m j1 critical thinking

8/13/2019 M J1 Critical Thinking

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Marilyn Kraft, MBA, REHS

Dave Dyjack, Dr.PH, CIH

CUPA 2012


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The Program

Module #1 Framing

Module # 2 Critical Thinking

Lets begin by calibrating our brain


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What Do You See?


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Framing: What is it? How does the public think about a particular issue?

which ultimately affects their choices

Frames are organizing principles that are sociallyshared and persistent over time, that worksymbolically

Subtle selection of certain aspects of an issue in order

to cue a specific response structure the social world Suggests potential solutions conveyed by images,

stereotypes, messengers, and metaphors


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5

Why It Matters

Perceptions shaped by core beliefs

New thinkingchallenges core beliefs

If challenged we revert to familiar Makes it hard for people to hear new messages

We have to connect people to a different frame


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Listen and process Identity affirmation - - individuals affirmatively

process information consistent with their culturalvalues

Pluralistic advocacy are more likely to acceptinformation if conveyer portrays diverse values, onboth sides of the debate

Narrative framing resonates with narrative templatesor schemes


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How We Process Information

Mental shortcuts help us make sense

Communication has cues about where to fitinformation into existing knowledge Helps us connect to shortcuts or dominant frames

New information seen through dominant frames

Our understandingis frame-based Not fact-based


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Dominant Frame Habits of thought

Establish expectation

Lay foundation for everything we hear Cultural lens


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EH Framing: Short Video

Frameworks


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Thoughts on the Film ClipWhat does this short film mean to you?

As you think about your profession, can you identifyyour frame(s)?

What are your customer and co-workers frame?

How might you change the way you interact?


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2012 Newt Gingrich Florida Election Results

46% (Romney) to 32% (Gingrich)

Press: Romney demolishes Gingrich

Romney: Im the best man to beat Obama

Gingrich: Its now a two man race

Ron Paul: 1913 wasn't a very good year. 1913 gave us the incometax, the 16th amendment and the IRS.


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Occupy Wall Street:

Management Frame ~400 cities in U.S.

U.S. Megacity: Political Issue

Mid Sized City: Public Health Issue

Mid Sized City: Public Safety Issue

Dave Dyjack: Refugee Model Issue


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Framing a Riot "[Rioters] are lawbreakers, destroyers of constitutional

rights and liberties and ultimately destroyers of a freeAmerica." -- Lyndon B. Johnson, American president,1965

"A riot is at bottom the language of the unheard." --

Martin Luther King, Jr., American civil rights leader,1967


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Katrina: Government as Oppressor Katrina showed what happens when state and local

officials become dependent on the federal government

Katrina reveals the dangers of environmentalorganizations that sue to stop levee-raising projects inorder save an obscure species.

Katrina proves that we must expand our domestic oil

and gas production by opening the Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge and eliminating environmentalprotections.


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Katrina: Govtas the Oppressor Katrina showed the importance of individual responsibility. Those who

failed to take individual responsibility to get out suffered greatly oreven died. Those who stayed behind to loot or act in otherwiseunlawful ways revealed the underbelly of urban liberalism andgovernment welfare.

Katrinas drain on the economy makes tax cuts all the more necessaryas a spur to economic growth.

Katrina sets our priorities straight: rebuilding homes and businessesrather than spending on government entitlement programs like theMedicare drug benefit, Medicaid, the Centers for Disease Control, theCorporation for Public Broadcasting, global AIDS funding, and so on.


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SummaryWhenever conservatives have their back to the wall,

they redouble their efforts and turn disaster -- literallyand figuratively -- into ideological and political gain

Other current examples?


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Alternate Response to Katrina Bush lacked leadership. Bush was told in advance and didnt respond in time. Bush had sent the National Guard to Iraq when its ranks

were needed at home. Bush loaded the Federal Emergency Management Agency

with incompetent political hacks like Michael Brown. Bush took money from levee reconstruction and used it for

the war and to render tax cuts.

Bush failed to preserve the wetlands that would havemitigated the storm surge, reversing Clinton policy. Bush has refused to address global warming, which

contributes to the frequency and severity of hurricanes.


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Next time around.

