Marie de Medici

Portrait by Frans Pourbus the Younger, 1610.Louvre Museum, Paris.

Queen consort of France and NavarreTenure 17 December 1600 – 14 May 1610

Coronation 13 May 1610

Born 26 April 1575Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Tuscany

Died 3 July 1642 (aged 67)Cologne, Holy Roman Empire

Burial Basilica of St Denis, Paris, France

Spouse Henry IV of France(m. 1600; died 1610)

Issue Louis XIII of France

Elisabeth, Queen of Spain

Christine, Duchess of Savoy

Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans

Gaston, Duke of Orléans

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England

House Medici

Father Francesco I, Grand Duke ofTuscany

Mother Joanna of Austria

Religion Roman Catholicism

Signature

Marie de' Medici

Marie de' Medici (French: Marie de Médicis, Italian: Maria de' Medici; 26April 1575 – 3 July 1642), was Queen of France as the second wife of KingHenry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon and Regent of the Kingdom ofFrance officially during 1610–1614 and de facto until 1617.

A member of the powerful House of Medici in the branch of the Grand Dukesof Tuscany, thanks to the wealth of her family, Marie was chosen by Henry IVto become his second wife following his divorce from his previous wife,Margaret of Valois. Following the assassination of her husband in 1610, whichoccurred the day after her coronation, she acted as regent for her son, KingLouis XIII of France, until 1614, when he officially attained his legal majority,although as the head of the Conseil du Roi she retained the power.[1]

Noted for her ceaseless political intrigues at the French court, her extensiveartistic patronage,[1] and favorites (the most famous are Concino Concini and hiswife Leonora Dori Galigaï), she ended being banished from the country by herson and his favorite Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, dying in the city ofCologne in the Holy Roman Empire.

LifeEarly yearsQueen of FranceRegencyRevolt of 1619 and Return From ExileArtistic patronageConflict with Richelieu. Exile and death

Posthumous appraisalIssueAncestrySee alsoReferencesBibliographyExternal links

Born at the Palazzo Pitti of Florence, Italy on 26 April 1575,[2] Maria was thesixth daughter of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, andArchduchess Joanna of Austria.[3][4] She was a descendant of Lorenzo the Elder–a branch of the Medici family sometimes referred to as the 'cadet' branch–through his daughter Lucrezia de' Medici, and was also a Habsburg through hermother, who was a direct descendant of Joanna of Castile and Philip I of Castile.Of her five elder sisters, only the eldest, Eleonora (born 28 February 1567) andthe third, Anna (born 31 December 1569) survived infancy. Their only brotherPhilip de' Medici, was born on 20 May 1577. One year later (10 April 1578) Grand Duchess Joanna –heavily pregnant with hereighth child– fell from the stairs in the Grand Ducal Palace in Florence, dying the next day after giving birth to a premature stillborn

Contents

Life

Early years

Maria de' Medici as a child. Currentlyat the Palazzo Pitti, Florence.

Maria de' Medici as a young girl, bySanti di Tito, ca. 1590.

son. A few months later, Grand Duke Francesco I married his longtime mistress BiancaCappello; the marriage was officially revealed one year later, on 12 June 1579.[5] In a fewyears, Maria also lost two of her siblings, Philip (died 29 March 1582 aged 4) and Anna (died19 February 1584 aged 14).

Maria and her only surviving sister, Eleonora (with whom she had a close relationship) spenttheir childhood at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, placed under the care of a governess alongwith their paternal first-cousin Virginio Orsini (son of Isabella de' Medici, Duchess ofBracciano).[6]

After her sister's marriage in 1584 with Vincenzo Gonzaga, heir of the Duchy of Mantua, andher departure to her husband's homeland, Maria's only playmate was her first cousin VirginioOrsini, to whom she deferred all her affection. In addition, her stepmother brought a femalecompanion to the Palazzo Pitti for Maria, a young girl named Dianora Dori, who would berenamed Leonora. This young girl, a few years older than Maria, soon gained great influenceover the princess, to the point that Maria would not make decisions without talking toLeonora first.

