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M. G. Ramachandran

“MGR” and “M. G. R.” redirect here. For other uses,see MGR (disambiguation).In this Indian name, the name   Maruthur Gopalan   is apatronymic, not a family name, and the person should bereferred to by the given name, Ramachandran.

Marudhur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917– 24 December 1987), popularly known by his initialsMGR, was an Indian film actor, director, producer, andpolitician who also served as the Chief Minister of TamilNadu successively for three terms.[2]

In his youth, MGR and his elder brother, M. G. Chakra-pani, became members of a drama troupe to support theirfamily. Influenced by Gandhian ideals, MGR joined theIndian National Congress. After a few years of actingin plays, he made his film debut in the 1936 film  Sathi 

Leelavathi   in a supporting role. In the late 1940s he

graduated to leading roles and for the next three decadesdominated the Tamil film industry.[3] He became a mem-ber of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and roserapidly through its ranks. He successfully used his pop-ularity as a film hero to build a large political base. In1972, he left the DMK to form his own party the AnnaDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK). In 1977 he be-came the chief minister of  Tamil Nadu – the first filmactor in India to become the chief minister of a state. Heremained as chief minister till his death in 1987.

1 Early life and backgroundMGR was born in   Nawalapitiya   near   Kandy,   SriLanka,[4] to Melakkath Gopala Menon and MaruthurSatyabhama.[5] Melakkath Gopala Menon was stayingin Vadavannur, in Palakkad District, Kerala before hewas excommunicated in 1903, regarding an allegationthat dealt with an illicit relationship with a widowedwoman;[6] he left his family and married MaruthurSatyabhama.[7]

In his early days, MGR was a devout Hindu and a devo-

tee of  Murugan, as is the common practice for Hin-dus in Sri Lanka.[8] Later, when he joined the DMK, apro-rationalist party, he followed the rationalist ideology,though not appearing very aggressively atheistic. In laterdays after he founded his own party following his expul-sion from the DMK, he seems to have shown some lean-

ing towards religious faith. He had asked his followers topray for the success of his AIADMK party.[9]

His followers prayed for him when it was determined thathe had a kidney illness.[10] After his demise, his wifeopened up a temple in his name.

After his father’s death, he joined a drama companycalled “Madurai Original Boys company”. Later, he en-tered the world of cinema, becoming an actor, direc-tor, producer, and editor. MGR married Bargavi alsoknown as Thangamani who died early due to illness.He later married Sathanandavathhi who died soon due

to tuberculosis.[11]

M.G.R. married V. N. Janaki a for-mer Tamil film actress.[12] Janaki divorced her husband,Ganapati Bhatt, to marry MGR.

2 Acting career

M. G. Ramachandran filmed with Kamal Haasan

1

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2   3 POLITICAL CAREER

He made his film debut in 1936, in the film   Sathi 

Leelavathi ,  [13]

directed by Ellis Dungan, an American-born film director.[14] Generally starring in romance oraction films, MGR got his big breakthrough in the 1950film Manthiri Kumari , written by M. Karunanidhi. Soonhe rose to superstardom in the 1954 Malaikallan. Heacted as hero in the Tamil film industry’s first ever gevacolour movie, the 1955  Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.He rose to become the heart throb of millions of tamil-ians with movies such as  Thirudadhe,   Enga Veettu Pil-

lai ,   Aayirathil Oruvan,   Anbe Vaa,   Mahadevi ,   Panam

Padaithavan,  Ulagam Sutrum Vaalibhan,   etc. He won

the   National Film Award for Best Actor   for the film

Rickshawkaran   in 1972. His film Nadodi Mannan , re-

leased in 1958, was a Tamil version of the interpreta-tion of the Prisoner of Zenda , produced and directed by

himself and released in 1956, did well. He began to act 

in many movies that appealed to the direct sentiments of 

the common man and the rich as well. His 1973 block-

buster  Ulagam Sutrum Vaalibhan  broke previous box of-

 fice records of his movies. It was one of the few movies 

 filmed abroad in those days. It was shot in Singapore,

Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong and Japan. The DMK 

unsuccessfully tried to curtail that movie. His acting ca-

reer ended in 1984 with his last film,   Ullagam SuthiParu , which he acted when he was diagnosed with kidney

 failure.[15]

3 Political career

MGR was a member of the   Congress Party  till 1953,and he used to wear   khādī . In 1953 MGR joinedthe  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) attracted byfounder C.N.Annadurai. He became a vocal Tamiland   Dravidian   nationalist and prominent member ofthe DMK (“Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam” aka Dravid-ian Progressive Federation). He added glamour to the

Dravidian movement which was sweeping Tamil Nadu.MGR became a member of the state Legislative Councilin 1962. He was first elected to the Tamil Nadu Legisla-tive Assembly in 1967. After the death of his mentor,Annadurai, MGR became the treasurer of DMK in 1969after Muthuvel Karunanidhi became the chief minister.