Government as Assister The tragedy of Katrina and response was a matter

of values and principles:

EmpathyResponsibility

Fairness

Illustration Derived from Framing Katrinaby George Lakoff & John Halpin

The American Prospect.2005
http://www.prospect.org/http://www.prospect.org/http://www.prospect.org/


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Framing Strategy Includes

Connecting issue w/ valued frame

Thematic not episodic context

Simplifying model or metaphor

Messengers

Visuals

Tone


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Level OneBig ideas, like freedom, justice, community, success,responsibility

Level Two

Issue types, like the environment or child care

Level Three

Specific issues, like rainforests or earned income taxcredits


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Level One ExamplesWe want to live in a society that is

Authentic Caring Committed Community focused Competitive Connected to others

Increasing Knowledge

Nurturing

Positive in Outlook Responsible

Safe/ Secure


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Level Two

Level 2 frames can focus on issues like children,elderly, education, friendship, or corporate

America

Level 2 can also be a new or novel way ofgrouping issues together

Prisons and education

Children and corporate America

Hazardous materials and social responsibility


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Building a Framing Story Connect your issue to a Level 1 value

Ask what kind of world people want to live in

Ask what would that world look like? Level 2 connected to level 1

Many issues can fit into Level 2 for different purposes

Level 3 specifies how Level 2 is achieved

Tell a story linking levels 1 to 2 to 3


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Linking Levels Together

Tobacco Level 1 - We want to live in a truthful society

Level 2 - Companies are honest about their products

Level 3 Policies that require disclosure of productcontents

Hazardous Materials Level 1 - We want to live in a society free from toxics

Level 2 - Regulations can help reduce exposure

Level 3 Successful program implementation in 2012


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Gain versus Loss Framing If certain of outcome

Gain framing is more effective

If uncertain of intervention outcome Loss framing is more effective

Pointing out problems Creates negative reaction

Cultural targeting Enhances effectiveness with right frame Not more effective if combined with wrong frame


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Hazardous Material ExamplesFrame Gain Loss

Outcome Certain Uncertain

Types Law awaiting effective date.Advances in technology.

Funding issues.Laws & Regs in fluctuation.

Example 1 E-reporting mandate E-reporting grant funding delay

Example 2 New technology is availablefor leak detection Rewrite of Title 23 UST regs due tonew federal UST regs

________????

________________________The outcome is fairly certain.

_______________________________The outcome has a lot of uncertainty

Language Facilities will now be able to Agencies may not be able to

Specific 1 Update inventories onlinewith fewer agency variations. Perform outreach, update systems,meet deadlines.

Specific 2 Use component/procedure Xas listed/referenced.

Have the authority to enforce X orto allow previously authorized Y.

________

????

__________________________What is the gain?

_______________________________What is the loss?


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Metro Atlanta Chamber of

CommerceAs empty nesters and singles out-pace the growth in

households with kids, the region is seeing anincreasing demand for walkable, low-maintenance

communities, conveniently located to shops, jobs andrecreation. Where, howand whetherwe will meetthis demand are the key questions for the future


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FramingDenial, in which you can't believe that what you've done in the past doesn't work, eventhough you know better, and can only dimly see how you might do it differently.

Wonder and Ah-Ha!, in which suddenly everything you see is Framing! Framing!Framing!

Paralysis, in which you are afraid to frame because you know the bad frames are in you.

Assimilation, in which you hunker down, read and think more, and try to learn how toget yourself unstuck.

Awkwardness, in which your frame has the head of a cat and the tail of a dog, but yourecognize it and keep trying.

Integration, in which you successfully reframe a piece and it works, and you keep doingit, and it works better.

Conversion, in which you realize that you had better share your knowledge with yourcolleagues and coalitions or their frames will undermine yours.

Jeanne Ryderhttp://www.frameworksinstitute.org/sevenstages.html


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Which do you find as more inspirational and

would act on? What are you thinking?


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Frames Create Context

Implications for critical thinking

Are everywhere

Lets take a break


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Acknowledgements & Resources Susan Kirby Dr.PH: [email protected]

Frameworks Institute, Washington, D.C.www.frameworksinstitute.org

Nathaniel Kendall-Taylor, Director of Research,

Frameworks Institute


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Marilyn Kraft, MBA, REHS

Dave Dyjack, Dr.PH, CIH


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Critical Thinking Defined Careful application of reason in the determination of whethera claim is true or a process that questions assumptions

Type of critical analysis:disciplined intellectual criticism that

combines research, knowledge of historical context, andbalanced judgment

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process ofactively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,

synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, orgenerated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, orcommunication, as a guide to belief and action


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Where can you use it? Determine what information is or is not pertinent

Recognize logical flaws in arguments

Avoid over stated conclusions

Recognize that a problem may have no clear answer orsingle solution


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Can you find the flaw?The cool thing about being

famous is travelling. I have alwayswanted to travel across seas, like toCanada and stuff.

Britney Spears


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What do you make of these? Lawn mowers create more air pollution than jet skis

The Clinton Administration implemented the biggesttax increase in history

LIAs close fewer cases than LOPs.