On the 19th and 20 October, in 1587, at the Villa Medici in Poggio a Caiano, Grand DukeFrancesco I and Bianca Cappello died.[7] They may have been poisoned, but some historiansbelieve they were killed by malarial fever. Now orphaned, Maria was considered the richestheiress in Europe.[7]

Maria's uncle Ferdinando I de' Medici became the new Grand Duke of Tuscany and marriedChristina of Lorraine (granddaughter of the famous Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France)in 1589. Notwithstanding his desire to give an heir to his dynasty, the new Grand Duke gavehis orphaned nephew and niece a good education. Maria was interested in science; sheenjoyed learning about mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, as well as the arts.[6] She wasalso passionate about jewelry and precious stones. Very devout, she was known to keep anopen mind, and to depend on those around her for support.

Close to the artists of her native Florence, Maria was trained in drawing by Jacopo Ligozzi,and she was reportedly very talented; she also played music (singing and practicing the guitarand the lute) and enjoyed theater, dance, and comedy.

The wealth of the Medici family attracted many suitors, in particular the younger brother ofher aunt Grand Duchess Christina, François, Count of Vaudémont and heir of the Duchy ofLorraine. But soon, a more prestigious suitor presented himself: King Henry IV of France.

The marriage of Henry IV with Maria de' Medici represented above all, for the King of France, a solution to dynastic and financialconcerns: it was said that the French king "owed the bride's father, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had helpedsupport his war effort, a whopping 1,174,000 écus and this was the only means Henry could find to pay back the debt..."[8] Inaddition, the Medici family –banking creditors of the Kings of France– promised a dowry of 600,000 écus d'or (2 million livresincluding 1 million paid in cash to cancel the debt contracted by France with the Medici bank),[9] which earned the future Queen thenickname "the big banker" (la grosse banquière) from her jealous rival, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Henry IV'scurrent maîtresse-en-titre.[10] Moreover, Maria de' Medici was the granddaughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, therebyensuring and reinforcing a legitimate royal descent for the House of Bourbon, whose legitimacy was questioned in the previousFrench Succession War by the Catholic League and Habsburg Spain.

After having obtained the annulment of his union to Margaret of Valois in December 1599,[4] Henry IV officially made thenegotiations for his new marriage with Maria de' Medici. The marriage contract was signed in Paris in March 1600 and officialceremonies were organized in Tuscany and France from October to December of the same year: the marriage by proxy took place atthe Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (now Florence Cathedral) on 5 October 1600 with Henry IV's favorite the Duc de Bellegarderepresenting the French sovereign. The celebrations were attended by 4,000 guests with lavish entertainment, including examples ofthe newly invented musical genre of opera, such as Jacopo Peri's Euridice.

Maria (now known by the French usage of her name, Marie de Médicis) left Florence for Livorno on 23 October, accompanied by2,000 people who made up her suite, and then set off for Marseille, which she reached on November 3. Antoinette de Pons, Marquisede Guercheville and Première dame d'honneur of the new Queen, was responsible for welcoming her to Marseille. After her

Queen of France

Marie de Médicis, by PietroFacchetti, c. 1595, Palazzo DeTorres-Lancellotti, Rome.

Marie de Médicis and her son theDauphin (future Louis XIII) byCharles Martin, 1603. Musée desBeaux-Arts de Blois.

Coronation of Marie de' Medici in St. Denis(detail), by Peter Paul Rubens, 1622–1625

disembarkation, Marie continued her trip, arriving at Lyon on 3 December. She and Henry IVfinally met on 9 December and spent their wedding night together. On 17 December, thePapal legate finally arrived, and gave his blessing to the religious wedding ceremony at theCathedral of Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon.[11]

Marie quickly became pregnant and gave birth to her first child, a son, on 27 September 1601at the Palace of Fontainebleau. The boy, named Louis and automatically upon birth heir tothe throne and Dauphin of France, was born to the great satisfaction of the King and France,who had been waiting for the birth of a Dauphin for more than forty years. She gave birth tofive more children (three daughters and two more sons) between 1602 and 1609; however,during 1603–1606 she was effectively separated from her husband.

