m materials en
TRANSCRIPT
EOSINT M Materialsfor Direct Metal Laser-Sintering (DMLS)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 2
Source: EOS
Injection moulding tooling;functional prototypes
Bronze-based mixtureDirectMetal 20
Typical applicationsMaterial typeMaterial name
EOS offers a range of application-optimized metalpowder materials for EOSINT M systems
Commercially available DMLS materials
Injection moulding tooling;functional prototypes
Steel-based mixtureDirectSteel H20
Injection moulding series tooling;engineering parts
18 Mar 300 / 1.2709EOS MaragingSteel MS1*
Functional prototypes and seriesparts; engineering and medical
Stainless steel17-4 PH / 1.4542
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4
CoCrMo superalloyEOS CobaltChrome MP1
Ti6Al4V light alloyEOS Titanium Ti64*
Pure titaniumEOS Titanium TiCP*
For system requirements please refer to information quotes or ask for details* under development
Functional prototypes and seriesparts; engineering, medical, dentalFunctional prototypes and series
parts; aerospace, motor sport etc.Functional prototypes and series
parts; medical, dental
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 3
Contents
— DirectMetal 20
— DirectSteel H20
— EOS MaragingSteel MS1
— EOS StainlessSteel 17-4
— EOS CobaltChrome MP1
— EOS Titanium
— Examples of other possible future materials
Source: EOS
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 4
DirectMetal 20
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 5
— Key characteristics•good mechanical properties•very fast build rate•very easy to finish
— Typical applications•injection mould tool inserts formoulding up to hundreds ofthousands of plastic parts
•other tooling applications•prototype parts, e.g. for functionaltests, wind tunnel testing etc.
•fixtures, test parts etc.
Characteristics and applications
Source: EOS, EGi
DirectMetal 20 - bronze-based material forrapid tooling and rapid functional prototypes
propeller prototype forwind tunnel testing
injection mould insert(Source:: EGi, EOS)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 6
— Mechanical properties•UTS: approx. 400 MPa•yield strength: approx. 200 MPa•Young’s Modulus: approx. 80 GPa•hardness: 115 HV
— Physical properties•min. remaining porosity : 8 %
• surface porosity closed bymicro-shot-peening
•massive parts typically built usingSkin & Core build strategy
•max. operating temperature 400 °C
Source: EOS
DirectMetal 20 quickly and easily producesfunctional tooling and parts
Key properties
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 7
DirectSteel H20
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 8
— Key characteristics•high strength and wear resistance•dense, highly polishable surfaces
— Typical applications•injection mould tool inserts formoulding up to millions of plasticparts
•other tooling applications, e.g. diecasting, extrusion
•prototype parts
Source: EOS, Bósch, Kashiyama
DirectSteel H20 - steel-based material forheavy-duty tooling and prototyping
Injection mould tool inserts in DirectSteel H20 (right Bosch,left Kashiyama)
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 9
— Mechanical properties•UTS: approx. 1100 MPa•yield strength: approx. 800 MPa•Young’s Modulus: approx. 180 GPa•hardness: 35 - 42 HRC
— Physical properties•min. remaining porosity : <0.5 %•massive parts typically built usingSkin & Core build strategy
•max. operating temperature 1100 °C
Micrograph of laser-sintered DirectSteel H20part, etched
Source: EOS
DirectSteel H20 produces heavy-duty tool insertswith highly polishable surfaces
Key properties
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 10
Source: EOS
DirectSteel H20 has similar behaviour toconventional steel materials
Typical tensile testing behaviour of DirectSteel H20
Strain (%)
Str
ess
(M
Pa)
Horizontal samplelaser-sintered onEOSINT M250 Xtended
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 11
EOS MaragingSteel MS1
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 12
Source: Mold-Making Handbook, ed. Menning, 1998
Hard surface but low toughness.Used for screws and extruders
---- / 1.7735 / 14 CrMoV 6 9Nitriding steels
Characteristics & applicationsExamples / designationsAISI / Material No. / German
Material type
Various types of steels are conventionally used forinjection moulds, depending on the requirements
Summary of tool steel types with examples
Case-hardening: hard surface withtough core; warpage risk
P4 / 1.2341 / X 6 CrMo 4P21 / 1.2764 / X 19 NiCrMo 4
Case-hardenedsteels