The ABC Company in San Bernardino has moreviolations than the ABC Company in San Diego.

XYZ Company in San Francisco is more hazardousthan Freds Company in Sacramento.


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Concepts of RiskRisk Analysis Matrix

Severity of Consequences

ProbabilityofEvent

MoreRisky

LessRisky


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The Basics1. Claims - things we say or in express in writing to conveyinformation, opinions or beliefs

2. Issues are a question is the claim true or false?

3. Arguments is produced to support that a claim is true

Premise 1) can offer support for the conclusion if the

conclusion is true and 2) is relevant to the conclusion

Conclusion - a decision made or an opinion formed afterconsidering the relevant facts or evidence


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ArgumentAn attempt to support or prove a claim or assertion by

providing reasons for accepting it


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Two Kinds of Arguments1. Deductive - conclusion must be true provided that

the premises are true

Claim: Dave Dyjack is taller than Kristen Riegel

Premise: Dave Dyjack is taller than Marilyn Kraft.

Premise Marilyn Kraft is taller than Kristen Riegel.

Conclusion: Dave Dyjack is taller than Kristen Riegel.


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2.Inductive Argument Inductive doesnt prove or demonstrate a conclusion, they

support it. The more support the premise of inductiveargument provides for the conclusion, the stronger the

argument is.

Makes arguments are stronger or weaker (in court: beyonda reasonable doubt)

Caution: Research has demonstrated that people areinclined to seek solutions to problems that are moreconsistent with known hypotheses -remember thoseFrames!


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Inductive Reasoning Example Premise: White swans are the only swans we see in Europe

Premise: White swans are common in my community

Premise: My pillow is filled with swan down, which is white

Premise: I live in Europe

Conclusion: All swans are white


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Class Exercise Choose an example of deductive reasoning used in

CUPA work. List the premises which lead to theconclusion.

List one example of inductive reasoning used in CUPAwork. List the premises which lead to the conclusion.


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ExplanationA claim or set of claims intended to make a claim,

object, or event or state of affairsintelligible


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Causal Explanations two (2) types Type 1 Physical Explanation domain of the natural

sciences, includes:

Atmospheric conditions

Relative humidity

Temperature

LEL meter readings

PH Geological conditions


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Physical Explanation CautionsCheck Assumptions

What are you really measuring/observing?

Did you measure only what you were looking for? What elsemight be there?

Are your conclusions consistent with what you were and were notmeasuring?

Why measure O2 before LEL?

In what type of solutions will pH paper not register a result?

What must pH paper have in order to measure acidity? What data is your conclusion based on?

What is at risk?


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Type 2: Behavioral Explanations Tries to elucidate causes of behavior

History

Psychology Political science

Sociology


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Technical vs. Adaptive* ChallengesTechnical Challenges At least one known solution exists Some expert, somewhere, even if it

requires specialized resources or skill,knows exactly what to do

Addressed in regulations, operatingdirectives, guidance, training,

procedures.UPA Examples: Install an underground storage tank

system in accordance with allmanufacturer, local, and Staterequirements

Determine if a substance meets the

regulatory definition of hazardouswaste Correct local database support code

tables to match the CERS2 datadictionary requirements

Adaptive Challenges

Problem has never been definedor the issue never resolved.

The issue is new, never seenbefore.

No one knows exactly what to

do. Requires team effort.UPA Examples: Compliance where owners is without

motivation or resources Computer or English language

proficiency or access for regulatorycompliance issues

New UPA business processes resultingfrom mandated e-reporting

*Adaptive challenges is a concept of Ron Heifetz, Kennedy School of Government


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Type ProblemDefinition

Solution &Implementation

Kind ofWork

Assign? Time/Cost

I

E.g.

Clear

Using

Wrong Field

Clear

Align with

Standard

Technical

Systematic,

Detailed

Individuals,Contractor

?

Predictableby workvolume

?II

E.g.

Clear

?

RequiresLearning

?

Technical andAdaptive

?

Qualified Team

?

Moderate

?

III

E.g.

RequiresLearning

?

RequiresLearning

?

Adaptive

?

Multi-disciplinaryTeam w/Leadership?

Long &Uncertain

?

Technical vs. Adaptive* Problems


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Some things worthy of explanationWhy was Governor Gray Davis recalled?

Why has the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste site notbeen commissioned?

Why did the ethylene oxide release and explosion atSterigenics facility in Ontario, California occur?(http://www.csb.gov/newsroom/detail.aspx?nid=152)

Why are specific inspectors reluctant to pursue formal

enforcement action against specific recalcitrantviolators?