M.R. Radha and MGR had worked in 25 films together.On 12 January 1967 M.R. Radha with a producer visitedMGR to talk about a future project. During the conver-sation M.R. Radha stood up and shot MGR in his left eartwice and then pretended to shoot himself. MGR drove

MGR and SSR in election campaign for DMK at THENI in 1962

to the hospital by himself and spoke to the doctor with hisown voice for the last time. After the operation his voicechanged. Since he had been shot in his ear MGR losthearing in his left ear and had ringing in the ear problemsbut never complained until he had kidney problems in theearly 1983. When Sinnappa Devar paid his first visit tosee MGR at the hospital after the shooting incident hepaid an advance for the next MGR’s movie. So after get-ting released from the hospital and finishing Arasakattalai 

MGR acted in Devar’s movie Vivasaayee against doctors’

advice. When finishing the movie Kaavalkaaran MGR’sspeaking parts were reduced. This was the only movieMGR spoke with old and new voices between scenes:When MGR was acting in  Kaavalkaran in 1967 oppositeJ. Jayalalithaa the shooting happened.

Petralthaan Pillaya   was the last movie of MGR-MRRadha together. Shooting ended just few days beforeMGR was shot at. The bullet was permanently lodgedin his neck and his voice damaged. Within hours of theshooting, some 50,000 fans had gathered at the hospitalwhere MGR had been taken. People cried in the streets.

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3.1 Criticism and controversies    3

For six weeks, he lay in the hospital as fans awaited each

report of his health. He was visited by a steady streamof commoners and luminaries of film industry, polityand bureaucracy. From his hospital bed, he conductedhis campaign for Madras Legislative Assembly. He wontwice the number of votes polled by his Congress ri-val and the largest vote polled by any candidate for theAssembly.[16]

MGR at a function in January (1968)

In 1972, DMK leader Karunanidhi started to project hisfirst son M.K. Muthu in a big way in film and poli-tics. Understanding the tactics played by Karunanidhito corner him, MGR started to claim that corruptionhad grown in the party after the demise of  Annaduraiand in a public meeting asked for the financial de-tails of the party to be publicised, which enraged theleadership of DMK. Consequently, MGR was expelledfrom the party as per Karunanidhi’s plan. He force-fully floated a new party named Anna Dravida MunnetraKazhagam (ADMK), later renamed   All India AnnaDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the only pow-erful opponent of the DMK. He mobilised between 1972and 1977 to spread and preach his party ambition with

films like Netru Indru Naalai  (1974), Idhayakani  (1975),Indru Pol Endrum Vazhga (1977), etc.

He became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 30 June1977, remaining in office till his death in 1987. In 1979,members of his party   Satyavani Muthu  and AravindaBala Pajanor became the first non-Congress politiciansfrom Tamil Nadu to be ministers in the   Union Cabi-net. The AIADMK won every state assembly electionas long as MGR was alive. Although Anna Durai andKarunanidhi had acted in stage plays in trivial roles,in their younger days, before becoming chief minister,

MGR was the first popular film actor to be a Chief Minis-

ter in India. Though the Congress won by a small marginof votes with the DMK in the 1980 parliamentary elec-tions, the AIADMK under MGR won the state electionsthe same year. This made the Congress to ally with theAIADMK in the 1984 elections. MGR ended his actingcareer in 1977.