No post-hardening neededP20 / 1.2311 / 40 CrMnMo 7P20+S / 1.2312 / 40 CrMnMoS 8 6
Pre-hardenedsteels
For moulding corrosive plastics,e.g. PVC
420SS / 1.2083 / X 42 Cr 12---- / 1.2316 / X 36 CrMo 17
Corrosion-resistant steels
H11 / 1.2343 / X 38 CrMoV 5 1D2 / 1.2379 / X 155 CrVMo 12 1
Through-hardenedsteels
Typ. precipitation hardening. Highhardness but low toughness
18 Mar 300 / 1.2709 /X 3 NiCoMoTi 18 9 5
Maraging steels Age hardening: hard and tough,very low shrinkage
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 13
— Maraging = "mar"tensite + "aging" [treatment]
— Low-carbon steels with martensitic structure•e.g. 18 Mar 300 / 1.2709 / X 3 NiCoMoTi 18 9 5 has 0.2% carbon
— In solution-annealed condition has high strength (~1,000 MPa) but can be easilymachined
— Age-hardenable up to approx. 55 HRC hardness and much increased strength•e.g. 6 hours at 490°C
— Originally developed as high-strength steels for aerospace, also conventionallyused for injection moulding tools with particularly complex cavities
Source: Mold-Making Handbook, ed. Menning, 1998
Maraging steels are high performance, hardenablesteels typically used for e.g. aerospace and tooling
Characteristics of standard maraging steels
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 14
— "Maraging steel is an iron alloy which is known for possessing superior strengthwithout losing malleability. ... Maraging steel is essentially free of carbon, whichdistinguishes it from most other types of steel. The result is a steel which
•Possesses high strength and toughness•Allows for easy machining with minimal distortion•Has uniform, predictable shrinkage during heat treatment•Can be easily nitrided•Resists corrosion and crack propagation•Can be finely polished"
— Maraging steels "Offer the best available combination of ultra-high yield and tensilestrength, ductility and fracture toughness of any ferrous materials. Can retainstrength at least up to 350°C. ... Readily machinable. .... Possible to finish-machinebefore aging. Very little dimensional change after aging treatment. Parts uniformlyharden throughout the entire section because they have high hardenability. Exhibitgood weldability."
Source: www.wikipedia.org, 2006
Maraging steels are noted for their high strength,high crack resistance and simple hardening
Quotes from www.wikipedia.org
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 15
— "Maraging steels work well in electro-mechanical components where ultra-highstrength is required, along with good dimensional stability during heat treatment.Several desirable properties of maraging steels are:
• Ultra-high strength at room temperature• Simple heat treatment, which results in minimum distortion• Superior fracture toughness compared to quenched and tempered steel of similar strength level• Low carbon content, which precludes decarburization problems• Easily fabricated• Good weldability"
— "As compared with martensite-hardenable carbon-containing steels, carbonlessmaraging steels show, for the same strength, a substantially greater resistance tobrittle fracture, which is their most remarkable merit. On tempering to the maximumstrength, the ductility indices and impact toughness, though diminish somewhat, stillremain rather high. The high ductility of the carbonless matrix and the high dispersityof uniformly distributed intermetallic precipitates are responsible for a very highresistance to cracking, which is the most valuable property of modern high-strengthstructural materials."
Source: www.key-to-steel.com, 2006
Maraging steels are noted for their high strength,high crack resistance and simple hardening
Quotes from www.key-to-steel.com
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 16
— "Maraging in Tool & Die Making•Maraging has a significant cost advantage over other alloys. Uniform predictableshrinkage during heat treatment means Maraging does not require excessivereworking. It is easily machined. Its hardness and strength allow it to withstandthe repeated pressures of compression molding for longer tool life with a very goodsurface finish."
— "Maraging in Manufacturing•Maraging's ability to expand without cracking make it the material of choice for drillchucks. Its uniform machinability and durability make it ideal for producing gearsin sophisticated robotic arms in assembly lines, and its high strength and wearresistance make it perfect for grippers in automation lines. Other Maraging(Vascomax) benefits for the manufacturing arena include excellent polishability andweldability with pre- or post heating."