Although the marriage was successful in producing children, it was not a happy one. Mariewas of a very jealous temperament, and she refused to accept her husband's numerousinfidelities; indeed, he forced his wife to rub shoulders with his mistresses. She mostlyquarreled with the maîtresse-en-titre Catherine de Balzac d'Entragues (whom Henry IVallegedly promised he would marry following the death of his former maîtresse-en-titre,Gabrielle d'Estrées[12]) in a language that shocked French courtiers; also, it was said in courtthat Henry IV took Marie only for breeding purposes exactly as Henry II had treatedCatherine de' Medici.[13] Although the King could have easily banished his mistress,supporting his wife, he never did so. Marie, in turn, showed great sympathy and support toher husband's banished ex-wife Marguerite de Valois, prompting Henry IV to allow her backto Paris.

Another bone of contention was about the proper maintenance of Marie's household asQueen of France: despite the enormous dowry she brought to the marriage, her husband oftenrefused her the money necessary to pay all the expenses that she intended to carry out to

show everyone her royal rank. Householdscenes took place, followed by periods ofrelative peace. Marie was also very keen to beofficially crowned Queen of France, butHenry IV postponed the ceremony for politicalreasons.

Marie had to wait until 13 May 1610, and theimminent departure of Henry IV to fight in theWar of Succession over the United Duchies ofJülich-Cleves-Berg, to be finally crownedQueen of France; this event also was made inorder to confer greater legitimacy on theQueen from the perspective of a possibleregency which she would be called upon toprovide in the absence of the King.[14] Thenext day (14 May), Henry IV was assassinatedby François Ravaillac, which immediatelyraised suspicions of a conspiracy.[15]

Within hours after Henry IV's assassination, Marie was confirmed as Regent by theParliament of Paris on behalf of her son and new King, eight-year-old Louis XIII.[16] Sheimmediately banished her late husband's mistress, Catherine de Balzac d'Entragues, from thecourt.[17] At first, she kept the closest advisers of Henry IV in the key court positions andtook for herself (1611) the title of Governess of the Bastille, although she entrusted the physical custody of this important Parisianfortress to Joachim de Chateauvieux, her knight of honor, who took direct command as a lieutenant of the Queen-Regent.

From the beginning, Marie was under suspicion at court because she was perceived as a foreigner and never truly masteredFrench;[18] moreover, she was heavily influenced by her Italian friends and confidants, including her foster sister Leonora "Galigai"Dori and Concino Concini, who was created Marquis d'Ancre and a Marshal of France, even though he had never fought a singlebattle.[19] The Concinis had Henry IV's able minister, the Duke of Sully, dismissed, and Italian representatives of the Roman CatholicChurch hoped to force the suppression of Protestantism in France by means of their influence. However, Marie maintained her latehusband's policy of religious tolerance. As one of her first acts, Marie reconfirmed Henri IV's Edict of Nantes, which orderedreligious tolerance for Protestants in France while asserting the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Regency

Marie de Médicis, by Frans Pourbus theYounger, c. 1606. Museo de Bellas Artesde Bilbao.

Marie de Médicis, by Frans Pourbus theYounger, 1616. Art Institute of Chicago.

To further consolidate her authority as Regent of the Kingdom of France, Marie decidedto impose the strict protocol from the court of Spain. An avid ballet performer and artcollector, she deployed artistic patronage that helped develop the arts in France.Daughter of a Habsburg archduchess, the Queen-Regent abandoned the traditional anti-Habsburg French foreign policy (one of her first acts was the overturn of the Treaty ofBruzolo, an alliance signed between Henry IV's representatives and Charles EmmanuelI, Duke of Savoy), and formed an alliance with Habsburg Spain which culminated in1615 with the double marriage of her daughter Elisabeth and her son Louis XIII with thetwo children of King Philip III of Spain, Philip, Prince of Asturias (future Philip IV) andAnne of Austria, respectively.

Nevertheless, the Queen-Regent's policy caused discontent. On the one hand,Protestants were worried about the rapprochement of Marie with Spain; on the otherhand, Marie's attempts to strengthen her power by relying on the Concinis deeplydispleased part of the French nobility. Stirring up xenophobic passion, the nobilitydesignated the Italian immigrants favored by Marie as responsible for all the wrongs ofthe kingdom. They are getting richer, they said, at our expense. Taking advantage of theclear weakness of the Regency, the princes of the blood under the leadership of Henri II,Prince of Condé, rebelled against Marie.