Once he became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, heplaced great emphasis on social development, especiallyeducation. One of his most successful policies was theconversion of the extquotedblMidday Meal Scheme ex-tquotedbl introduced by the popular Congress Chief Min-ister and kingmaker K Kamaraj, which already was en-

couraging underprivileged children to attend school, into“MGR’s Nutritious Meal Scheme” in the government-run and -aided schools in Tamil Nadu by adding  saththu-

rundai  – a nutritious sugary flour dumpling. This schemewas at a cost of Rs. 1 billion and was imposed in 1982.A little more than 120,000 children of the state werebenefited. He also introduced Women’s Special buses.He introduced a liquor ban in the state and preservationof old temples and historical monuments, ultimately in-creasing the state’s tourist income. He set up a free schoolfor the cinema technicians children in Kodambakkamcalled MGR Primary & Higher Secondary School whichprovided free mid-day meals in the 1950s. He led the

ADMK to victory in the 1984 assembly elections despitenot taking part in the campaigning. At that time he wasundergoing medical treatment in America and his imageswere broadcast in Tamil Nadu through cinema halls. Thiswas an effective campaign tactic and ADMK won theelections claiming around 56% of assembly seats, indi-cating the depth of his popular support. He won his seatin a double landslide victory in 1984. He still holds therecord of being the chief minister with the highest con-sistent longevity of more than a decade.

Karunanidhi claimed on 1 April 2009 and again on 13May2012thatMGRwasreadyforthemergerofhisparty

with the DMK in 1979, with  Biju Patnaik acting as themediator. The plan failed, because Panruti Ramachan-dran, who was close to MGR acted as a spoiler and MGRchanged his mind.[17][18]

3.1 Criticism and controversies

Even after his death, MGR proved to be very popular inthe state and his rule has been cited by many of his con-temporaries as best in the country.[19] However, his rule

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4   6 ILLNESS AND DEATH 

is not without criticism, most of them coming from an-

alysts outside of Tamil Nadu. Economic data under hisrule showed that annualgrowth and percapitaincome waslower than national average and the state went from be-ing second among 25 industrialised states in developmentafter Kamaraj’s rule to tenth. This decline according tocritics have been due to shift of government resourcesfrom power and irrigation to social and agriculture sec-tor according to Madras Institute of Development Stud-ies reported in 1988. In addition, the emphasis on “wel-fare schemes” such as free electricity to farmers, mid-day meal schemes, etc. has been seen by many as takingmoney away from infrastructure development that couldhave benefited the poor. In addition, the liquor tax im-

posed during his rule was considered to contribute to aregressive tax mostly affecting the poor.

Other criticisms have been on MGR’s centraliseddecision-making which many blame led to inefficiencyand corruption to take hold of his administration. Someexamples stated by the critics include Goondas act in1982 and other acts that limited political criticism in themedia which led to a “police state” during his adminis-tration. While these criticisms have been in the minority,supporters of MGR counter that most of these problemswere a result of the party members serving MGR ratherthan the leader himself. While he is not considered a di-

visive figure in the state, critics and supporters alike agreethat his charisma and popularity trumped policy decisionsthat led to his eventual success during his tenure as chiefminister.[20]

Natwar Singh   in his autobiography   One Life is NotEnough   alleges that M.G.Ramachandra covertly sup-ported and financed the LTTE and their cadres were be-ing given military training in Tamil Nadu. He also al-leges that M.G.R considered Jaffna an extension of TamilNadu and without informing the Indian Government atthe time, had gifted 40 million rupees to the LTTE.[21][22]

3.1.1 Bharat Ratna

After his death in 1988, he became the third Chief Min-ister from the state of Tamil Nadu to receive the BharatRatna. The timing of the award was controversial, dueto the fact that it was given so quickly after his deathand he was elected as Chief Minister only 11 years be-fore the award. Many opponents, mostly outside TamilNadu, criticised the current ruling party INC, under RajivGandhi  to have influenced the selection committee to

give the award to help win the upcoming   1989 Lok

Sabha election. The ruling party forming a coalition withJayalalithaa, successor to MGR at that time were able tosweep Tamil Nadu winning 38 out of 39 seats, INC werehowever unable to win nationally.[23]

3.2 Member of Legislative Assembly

3.3 Chief minister

4 Awards

•  Filmfare Best Actor Award for Enga Veettu Pillai [24]

•  Filmfare Best Film Award for Adimai Penn[25]

•  National Film Award for Best Actor   for the filmRickshawkaran in 1971.

•   Honorary doctorate   received from  University ofMadras and The World University (Arizona).

•  Bharat Ratna was conferred by the Government ofIndia  (posthumously) in 1988 for his reformationactivities and support from Tamil Nadu.