Source: www.maraging.com, 2006
Maraging steels offer excellent properties formanufacturing and tooling applications
Quotes from www.maraging.com
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 17
— Key characteristics•18 Maraging 300 type steel (1.2709,X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5)
•fully melted to full density for highstrength and polishability
•easily machinable as-built•age hardenable up to approx. 55 HRC•good thermal conductivity
— Typical applications•series injection moulding, also for highvolume production
•other tooling applications, e.g. diecasting
•high performance parts, e.g. foraerospace applications
Source: EOS, Oase
EOS MaragingSteel MS1 - high performancesteel for series tooling and other applications
Injection mould insert with conformalcooling, built in EOS MaragingSteel MS1
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 18
— Mechanical properties as built (EOSINT M270)•hardness: 36 - 39 HRC
— Mechanical properties after age hardening (6 hoursat 490°C)
•UTS: > 1900 MPa•yield strength: > 1700 MPa•hardness: 53 - 55 HRC
— Physical properties•Relative density: approx. 100 %
200 internally cooled pin inserts forinjection moulding, built in EOSMaragingSteel MS1. Source: LBC GmbH
Source: EOS, LBC
EOS MaragingSteel MS1 is a high performancesteel for series tooling and other applications
Key properties (provisional data)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 19
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 20
— Key characteristics•raw material corresponds to 17-4(1.4542, X5CrNiCuNb16-4)
•corrosion-resistance•excellent ductility
— Typical applications•engineering applications includingfunctional prototypes, small seriesproducts, individualised productsor spare parts
•parts requiring high corrosionresistance, sterilisability, etc.
•parts requiring particularly hightoughness and ductility
Benchmark test geometry inEOS StainlessSteel 17-4.Source: NASA / GeneralPattern.
Source: EOS
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 - stainless steel materialfor prototyping and series production
Demonstration part in EOSStainlessSteel 17-4, partlypolished
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 21
Medical devices, food processing etc.
Medical devices inEOS StainlessSteel 17-4.Source: PEP / DePuy
Source: EOS, PEP / DePuy
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 opens up new applicationsdue to its corrosion resistance
Sieve in EOS StainlessSteel 17-4for packaging machinery forfoodstuffs.
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 22
Volkswagen's GX3 conceptvehicle
Designer products
Designer shifter knob inEOS StainlessSteel 17-4
Source: EOS, Volkswagen N.A.
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 opens up new applicationsdue to its aesthetic appearance
— Metal shifter knob for newconcept vehicle
•eye-catching hollow,lightweight look
•surface machined to matchmetal trim components
•premiered at Los AngelesAuto Show 2006
•attendees asking, "How didyou do that?"
•opens up possibility ofeconomic production ofcustomized or limited editionshifter knobs
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 23
— Composition corresponds to US 17-4and European 1.4542
— Metallurgy of as-sintered materialcharacterized by laser processing
•very fast melting and solidification•microstructure and properties are notidentical to cast- or wrought-typealloy
Chemistry and metallurgy
Source: EOS
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 is an industrially acceptedstainless steel material
balanceIron
Content(by weight)
Element
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
max. 1 %
max. 0.5 %
3 - 5 %
max. 1 %Silicon
Carbon
Chromium
Copper
max. 0.07 %
15 - 17.5 %
3 - 5 %
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 24
— Relative density: approx. 100 %
— Density: approx. 7.8 g/cm³
— Max. operating temperature 550 °C
— Thermal conductivity:•at 20 °C: 13 W/m°C•at 100 °C: 14 W/m°C•at 200 °C: 15 W/m°C•at 300 °C: 16 W/m°C
— Coefficient of thermal expansion:•20 – 600 °C: 14 x10-6 m/m°C
Physical & thermal properties
Micrograph of laser-sintered EOSStainlessSteel 17-4 in solution-annealed andH1150 aged condition showing fully remelted,dense structure
Source: EOS; NCMS / General Pattern
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces fully dense parts
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 25
Optical micrograph
Micrograph of laser-sintered EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 showing fullyremelted, dense structure. Side view along the layers
Source: EOS; Helsinki University of Technology
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces fully dense parts
100µm
Optical micrograph of EOSStainlessSteel 17-4.Top view
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 26
Source: EOS
980 ±50 MPa142 ±7.3 ksi
1050 ±50 MPa152 ±7.3 ksiUltimate tensile strength, MPa
Vertical orientationHorizontal orientationProperty
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces parts with goodmechanical properties
Mechanical properties
500 ±50 MPa72,5 ±7.3 ksi
540 ±50 MPa 78 ±7.3 ksi
Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %), MPa
n/a170 ±20 GPa25 ±3 msi
Young’s Modulus (GPa)
Remaining elongation 25 ±5 %
(250-400 HV1) *
Surface hardness
230 ±20 HV1
* Work hardening effect
- as laser-sintered
- (ground & polished)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 27
Source: EOS
EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces parts with goodmechanical properties and excellent ductility
Typical tensile testing behaviour of EOS StainlessSteel 17-4
Strain (%)
Str
ess
(M
Pa)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 28
EOS CobaltChrome MP1
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 29
— Key characteristics•high strength, temperature andcorrosion resistance
•biocompatibility•fulfils ISO 5832-4 and ASTM F75(cast CoCrMo implant alloys), andmost of ISO 5832-12 and ASTMF1537 (wrought CoCrMo implants)
— Typical applications•high-temperature engineeringapplications, e.g. turbines
•medical implants•dental devices
Source: EOS; Knee implant: Stryker Orthopaedics
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 - CoCrMo superalloymaterial for prototyping and series production
Knee implant in EOSCobaltChrome MP1
Engine exhausts in EOSCobaltChrome MP1
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 30
— Biomedical CoCrMo alloy, compositionUNS R31538:
•Co: 63-65 wt-%•Cr: 27-29 wt-%•Mo: 5-7 wt-%•Si, Mn: < 1 wt-%•Fe: < 0.75 wt-%•C: 0.15 wt-%
— Nickel free, contains < 0.05 wt-% ofnickel
— Uniform, fine distribution of elements•see picture
Chemistry and metallurgy
Dot-mapping analysis of SEM micrographs of cross-section through laser-sintered sample.
Left: Co distribution Right: Cr distribution
Source: EOS, EU-CRAFT Project “HIPED HIPS II”, photographs by PERA.
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 is a biomedicalCoCrMo alloy
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 31
Micrographs
Micrographs of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 samples, laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270 and etched
Left: 10x optical micrograph Middle: 1000x SEM micrograph Right: 5000x SEM micrograph
Source: EOS
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts with veryfine 0.3-0.6 µm grain size
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 32
Micrographs
Source: EOS
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 is fully dense with only skinor with Skin&Core parameters
Micrographs of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 samples, laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270 and etched
Left: 100x SEM micrograph of only skin parameters Right: 100x SEM micrograph of faster Skin&Core
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 33
— Relative density: approx. 100 %
— Density: 8.29 g/cm³
— Max. operating temperature 1150 °C
— Melting range: 1350-1430 °C
— Thermal conductivity:•at 20 °C: 13 W/m°C•at 300 °C: 18 W/m°C•at 500 °C: 22 W/m°C•at 1000 °C: 33 W/m°C
— Coefficient of thermal expansion:•20 – 500 °C: 13.6 x10-6 m/m°C•500 – 1000 °C: 15.1 x10-6 m/m°C
Physical & thermal properties
Micrograph of laser-sintered EOSCobaltChrome MP1 showing fully remelted,dense structure
Source: EOS
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces fully dense partssuitable for high-temperature operation
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 34
Source: EOS
1150 MPa ± 50 MPa167 ksi ± 7 ksi
1400 MPa ± 50 MPa203 ksi ± 7 ksiUltimate tensile strength, MPa
Vertical orientationHorizontal orientationProperty
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts withexcellent mechanical properties
Mechanical properties at 20 °C
880 MPa ± 50 MPa128 ksi ± 7 ksi
960 MPa ± 50 MPa139 ksi ± 7 ksi
Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %), MPa
200 GPa ± 20 GPa29 msi ± 3 msi
210 GPa ± 10 GPa30 msi ± 1.5 msi
Young’s Modulus (GPa)
Remaining elongation
9-13 %- as laser-sintered 8-10 %21-24 %- after hot isostatic pressing
40-45 HRCSurface hardness
Note: Mechanical properties improve with increased operation temperature up to500-600 °C
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 35
Tensile behaviour
Tensile behaviour of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 sample laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270Left: horizontal orientation Right: vertical orientation
Source: EOS
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts withexcellent mechanical properties
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 36
EOS CobaltChrome MP1 parts fulfil relevantindustrial standards well
— Properties fulfil ISO 5832-4 and ASTM F75 of cast CoCrMo implant alloys
— Properties fulfil ISO 5832-12 and ASTM F1537 of wrought CoCrMo implants alloys,except remaining elongation
•also elongation requirement can be fulfilled by using hot isostatic pressing
Source: EOS
Comparison with cast and wrought material
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 37
— Key characteristics•high strength, temperature andcorrosion resistance
•biocompatibility•thermal characterisitcs suitable forveneering with dental ceramic
— Typical applications•dental restorations (crowns,bridges etc.)