In application of the Treaty of Sainte-Menehould (15 May 1614), the Queen-Regentconvened the Estates General in Paris. The Prince of Condé failed to structure hisopposition to royal power. However, Marie undertook to cement the alliance with Spainand to ensure respect for the theses of the Council of Trent. The reforms of the pauletteand the taille remained a dead letter. The clergy played the role of arbiter between theThird Estate and the nobility who did not manage to get along: Civil lieutenant Henri deMesmes declared that "all the Estates were brothers and children of a common mother,France", while one of the representatives of the nobility replied that he refused to be thebrother of a child of a shoemaker or cobbler. This antagonism benefited the court, whichsoon pronounced the closure of the Estates General. The Regency was officially endedfollowing the Lit de justice of 2 October 1614, which declared that Louis XIII hadattained his legal majority of age, but Marie then became head of the Conseil du Roi andretained all her control over the government.

One year after the end of the Estates General, a new rebellion of the Prince of Condéallowed his entry into the Conseil du Roi by the Treaty of Loudun (3 May 1616), whichalso granted him the sum of 1,500,000 livres and the government of Guyenne. Duringthis time, the Protestants obtained a reprieve of six years to the return of their places ofsafety to the royal power.

In 1616, the requirements of the Prince of Condé became so important that Marie hadhim arrested on 1 September and imprisoned him in the Bastille. The Duke of Neversthen took the leadership of the nobility in revolt against the Queen. Nevertheless, Marie'srule was strengthened by the appointment of Armand Jean du Plessis (later CardinalRichelieu)—who had come to prominence at the meetings of the Estates General—asSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs on 5 November 1616.

Despite being legally an adult for more than two years, Louis XIII had little power in thegovernment; finally, he asserted his authority the next year. Feeling humiliated by theconduct of his mother, who monopolized power, the King organized (with the help ofhis favorite the Duc de Luynes) a coup d'état (also named Coup de majesté[20]) on 24 April 1617: Concino Concini was assassinatedby the Marquis de Vitry, and Marie exiled to the Château de Blois.

In the night of 21–22 February 1619 the 43-year-old Queen Mother escaped from her prison in Blois with a rope ladder, scaling awall of 40m. Gentlemen took her across the Pont de Blois and riders sent by the Duc d'Épernon escorted Marie in his coach. She tookrefuge in the Château d'Angoulême; then provoked an uprising against her son the King, the so-called "war of mother and son"(guerre de la mère et du fils).

A first treaty, the Treaty of Angoulême, negotiated by Richelieu, calmed the conflict. But the Queen Mother wasn't satisfied: sherelaunched the war by rallying the great nobles of the Kingdom to her cause ("second war of mother and son"). The noble coalitionwas quickly defeated at the Battle of Ponts-de-Cé (7 August 1620) by Louis XIII, who forgave his mother and the princes.

Revolt of 1619 and Return From Exile

Marie de Médicis, by Peter PaulRubens, 1622. Museo del Prado.

The reconciliation of mother and son,by Peter Paul Rubens, 1622–1625.Louvre Museum.

Engraving of Marie de Médicis.

Aware that he could not avoid the formation of plots as long as his mother remained in exile, the King accepted her return to court.She then returned to Paris, where she worked on the construction of her Luxembourg Palace. After the death of the Duc de Luynes inDecember 1621, she gradually made her political comeback. Richelieu played an important role in her reconciliation with the king; heeven managed to bring the queen mother back to the Conseil du Roi.

From the time of her marriage to Henri IV, the Queen practiced ambitious artistic patronage,and placed under her protection several painters, sculptors and scholars. For her apartments atthe Palace of Fontainebleau, the Flemish-born painter Ambroise Dubois was recruited todecorate Marie's cabinets with a series of paintings on the theme of the Ethiopics ofHeliodorus, and painted for her gallery an important decoration on the theme of Diana andApollo, mythological evocations of the royal couple. In the Louvre, the Queen had aluxurious apartment on the first floor fitted out, then moved in 1614 to a new apartment onthe ground floor, which she had adorned with panels and paintings by Ambroise Dubois,Jacob Bunel, Guillaume Dumée, and Gabriel Honnet on the theme of Jerusalem Delivered ofTorquato Tasso (whose translation by Antoine de Nervèze was Marie's first reading inFrench).

