near Kayford Mountain, WV. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/007/
• Destruction of habitat
• Forest• Valley Fills
• Acid Mine Drainage•Siltation• Floods• Displacement of forest-based industry
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Price of Electricity in terms of Emissions: Ambient Concentrations of Mercury
Technology Transfer Network, National Air Toxics Assessment. (1996). 1996 Estimated County Median Ambient Concentrations: Mercury Compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved March 10, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata/mapconc.html
M.A. Rose 2007 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Fish and Wildlife Contamination Program. (2004). National maps and graphics. Retrieved March 10, 2007, http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/presentations/fish-2004/
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Price of Electricity in terms of Impacts:Coal Combustion to Human Health (Mercury)
Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). How mercury enters the environment. [Image]. Available at http://www.epa.gov/mercury/exposure.htm#1
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Levels of Impacts & Effects
1st OrderExpected DesiredImmediate
2nd OrderExpectedUndesiredImmediate
3rd OrderUnexpectedDesiredDistant
4th OrderUnexpectedUndesired Distant
Hutchinson, J. & Karsnitz, J.R.(1994). Design and problem solving. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc., p. 6-8; and Pearson Education. (n.d.). Acid Deposition map. [Image]. Retrieved http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/AcidPrecipDist.gif
Steam for Dry Kilnsor
Cogeneration
Coal-Fired Electric Power Plant
CO2
SOx
NOx
Hg
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Sustainability Principles:Product Stewardship
"Product stewardship is a principle that directs all participants involved in the life cycle of a product to take shared responsibility for the impacts to human health and the natural environment that result from the production, use, and end-of-life management of the product.“
Product Stewardship Institute
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Do you connect individual choices to the technologies which impose an environmental price?
Bycatch
1 to 4
For every pound of shrimp over four pounds of turtles, sharks, sponges, and skates are caught and drowned.
A double-rigged shrimp trawler. [Image]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Photo. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/fish/fish0809.htm
Shrimp Trawling in the Gulf of Mexico
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Sustainability Principles:Product Stewardship
"Product stewardship is a principle that directs all participants involved in the life cycle of a product to take shared responsibility for the impacts to human health and the natural environment that result from the production, use, and end-of-life management of the product……. The greater the ability of a party to influence the life cycle impacts of a product, the greater the degree of that party’s responsibility.“
Product Stewardship Institute
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Stewardship: Greater Influence = Greater Responsibility
Brenegar, E.(2005). Technology Adoption Life Cycle [Image]. Retrieved from http://edbrenegar.typepad.com/leading_questions/technology_adoption_life_cycle/
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When we teach engineering, design, or problem solving ….…..
…are we teaching
for sustainability?
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Engineering Design Process
Meldert Engineering. (2007). Design process. Retrieved March 10, 2004, from http://www.meldert.se/methods/img/design-process.jpg
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Do we include requirements for biodegradable, local, and renewable raw materials?
• Annually renewable raw materials (RRM)– Corn, soy bean, switch grass
• Bio-degradable and compostable materials– Capable of decomposition via primarily microbial
processes• Certification required in Europe• European standard: EN13432
• Local or Regional
M.A. Rose 2007 European-bioplstic.org (n.d.). Life-cycle economy [Image]. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=149
Does it focus on closed-loop life cycles?
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Do we examine the embodied energy of processes?
Social science of energy: Energy social engineering. Retrieved from http://www.energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp/syakai/socio_e/energy_social_engineering.html
The energy consumed by all of the processes associated with the production of a building or product, from the acquisition of natural resources to product delivery.
M.A. Rose 2007 European-bioplstic.org (n.d.). Life-cycle economy [Image]. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=149
Does it focus on closed-loop life cycles?
M.A. Rose 2007 The Packaging Council of New Zealand. (2003). PAC-IT: An Introduction into Packaging in New Zealand. [Teaching Resources]. Available at http://www.pac-it.org.nz/index.html
Design for “R”
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The Packaging Council of New Zealand (Inc) Unit K – 175 Harris Road Botany Downs - AucklandPO Box 58899 – Greenmount, Auckland
The Packaging Council of New Zealand. (2003). PAC-IT: An Introduction into Packaging in New Zealand. [Teaching Resources]. Available at http://www.pac-it.org.nz/index.html
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Re-envision the Constraints and Evaluation of Process
Meldert Engineering. (2007). Design process. Retrieved March 10, 2004, from http://www.meldert.se/methods/img/design-process.jpg
Parameters for Sustainability•DfE: Design for the Environment •DfR: Design for reuse disassembly, recovery, & recycling •“Benign by design" principles, eliminate waste, emissions, and toxics•Select renewable, biodegradable materials with LOW embodied energy•Maximize natural energy and energy efficiency•Minimize life cycle impacts
Assessment for Sustainability• Impact identification
• Environment• Society
•Impact measurement or forecasting•List of alternative options•Evaluation of options
Decision Point for Sustainability •Reject Design•Accept Design
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When we teach about technology are we teaching students to ….…..