5 Philanthropy

He personally offered relief in disasters and calamitieslike fire, flood, drought, and cyclones. He was the firstdonor during the war with China in 1962, donating Rs.75,000 to the war fund. He was the founder and editorof   Thai  weekly magazine and  Anna daily newspaper inTamil. He was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgee-yar Pictures (willed to charity) which produced many ofthe films he actedin. He had gifteda golden sword weigh-

ing half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple in  Kollur,Udupi district.[26]

6 Illness and death

In October 1984, MGR was diagnosed with kidney fail-ure, which was further complicated by diabetes, a mildheart attack and a massive stroke. He was rushed to theDownstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States fortreatment, undergoing a kidney transplant. He returned

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5

MGR’s tomb and memorial  at  Marina beach , Chennai 

M G R Memorial house T Nagar 

to Chennai on 4 February 1985. He was sworn in as chiefminister of Tamil Nadu for the third consecutive term on10 February 1985. The next 2 years and 10 months werespent in frequent trips to the United States for treatment.

MGR never fully recovered from his illness and died on24 December 1987 at 3:30 am in Chennai Apollo Hos-pital after his prolonged illness. He was almost 71. Hisdeath sparked off a frenzy of looting and rioting all overthe state. Shops, cinemas, buses and other public and pri-vate property became the target of violence let loose. Thepolice had to resort issuing shoot-at-sight orders. Tamil-ians from Bangalore rushed to Madras in trains to seethe mortal remains of MGR. Government had announcedfree train facility for this visit. The violence during the fu-neral alone left 29 people dead and 47 police personnelbadly wounded.[27][28]

This state of affairs continued for almost a month across

Tamil Nadu. Around one million[29]

people followed hisremains, around 30 followers committed suicide and peo-ple had their heads tonsured. After his death, his politicalparty, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam,split between his wife Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jay-alalithaa; they merged in 1988.

In 1989   Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher SecondarySchool for the Speech and Hearing Impaired was estab-lished in the erstwhile residence MGR Gardens, Rama-puram, in accordance with his will dated 17 January1986. His official residence at 27, Arcot Street, T.Nagaris now MGR Memorial House and is open for public

viewing. His film studio, Sathya Studios, has been con-verted into a women’s college.

7 Filmography

7.1 As actor

Main article: M. G. Ramachandran filmography

7.2 As producer and director•   1958 Nadodi Mannan, Producer and director

•   1969 Adimai Penn, producer

•   1973 Ulagam Sutrum Valiban, director

•   1977  Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan, di-rector

8 Gallery

•  MGR’s Tomb on the Marina

•  Temple built for MGR’s mother by MGR

•  M G R Memorial House T nagar

9 References

[1]   “Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) extquotedbl.Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

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6   10 EXTERNAL LINKS 

[2]   “M.G.Ramachandran”. Tamilnadu.com. 30 November

2012.[3]   M.G. Ramachandran – Life History, Tamil Spider

[4]   M G Ramachandran: My Blood Brother – Google Books .Books.google.com. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[5]   வளள்ல் பறந்தர.்.! || vallal born. Cin-ema.maalaimalar.com (19 February 2014). Retrieved on21 May 2014.

[6]   http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/bhrashtu.htm

[7] L. R., Jegatheesan.   extquotedblஆளம் அரதரம் ex-tquotedbl (in Tamil). BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2006.

[8] P. 39   Religions in Modern World  by Linda Woodhead,Fletcher, Kawanam

[9] P. 131 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian

[10] P. 18 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian

[11]   தரமணமம் தகத உயரவ்ம் || Marriage qualifying high.Cinema.maalaimalar.com (19 February 2014). Retrievedon 21 May 2014.

[12]   பனம்னச் சம்மலன் வற்ற வரலற (பகத 5):வ.என.் ஜனகய வழக்க்த் தணவயக ஏற்றர!்

|| Mgr Cinema History. Cinema.maalaimalar.com (19February 2014). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.

[13]  M. G. Ramachandran Summary

[14]  “Americans in Tamil cinema”.   The Hindu (Chennai, In-dia). 6 September 2004.

[15]  “MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: TRINITY Album Launched”.   In-

diaGlitz. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2012.

[16] Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008).   Tamil cinema: the cultural 

 politics of India’s other film industry. New York: Rout-ledge.  ISBN 0-415-39680-8.

[17]   “Tamil Nadu News : ADMK came close to merging withDMK: Karunanidhi”. Chennai, India: TheHindu. 1 April2009. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

[18]   “Karuna recalls Biju’s bid for DMK-ADMK merger”.Zeenews.india.com. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 3 January2013.

[19]   “Polls show MGR as the best CM of Tamil Nadu”.