The Queen also surrounded herself with portrait painters, such as Charles Martin andespecially the Flemish Frans Pourbus the Younger.

During and after the regency, Marie de Médicis played a major role in the development ofParisian artistic life by focusing on the construction and furnishing of the LuxembourgPalace, which she referred to as her "Palais Médicis". The site was purchased in 1612 andconstruction began in 1615, to designs of Salomon de Brosse. In particular, she tried to attractseveral large-scale artists to Paris: she brought in The Annunciation by Guido Reni, wasoffered a suite of Muses painted by Giovanni Baglione, invited the painter Orazio Gentileschi(who stayed in Paris during two years, during 1623–1625), and especially the Flemish painterPeter Paul Rubens, who was commissioned by her to create a 21-piece series glorifying herlife and reign to be part of her art collection in the Luxembourg Palace. This series(composed between 1622–1625), along with three individual portraits made for Marie andher family, is now known as the "Marie de' Medici cycle" (currently displayed in the LouvreMuseum); the cycle uses iconography throughout to depict Henry IV and Marie as Jupiterand Juno and the French state as a female warrior.

The Queen-Mother's attempts to convince Pietro da Cortona and Guercino to travel to Parisended in failure, but during the 1620s the Luxembourg Palace became one of the most activedecorative projects in Europe: sculptors such as Guillaume Berthelot and Christophe Cochet, painters like Jean Monier or the youngPhilippe de Champaigne, and even Simon Vouet on his return to Paris, participated in the decoration of the apartments of the Queen-Mother.

Marie continued to attend the Conseil du roi by following the advice of Cardinal Richelieu,whom she introduced to the King as minister. Over the years, she didn't notice the risingpower of her protégé; when she realized it, she broke with the Cardinal and sought to ousthim. Still not understanding the personality of her son, and still believing that it will be easyfor her to demand the disgrace of Richelieu from him, she tried to obtain the dismissal of theminister. After the "Day of the Dupes" (Journée des Dupes) of 10–11 November 1630,Richelieu remained the principal minister and the Queen Mother was constrained to bereconciled with him.

Marie ultimately decided to withdraw from court. Louis XIII, judging his mother toointriguing, encouraged her to retire to the Château de Compiègne.[21] From there she fled on19 July 1631 towards the city of Étrœungt (in the County of Hainaut) where she slept beforegoing to Brussels. She intended to plead her case there; this escape was only a political trapset by her son who had withdrawn the regiments guarding the Château de Compiègne. Nowa refugee with the Spanish, enemies of France, Marie was thus deprived of her status asQueen-Mother of France, and therefore of her pensions.

Artistic patronage

Conflict with Richelieu. Exile and death

The exiled Queen Marie de Médiciswith coronet overlooking Cologne, byAnthony van Dyck. Palais desBeaux-Arts de Lille.

Her chaplain Mathieu de Morgues, who remained faithful to Marie in his exile, wrotepamphlets against Richelieu which circulated in France clandestinely. During her last years,the Queen-Mother travelled in the European courts, in the Spanish Netherlands (where theInfanta-Governor Isabella Clara Eugenia and the ambassador Balthazar Gerbier tried toreconcile her with Richelieu), in England at the court of her daughter Queen Henrietta Mariafor three years (staying en route to London in Gidea Hall) and then in Germany; with herdaughters and sons-in-law where she tried again to form a "league of sons-in-law" againstFrance, without ever being able to return, while her supporters were imprisoned, banished orcondemned to death.