… assess technological
decisions?
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Students will develop abilities to assess the impact of products and systems. (STL 13, ITEA, 2000)
(K-2) A. Collect information about everyday products and systems by asking questions.B. Determine if the human use of a product or system creates positive or negative results.
(3-5) C. Compare contrast, and classify collected information in order to identify patterns.D. Investigate and assess the influence of a specific technology on the individual, family, community, and environment.E. Examine the trade-offs of using a product or system and decide when it could be used.
(6-8) F. Design and use instruments to gather data.G. Use data collected to analyze and interpret trends in order to identify the positive or negative effects of a technology.H. Identify trends and monitor potential consequences of technological development.I. Interpret and evaluate the accuracy of the information obtained and determine if it is useful.
(9-12) J. Collect information and evaluate its quality.K. Synthesize data, analyze trends, and draw conclusions regarding the effect of technology on the individual, society, and the environment.L. Use assessment techniques, such as trend analysis and experimentation to make decisions about the future development of technology.M. Design forecasting techniques to evaluate the results of altering natural systems.
International Technology Education Association, Technology for All Americans Project. (2000). Standards for technological literacy: Content for the study of technology. Reston, Virginia: Author. Available from http://www.iteaconnect.org/TAA/PDFs/xstnd.pdf
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Levels of Technology Assessment
Personal
Organizational
National
International
Informs PolicyInforms Adoption
Scientific & FormalInformal
M.A. Rose 2007 The Packaging Council of New Zealand. (2003). PAC-IT: An Introduction into Packaging in New Zealand. [Teaching Resources]. Available at http://www.pac-it.org.nz/index.html
The Packaging Council of New Zealand (Inc) Unit K – 175 Harris Road Botany Downs - AucklandPO Box 58899 – Greenmount, Auckland
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Technology Assessment
Students should…STEP 1 Identify an Issue or Problem STEP 2 Identify the ImpactsSTEP 3 Identify the OptionsSTEP 4 Develop Arguments for the
OptionsSTEP 5 Evaluate the Options
Hutchinson, J. & Karsnitz, J.R.(1994). Design and problem solving. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc., p. 16.
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Issue: National Movement to Replace Incandescent Lamps with CFLs
Walmart’s goal is to enable its 100 million customers to replace one bulb with a CFL
• Keep 22 billion lbs of coal from burning at power plants • Keep 45 billion lbs of GHG from being emitted • Equate to removing 700,000 cars worth of greenhouse
gases from the air • Keep 700 million incandescent light bulbs from landfills
Walmart.com. (2007). Change a light. Change the world. Walmart. [Image and text]. Retrieved from http://walmartstores.com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate.do?catg=685
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Efficiency
Watt (W)
is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one
joule per second.
Lumen (lm)
is the SI unit of luminous flux.
Power(W)
Output(lm)
Efficiency(lm/W)
15 100 6.7
25 200 8.0
34 350 10.3
40 500 12.5
52 700 13.5
55 800 14.5
60 850 14.2
67 1000 15.0
70 1100 15.7
75 1200 16.0
90 1450 16.1
95 1600 16.8
100 1700 17.0Wikipedia. (n.d.). Incandescent light bulb. Retrieved October 2, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
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Efficient AlternativeCompact Fluorescents (CFL)
U.S. D.O.E. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. (2005).How compact fluorescents compare with incandescents. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12060
luminous flux(light output)
Electricity Consumption
Incandescent Compactfluorescent
200 lm 25 W 5-6 W
450 lm 40 W 8 W
600-700 lm 60 W 11–13 W
950 lm 75 W 18–20 W
1200 lm 100 W 20-25 W
1600 lm 125 W 26-30 W
1900 lm 150 W 35-42 W
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Mercury Emissions by Coal-Fired Power Plant & Lamp
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf
Incandescent
13.6 mg Hg
Compact Fluorescent
3.3 mg + 5 mg = 8.3 mg Hg
CFL contains ≈ 5mg Hg
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Impact of Walmart’s 100 Million CFL Goal
Hg 8001010035 6 kgmgmg
100 Million Consumers
• What impact will an increased demand for mercury have upon the environment?
• What are the consequences of multiple mercury sources in U.S. homes?
• How will the collection and reclamation of this toxic element add to mercury pollution?
• Which lamp is more environmentally-responsible?
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Do we examine embodied energy of materials and products?
Milne, G. (2005). Technical Manual: Design for Lifestyle and the Future. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs31.htm
AssemblyPER Embodiedenergy MJ/m2
Walls
Timber frame, timber weatherboard,plasterboard lining
188
Timber frame, clay brick veneer,plasterboard lining
561
Timber frame, aluminium weatherboard,plasterboard lining
403
Steel frame, clay brick veneer,plasterboard lining
604
Double clay brick, plasterboard lined 906
Cement stabilised rammed earth 376
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Do we examine the environmental impacts of structures?