— Availability•custom development for Sirona•available by special agreement
Source: EOS
EOS CobaltChrome SP1 - special purpose CoCrMosuperalloy for veneered dental restorations
Dental restorations inEOS CobaltChrome SP1
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 38
EOS Titanium Ti64 / TiCP
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 39
Titanium alloys offer a unique combination ofproperties for many biomedical applications
— Excellent corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bioadhesion
— Titanium and its alloys are used for many biomedical and dental applications(implants, screws, crowns...)
Source: EOS
Summary of important biomedical properties
++Corrosion resistance
Stainless steelProperty
Biocompatibility
Bioadhesion
Price
Titanium alloys CrCo alloys Nb/Ta
+
+
+++
O
O
O
++
++
-
++
++
+
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 40
Titanium alloys offer a unique combination ofproperties for many engineering applications
— Light weight material with high specific strength (strength per weight)
— Ti6Al4V with high strength also at elevated temperatures
— The combination of mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance is the basisfor applications in Formula 1 and aerospace
Source: EOS
Summary of important engineering properties
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 41
Source: EOS
Medical and dentalTi; O <0.18%; N <0.03%CP Ti grade 1
Typical applicationsCompositionMaterial name
Various grades of Titanium (alloys) are commonlyused in industrial applications
Summary of the most important Ti materials
Medical and dental,chemical industry
Ti; O <0.25%, N <0.03%CP Ti grade 2
Medical and dentalTi; O <0.35%, N < 0.05%CP Ti grade 3
Medical and dentalTi; O < 0.40%, N < 0.05%CP Ti grade 4
Ti; Al 6%; V 4%;O <0.20%, N < 0.05%
Ti6Al4V (grade 5)
CP = commercially pure, ELI = extra-low interstitials
Aerospace, motor sport, sportsgoods, medical and dental
Ti; Al 6%; V 4%;O <0.15%, N < 0.05%
Ti6Al4V ELI Medical and dental
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 42
Source: EOS
24240CP Ti grade 1
Elongation at break (*) [ % ]Tensile strength (*) [ MPa ]Material name
Various grades of Titanium (alloys) are commonlyused in industrial applications
Mechanical properties of conventional barstock
20345CP Ti grade 2
18450CP Ti grade 3
15550CP Ti grade 4
895Ti6Al4V (grade 5)
CP = commercially pure, ELI = extra-low interstitials
(*) Source: Euro-Titan Handels AG, Solingen, Germany
10
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 43
— Several versions will be available•EOS Titanium Ti64 (Ti6Al4V)•EOS Titanium Ti64 ELI(higher purity)
•EOS Titanium TiCP(commercially pure)
— Key characteristics•lightweight•high strength•biocompatibility
— Typical applications•aerospace and engineeringapplications
•biomedical implants
Source: EOS
EOS Titanium - light alloy materials for prototypingand series production
Spinal implants built in EOSTitanium Ti64
Dental device built in EOSTitanium Ti64
Characteristics and applications
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 44
Due to its high reactivity, EOS Titanium isprocessed on a special version of EOSINT M 270
— Hardware and software requirements•argon atmosphere from external bottles•cylindrical radial-flow nozzle in process chamber•additional safety features•special version of PSW to control additional features•titanium building platforms
Source: EOS
System requirements
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 45
EOS Titanium Ti64 parts fulfil relevant industrialstandards and relevant requirements
— Physical properties•laser-sintered density: approx. 100 %•only single pores
— Chemical properties•laser-sintered parts fulfil requirements of ASTM F1472 (for Ti6Al4V) and ASTMF136 (for Ti6Al4V ELI) regarding maximum concentration of impurities
• oxygen < 2000ppm or 1500ppm• nitrogen < 700ppm
— Bioadhesion•cell growth tested with good results
Source: EOS
Physical and chemical properties
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 46
— Typically martensitic structurewith grains growing from layerto layer
•preferential Z orientation•grain size >> layer thickness
Metallurgy
Optical micrographs of laser-sintered EOS Titanium Ti64, showingfully dense structure (only single pores) and dendritic, martensiticstructure with preferential orientation
Source: EOS, EADS
EOS Titanium Ti64 produces fully dense partswith dendritic, martensitic grain structure
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 47
Source: EOS
approx. 159 ksiUltimate tensile strength
Vertical orientationHorizontal orientationProperty
EOS Titanium Ti64 produces parts with excellentmechanical properties