Her visit to Amsterdam was considered a diplomatic triumph by the Dutch, as it lent officialrecognition to the newly formed Dutch Republic; accordingly she was given an elaborateceremonial royal entry, of the sort the Republic avoided for its own rulers. Spectaculardisplays (by Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert) and water pageants took place in the city'sharbour in celebration of her visit. There was a procession led by two mounted trumpeters,and a large temporary structure was erected on an artificial island in the Amstel Riverespecially for the festival. The structure was designed to display a series of dramatic tableaux

in tribute to her once she set foot on the floating island and entered its pavilion. Afterwards she was offered an Indonesian rice tableby the burgomaster Albert Burgh. He also sold her a famous rosary, captured in Brazil. The visit prompted Caspar Barlaeus to writehis Medicea hospes ("The Medicean Guest", 1638).

Marie subsequently traveled to Cologne, where she took refuge in a house loaned by her friend Pierre-Paul Rubens in Cologne. Shefell ill in June 1642, and died of a bout of pleurisy in destitution on 3 July 1642, a few months before Richelieu. Her body wasbrought back to the Basilica of St Denis and buried without much ceremony on 8 March 1643, while his heart was sent to La Flèche,in accordance with the wish of Henry IV who wanted their two hearts to be reunited. Her son Louis XIII died the following 14 May.

Honoré de Balzac, in his essay Sur Catherine de Médicis, encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view. She was born andraised in Italy and the French never really accepted her; hence, the negative reviews. However, Henry IV of Navarre was not a richman and needed Marie's money. The French were still not pleased with his choosing an Italian wife.

Marie de' Medici, all of whose actions were prejudicial to France, has escaped the shame which ought to cover her name.Marie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known ofthe king's assassination; her intimate was d'Épernon, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved tohave known the murderer personally for a long time. Marie's conduct was such that she forced her son to banish her fromFrance, where she was encouraging her other son, Gaston.[22]

Jules Michelet also contributed to the denigration of Marie de Médicis.[23]

Name Birth Death Notes

Louis XIII, King ofFrance 27 September 1601 14 May 1643 Married Anne of Austria (1601–1666) in 1615. Two sons survived to

adulthood.

Elisabeth, Queen ofSpain 22 November 1602 6 October 1644 Married Philip IV, King of Spain (1605–1665) in 1615. A son and a

daughter survived to adulthood.

Christine, Duchess ofSavoy 10 February 1606 27 December 1663 Married Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1587–1637) in 1619. One

son and three daughters survived to adulthood.

Son, Duke of Orléans 16 April 1607 17 November 1611 Died without being baptized; named Nicholas or Nicholas-Henry incertain works.

Gaston, Duke ofOrléans 25 April 1608 2 February 1660

Married (1) Marie de Bourbon (1605–1627) in 1626. 1 daughter survivedto adulthood. Married (2) Marguerite of Lorraine (1615–1672) in 1632. Threedaughters survived to adulthood.

Henrietta Maria, Queenof England 25 November 1609 10 September

1669Married Charles I, King of England (1600–1649) in 1625. Three sonsand two daughters survived to adulthood.

Posthumous appraisal

Issue

Ancestry

Marie de' Medici and her family (1607;by Frans Pourbus the younger).

Ancestors of Marie de' Medici8. Giovanni dalle Bande Nere[24]

4. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany[24]

9. Maria Salviati[24]

2. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

10. Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga[26]

5. Eleanor of Toledo[24]

11. María Osorio y Pimentel[26]

1. Marie de'Medici

12. Philip I of Castile[27]

6. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[25]

13. Joanna I of Castile[27]

3. Joanna of Austria

14. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary[28]

7. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[25]

15. Anne of Foix-Candale[28]

Henry IV of France's wives and mistressesHouse of Medici

1. Lawrence, Cynthia Miller (1997). Women and Art in Early Modern Europe: Patrons, Collectors, and Connoisseurs.Pennsylvania State Univ Pr. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-271-01568-2.

2. The History of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, by Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi and published in 1781, mentions Maria'sbirth date as 26 April 1573, which has since been used by all her later biographers. Recent searches have made itpossible to find the baptismal certificate of Maria de' Medici, who correctly established her birth date as 26 April1575 and consequently correct an error perpetuated for over two centuries. See Dubost 2009, pp. 48–-49, whichrefers to a communication by Maria Fubini Leuzzi entitled Maria dei Medici. La costruzione di una regina : dallinfanzia al matrimonio au colloque Medici Women as Cultural Mediators (1533-1743) (Florence, 2008).