Why did or will specific violators not do very basicspecific documented actions to return to compliance?
http://www.csb.gov/newsroom/detail.aspx?nid=152http://www.csb.gov/newsroom/detail.aspx?nid=152


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Argument When we give a reason for doing something , we arepresenting an argumentfor it

Example: Formal enforcement action against WMCompany is appropriate because there is a pattern of recalcitrance evidence here The company has been given due process notice and

opportunity to comply and has failed to return to compliance.Evidence here

The company handles a regulated substance anhydrous

ammonia, which on 1/1/11 was released but not reported bythe facility. Combined with multiple business plan andCalARP violations, this situation has a high potential for harmto the public , their employees, and response personnel.


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Explaining When we cite an individuals reason for doing something,

we are explainingwhy he or she did it

Example: Inspector Jones filed a formal enforcement

action against WM Company because: the company had not returned to compliance after the other

informal processes failed.

His performance goals include inspecting all handlers in his

district every 3 years , with 70% return to compliance, and anexpectation to file 3 formal enforcement actions his mostrecalcitrant violators this year.

Inspector Jones wants to promote to a lead position.


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ExplanationsAre relative a good explanation for you is not

necessarily good for everyone else

Example: a puddle under the toilet might be explained

by a leaking wax sealIf you own the house, you might want to know why

If you are renting the house, simply call the landlord

Explanatory Adequacy is relative to ones needsCannot be ambiguous, vague, incompatible with

established fact


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Can we think of examples where an explanation

is needed in Hazardous Materials Management? How does CERS work?

Audience: Small business: You need to have an email address,access to a computer, and a paper version of your forms so you can

Multijurisdictional business: Talk to CalEPA setting up

organizations and electronic data transfer. Emergency Responders: Either youll like the online interface or

well have to figure out how to get you what you want but it wont bepaper anymore

What are my options for managing used oil?

Simple: Consolidated manifesting or HW hauler Odd: Remote Consolidation, Limited self transportation, etc.

Example of principle is that inspectors typically dont bring up allthe convoluted legal options that are more likely to lead someone tonon-compliance unless the situation might fit.


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Explanation Adequacy Depends on level of granularity needed by customer

Testability is the water under the toilet cold?

Be consistent Not be in conflict with fact or theory

Not be circular

Avoid unnecessary assumptions or unnecessary

complexities


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Forming Hypotheses AKA Inference to the best explanationMethod of difference what is different about today (or the

situation under consideration) from other days?

Method of Agreement (co-variates) issue under considerationis associated with another condition

Be careful, association and causation are different things

(example)

Post hoc fallacy (i.e., one thing caused another because ithappened before the outcome under question)


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Confounders Connection between A and B is coincidental

A and B result from a 3rdthing

B caused A rather than other way around


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Proof by disproof Dont fall into this trap

Appeal to Anecdote ( I took a zinc tablet and didntcatch a cold. Hence, zinc prevents colds)

Confusing Explanations with Excuses. Dont allow your

frame to overwhelm you into sympathy


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Writing Argumentative EssaysA statement of the issue

A statement of ones position on that issue

Arguments that support ones positions

Rebuttals of arguments that support contrary positions


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Rebuttals Confine your statements to your opponents views

Do not call opposing arguments absurd (rememberframing)

Where an element of an opposing view is good, call itout

Concentrate on the most important considerations

Present your strongest arguments first


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Things to avoid in the written word Clichs

Generalizations

Exaggeration

Passive writing style

Lack of specificity

Verb noun disagreement

Parenthetical remarks


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How to Improve?Conducted review of training records onsite.

Poor housekeeping.

No labels on drums.

Inadequate funding and staff.


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Source Credibility Education

Relevant Experience

Relevant Accomplishments

Reputation

Objectivity/Lack of Bias/Lack of or Transparent VestedFinancial Interest

Evidence Specific to this Site


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Experience & Site-Specific Evidence

Common Sense & the Obvious

Dont ignore it

Dont stop at it

Dont underestimate the abilityof intelligent & educatedpeople to:

Ignore it Stop at it

Ask questions until you aresatisfied.


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Euphemism vs Dysphemism Positive expression for

something that is usuallynegative

Pre-owned cars

Freedom fighter

Opposite of euphemism

Used car

Terrorist


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What Do You See?


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Conclusions Framing

Critical Thinking


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Acknowledgements Critical Thinking 9thEdition. Brooke Noel Moore

and Richard Parker. McGraw Hill Publishers, 2009.

California-Nevada Training Center

m j1 critical thinking

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