Mechanical properties (provisional)
Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %)
Young’s Modulus
Hardness
Value
approx. 1100 MPa
approx. 1000 MPa approx. 145 ksi
approx. 17 msi approx. 120 GPa
approx. 450 HV ≈ 45 HRC ≈ 425 HB
Elongation at break approx. 8%
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 48
Source: EOS
GPa,MPa x10
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0Ultimate tensile
strength
Properties of EOS Titanium Ti64 are comparable toor better than with conventional manufacturing
Young’sModulus*)
Elongationat break
%
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ti6Al4V,EOSINT M 270
Ti6Al4V,PM + HIP
Ti6Al4V, forgedDIN ISO 5832-3
Hardness **)
HV
500
400
300
200
100
0
*) No values available for Ti6Al4V, forged DIN ISO 5832-3*) No values available for Ti6Al4V, forged DIN ISO 5832-3 **) No values available for Ti6Al4V, PM+HIP
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 49
Source: EOS
EOS Titanium Ti64 produces parts with excellentmechanical properties
Typical tensile testing behaviour of EOS Titanium Ti64
Str
ess
(M
Pa)
Strain (%)
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 50
Source: EOS, Protocast, Technikon
Many different kinds of parts have been built inEOS Titanium Ti64
Examples of parts built in EOS Titanium Ti64
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 51
Optical micrographs of laser-sintered EOS Titanium TiCP (commercially pure), etched, showing fullydense structure and no sign of layer structure. Build orientation as indicated.
Source: EOS
EOS Titanium TiCP produces fully dense partswith very fine, uniform grain structure
xx
yy
xx
zz
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 52
Source: EOS
approx. 82 ksiUltimate tensile strength
Vertical orientationHorizontal orientationProperty
EOS Titanium TiCP produces parts with excellentmechanical properties
Mechanical properties (provisional)
Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %)
Young’s Modulus
Value
approx. 567 MPa
approx. 477 MPa approx. 69 ksi
approx. 16 msi approx. 114 GPa
Elongation at break approx. 32 ± 5 %
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 53
Examples of other possible future materials
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 54
— Material type•nickel-based superalloy, commonlyused for high-temperatureengineering applications such asaerospace turbine parts
— Alternatives•can in many cases be substituted byEOS CobaltChrome MP1
— Commercialization status•so far only in R&D
Source: EOS
EOS has successfully produced parts in Inconelalloys on EOSINT M 270
Description
Impeller in Inconel 625 (2.4856),built on EOSINT M 270
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 55
— Material type•precious metal, used in variouspurities / alloys for jewellery,electronics and dental restorations
— Alternatives•currently no comparablecommercial material availablefor EOSINT M
— Commercialization status•so far only in R&D
Source: EOS
EOS has successfully produced parts in gold onEOSINT M 270
Description
Parts built in 18 carat gold on EOSINT M 270
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 56
— Process development enabled laser-sintering of precious metals (gold, silver)in hallmarkable quality, e.g. 18 carat
— Freedom of design allows noveljewellery concepts to be imlpemented
— Technology patented by Particular ABand licensed exclusively to EOS
— Commercialization status•so far only implemented on EOSINTM 250 Xtended by Particular AB andalso tested on EOSINT M 270 by EOS
•further development andcommercialization to be confirmed
Source: EOS, Particular AB
Hallmarkable gold and silver jewellery productshave been built on EOSINT M 250 Xtended
Examples by Particular AB
Above: Fan chain in yellow 18 carat gold, 21 cm, 28links. Below: Wing Ding chain in silver, 5 cm, 8 linksBoth built in one step on EOSINT M 250 Xtended.Design by Towe Norlén
project partners:
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 57
— Micro-laser-sintering uses powdergrain size typ. 1 - 20µm, layerthickness 1 - 5µm to achieve detailresolution <30µm
— Originally developed by LaserinstitutMittelsachsen and licensed exclusivelyto 3D Micromac
•development cooperation betweenEOS and 3D Micromac
•EOS has exclusive sales rights
— Commercialization status•currently R&D status with limitedpart-building possibilities
•further development towardscommercialization is ongoing
Source: EOS, 3D Micromac
EOS is developing micro-laser-sintering of metals incooperation with 3D Micromac
Technology development
EDM electrode built incopper-tungsten mixture
Cylinder built partly insilver and partly in copper
EOS 2007 · EOSINT M Materials Page 58
www.eos.info