3. Kermina 2010, p. 13.4. Chiarini 2002, p. 77.5. Kermina 2010, p. 14.

See also

References

Carmona, Michel (1981). Marie de Médicis (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-01044-7. OCLC 185443497 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185443497).Chiarini, Marco (2002). "Cosimo II and Maria Maddalena of Austria". The Medici, Michelangelo, & the Art of LateRenaissance Florence. Yale University Press.77Delaunay, Mathieu (2005). Les Ancêtres de Marie de Médicis. Reine de France (in French). Paris: Éditionsgénéalogiques de la Voûte. ISBN 2-84766-253-7.Dubost, Jean-François (September 1993). La Prise du pouvoir par Louis XIII (in French). L'Histoire. pp. 28–34.Dubost, Jean-François (2011). L'après Henri IV (https://www.persee.fr/doc/emod_2107-6642_2011_num_2_1_849)(in French). Europa Moderna. Revue d'histoire et d'iconologie. pp. 5–14.Dubost, Jean-François (2009). Marie de Médicis, la reine dévoilée. Paris: Payot: Biographie Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-90393-6. OCLC 318870555 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318870555). online text 1 (http://www.payot-rivages.

6. Kermina 2010, p. 17.7. Kermina 2010, p. 18.8. Goldstone 2015, p. 377.9. Bassani 2003, p. 51.

10. Baudouin-Matuszek 1991, p. 104.11. Delorme 2003, pp. 40–61.12. THE AMERICAN CYCLOPEADIA (https://books.google.com/books?id=l2kP_63gEXYC&pg=PA671). 1874.

pp. 671–. Retrieved 21 February 2011.13. Goldstone 2015, p. 377 footnote.14. "Fanny Cosandey: The Queen of France in modern times" (https://academiesciencesmoralesetpolitiques.fr/2003/07/

07/la-reine-de-france-a-lepoque-moderne) (in French). academiesciencesmoralesetpolitiques.fr. 7 July 2003.Retrieved 29 August 2020.

15. Torres, Pascal (2013). Les secrets du Louvre (https://books.google.com/books?id=SfO1DwAAQBAJ) (in French). LaLibrairie Vuibert. p. 288. ISBN 9782311100211.

16. "MARIE DE MÉDICIS (1573-1642) queen of France" (https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/marie-de-medicis/) (inFrench). universalis.fr. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

17. Herman, Eleanor (2005). Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge (https://books.google.com/books?id=GFiou8-zsPYC&q=Henriette+finally+fell+from+henri%27s+favor+in+1608&pg=PA80). p. 80.ISBN 9780061751554.

18. Fischer, David Hackett, 1935- (2008). Champlain's dream (1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York: Simon& Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-9332-4. OCLC 213839989 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213839989).

19. "Concino Concini, marquis d'Ancre | Italian diplomat" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Concino-Concini-Marquis-dAncre). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 January 2020.

20. Yves-Marie Bercé, "The blows of majesty of the kings of France, 1588, 1617, 1661", in: Complots et conjurationsdans l'Europe moderne. Proceedings of the international colloquium organized in Rome, 30 September–2 October1993, Rome, École Française de Rome, coll. "Publications of the French School of Rome" (n° 220), 1996, 786 p.(ISBN 2-7283-0362-2, online (https://www.persee.fr/issue/efr_0223-5099_1996_act_220_1?sectionId=efr_0223-5099_1996_act_220_1_5000)), p. 491–505.

21. Bergin, Joseph (1 March 1990). Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth (https://books.google.com/books?id=VeHiBVIa6YYC&pg=PA86). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-300-04860-5.Retrieved 19 March 2016.

22. Sur Catherine de Médicis, Furne ed., vol. XV, p. 471.23. Dubost 2009, p. 478.24. "The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060115213538/htt

p://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf) (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf) (PDF) on 15 January 2006.

25. Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Johanna_von_Oesterreich_(Tochter_des_Kaisers_Ferdinand_I.)). Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire](in German). 6. p. 290 – via Wikisource.