Levin, H. (1997) Systematic Evaluation and Assessment of Building Environmental Performance (SEABEP), Paper presented at "Buildings and Environment", Paris, 9-12 June, 1997. Retrieved from http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_sustainability.php?r=env_fenestration_doors-i
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Do we examine trends such as urban sprawl?
A reconstruction of the growth of Baltimore, Maryland, over the last 200 years. The U.S. Geological Survey used historical records as well as Landsat satellite data to create this sequence. Courtesy USGS.
Barry, P.L (n.d.). Urban Sprawl: the Big Picture. Science@NASA. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/11oct_sprawl.htm
Baltimore, Maryland1972-1992
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Do we challenge students to harness alternative energy?
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Do we challenge TE students to teach others about alternative energy?
Andrew teaches 2nd graders How to harness solar energy
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What are implications of sustainability for Technology Education?
• Content– Does TE curriculum include the study of
sustainability concepts and principles?– Do we address relevant & current issues?
• Strategic Skills– Does TE curriculum enhance students critical
thinking, assessment, and decision-making skills as they relate to sustainability?
• Goals & Values
M.A. Rose 2007
GOALS of TE: Scientific and Technological Literacy (STL)
understanding sustainable development
The Association for Science. (1999). UNESCO Resource Kit. Science & Technology Education: Science for the 21st Century. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://portal.unesco.org/education/GOALS
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Summary
• The promise and price of progress• Impetus to infuse sustainability• Key concepts and principles of
sustainability• Connections to technology content and
standards• Strategies for infusing sustainability
concepts and principles
M.A. Rose 2007
Technology Education for Sustainability
• Life-Cycle Analysis• Technology Assessment
– Impact analysis across sectors
• Design for Sustainability• Alternative Energy
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Can growth be sustained?A lily pad is placed in a pond. Each day thereafter the pad and all its descendants double. On the 30th day the pond is covered completely by lily pads, which can grow no more.
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
On which day was the pond half full and half empty?
Continuous growthconsumes all
resources necessary for life within the pond.
The
29th
Day
Is the earth our pond?
What is the carrying capacity of the earth?
M.A. Rose 2007
Resources for Sustainability
Mary Annette RoseBall State University
http://arose.iweb.bsu.edu/sustainability.htm
M.A. Rose 2007
What are we teaching in technology education?
Lipson, C. (2007). Computer-wrench [Image]. Retrieved from http://charleslipson.com/Images/Computer-wrench.jpg
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Sustainability:Key Concepts & Principles
Systemic Nature: Systems are interrelated and interconnected, therefore human activities inevitably impact other systems in unexpected ways.
Equity and social justice: Access to the elements required for survival on this planet is an innate human right. All humans, including those generations to come, are entitled to clean air, water, land, housing, food, and health services.
Pollution and Toxics: Pollution and the production of toxics degrades human and environmental health, therefore the production of waste, pollution, and toxics should be eliminated or controlled.
Precautionary Principle: Technological innovations creates threats and risks to human health and the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. The proponent of a technological innovation should bear the “burden of proof“ for presenting evidence of harmlessness. If this is not forthcoming, then a "no action policy” should be adopted.
Stewardship: All businesses, industries, governments, NGOs, & individuals have important responsibilities for the integrity of life-supporting systems.
– Maintain the integrity of systems– Consume and use responsibly– Protect and restore ecosystems– Protect human health, vulnerable populations, and communities
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Sustainability:Key Concepts & Principles
Energy
Efficiency
Energy Intensity is the amount of energy consumed per unit of service or activity. Embodied energy may be reduced by designing durable, adaptable products and buildings which are made from local, renewable materials.
Embodied Energy: “Embodied energy is the total primary energy consumed during the life time of a product, ideally the boundaries would be set from the extraction of raw materials (inc fuels) to the end of the products lifetime (including energy from; manufacturing, transport, energy to manufacture capital equipment, heating & lighting of factory...etc), this boundary condition is known as Cradle to Grave” (Jones, 2007).
Environmental Burden:
Renewability: Production activities should minimize the use of materials which do not regenerate at the same rate at which they are consumed, including from fossil fuels, minerals, long-lived plants, and declining populations of animals.
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Analysis of the ITEA’s Standards for Technological Literacy (2000)
Sustain* (N=14), Sustainable (N=2), & Sustainability (N=2)
Technology sustains (N=5) Society: Yet, I spite of this dependence, U.S. society is largely ignorant of
the history and fundamental nature of the technology that sustains it (p. v).
Human life: Questions about how medical technologies should be used to sustain life and the related costs must be considered (STL #4, p. 63).
Sustaining resources, materials and energy (N=8) Resources can also be examined from a global perspective by exploring
the sustainability of the Earth’s resources (STL #2, p. 41). In addition, they should consider the sustainability and disposability of
the resources in the final product (STL #11, p. 123).
GOALS
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• Barbara Tuckman, The March of Folly.
• Garret Hardin, Science or Nature. The Tradgedy of the Commons.