26. Cesati, Franco (1999). Medici (https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75). Firenze: LaMandragora. p. 75 (https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75). ISBN 88-85957-36-6.

27. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna). Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

28. Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). Dracula. Brill. p. 204.

Bibliography

net/livre_Marie-de-Medicis-Jean-Francois-Dubost_ean13_9782228903936.html) online text 2 (https://clio-cr.clionautes.org/marie-de-medicis-la-reine-devoilee.html)Dubost, Jean-François (1997). La France italienne, XVI-XVII siècle (http://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_1_450970_t1_0273_0000_001). Aubier histoires (in French). Paris: Aubier Montaigne. ISBN 2-7007-2276-0..Duccini, Hélène (1991). Concini, grandeur et misère du favori de Marie de Médicis. Paris: Albin Michel. ISBN 2-226-05265-8..Fumaroli, Marc; Graziani, Françoise and Solinas Francesco, Le « Siècle » de Marie de Médicis, actes du séminairede la chaire rhétorique et société en Europe (xvie-xviie siècles) du Collège de France (in French). Edizioni dell'Orso2003Goldstone, Nancy (2015), The Rival Queens. Little, Brown and Company Publisher, 448 p. ISBN 978-0-3-16409674Hübner, Helga and Regtmeier, Eva (2010), Maria de' Medici: eine Fremde; edition by Dirk Hoeges (in German)(Literatur und Kultur Italiens und Frankreichs; vol. 14). Frankfurt: Peter Lang ISBN 978-3-631-60118-1Kermina, Françoise (2010). Marie de Médicis (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03298-2.Mamone, Sara (1990). Paris et Florence: deux capitales du spectacle pour une reine, Marie de Médicis (in Italian).Translated by Sophie Bajard. Paris: Seuil. ISBN 2020122286. OCLC 23128919 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23128919)..Matuszek-Baudouin, Marie-Noëlle (1991). Marie de Médicis et le palais du Luxembourg (in French). Paris:Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. ISBN 2-905118-37-7..Pacht-Bassani, Paola (2004). Marie de Médicis, un gouvernement par les arts (in French). Somogy.Thiroux d'Arconville, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte, Vie de Marie de Médicis, princesse de Toscane, reine de Franceet de Navarre, 3 vol. in-8°.La France de la monarchie absolue, 1610-1715 (in French). Paris: Seuil. 1997.

Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici (https://web.archive.org/web/20030914111817/http://www.students.sbc.edu/vandergriff04/mariedemedici.html) Definitive statements of Baroque art.National Maritime Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20060503062617/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/searchbin/searchs.pl?exhibit=it3322z&axis=1118004862&flash=true&dev=)Drawing (https://web.archive.org/web/20070310234656/http://www.mfa.org/collections/search_art.asp?recview=true&id=718&coll_keywords=Moeyaert&coll_accession=&coll_name=&coll_artist=&coll_place=&coll_medium=&coll_culture=&coll_classification=&coll_credit=&coll_provenance=&coll_location=&coll_has_images=1&coll_on_view=&coll_sort=0&coll_sort_order=0&coll_package=0&coll_start=1,) by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert the entrance of Mariade Medici in AmsterdamFestival Books (http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/news/04/10_festival_books.shtml)Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Maria de' Medici" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Maria_de%27_Medici). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Life of Marie dei Médicis. Engravings after Rubens from the De Verda Collection (http://www.colecciondeverda.com/search/label/Mar%C3%ADa%20de%20Medici)"Medicea Hospes, Sive Descripto Pvblicae Gratvlations (https://archive.org/stream/mediceahospessiv00baer#page/n6/mode/thumb): qua Serenissiman, Augustissimamque reginam, Mariam de Meicis, except Senatvs popvlvvsqveAmstelodamensis" (1638), Illustrated with engravings of Maia de' Meici

Marie de' MediciHouse of Medici

Born: 26 April 1575 Died: 3 July 1642

French royalty

VacantTitle last held by

Margaret of Valois

Queen consort of France andNavarre

17 December 1600 – 14 May 1610

VacantTitle next held byAnne of Austria

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