[20]   “A Vote for MGR Transaction and Devotion in South In-dian Politics”. Retrieved 27 May 2013.

[21]   http://www.flipkart.com/

one-life-not-enough-autobiography-english/p/itmdy5azv9sfrn9h?pid=9788129132741&otracker=ch_vn_book_main_Pre-order  Books_prd_img

[22]  K. Natwar Singh

[23]   Bharat Ratna- Isn't the arbitrary selection & politics mak-ing this highest civilian award controversy prone?. Mer-inews.com (20 November 2013). Retrieved on 21 May2014.

[24]  extquotedblபரடச் நடகர் எம்.ஜ.ஆர.் அவரக்ள் பற்றவரதகள்| Lakshman Sruthi – 100% Manual Orchestra |extquotedbl. Lakshman Sruthi. 14 September 2007. Re-trieved 13 May 2011.

[25]   “M G Ramachandran, Times Exclusive Photo, Matineeidol M G Ramachandran”. Timescontent.com. 1 April1970. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[26]   “The Hindu : Karnataka News : Jayalalithaa offersprayers at Kollur temple”. Hinduonnet.com. 31 July2004. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

[27]   “Popular Tamil Leader Dies in India;Rioting, Sui-cides Follow Death of Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister”.Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 25 December 1987. Retrieved 3January 2013.

[28]   “Tamil leader’s death stirs India riots”.  Chicago Sun-

Times . 26 December 1987.

[29]  “Charlotte: Search Results”. 26 December 1987.

10 External links

•   M. G. Ramachandran   at the   Internet MovieDatabase

•  M.G. Ramchandran: Jewel of the Masses

•   The Hindu – Politics and Suicides in TN

•  All about Dr MGR

•  MGR Memorial Charitable Trust

•  MGR monthly magazine+News portal

•  MGR Official Website

•  MGR fans website

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7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

•   M. G. Ramachandran   Source:    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran?oldid=627572294   Contributors:    Infrogmation,Chinju, Yann, Paddu, Vivin, RedWolf, Hemanshu, Dinkoarun, Rrjanbiah, Dbenbenn, Pimpalicious, Rossrs, Everyking, Mishac, Jag-bot, Sundar, Utcursch, Klemen Kocjancic, Mahendra, Mike Rosoft, D6, Adambondy, CALR, Arunram, Bender235, CanisRufus, Al-ren, IndianCow, El C, QuartierLatin1968, Idleguy, AppleJuggler, Dmanning, GiantSloth, RJFJR, Vadakkan, Tintin1107, Yousaf465,Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Woohookitty, Mr Tan, Ganeshk, Terence, Chirags, Fred Bradstadt, Ravidreams, Jovinjoy, Ground Zero, Gu-rubrahma, V.murugan, Pip2andahalf, Hornplease, Conscious, Gaius Cornelius, Vyzasatya, Doctorbruno, Techece, Badagnani, Samsquare,Nader85021, Cholmes75, Samir, Bnitin, Garion96, Scoffes, SmackBot, Haza-w, Bidyut123, Edgar181, Srkris, Aksi great, MacintoshUser, Ppntori, Anwar saadat, Chris the speller, Sudar, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, OrphanBot, Nitharsank, M.arunprasad, Anoopkn,Ohconfucius, French user, Gharik, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Shyamsunder, Extrex, Interlingua, Anandks007, Ambuj.Saxena,SimonD, Abdaal, Bharatveer, Nmadhubala, Lahiru k, Mogeilen, Sarvagnya, SkyWalker, Hobophobe, CmdrObot, Randhirreddy, Moreschi,Cydebot, Hebrides, ST47, Killerserv, Dougweller, DumbBOT, Klskls, After Midnight, Gnewf, Mojo Hand, Rajaramraok, Universal Hero,Aung Phyoe, Prince Godfather, 17Drew, IndianGeneralist, Srihariramadas, Baskaran2312, Ekabhishek, Bakasuprman, PhilKnight, Ge-niac, Waacstats, Sodabottle, Tinucherian, Wikiality123, Nileena joseph, Dharmadhyaksha, Gangak, Kumarrajendran, DGG, S3000, Sku-marla, Mr.Falcon, CommonsDelinker, Fconaway, Jjayalalithaa, Mgramachandran, Tgeairn, Gnanapiti, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Jeppiaar,Skumarlabot, Rdhinakar, Barts1a, Santhoshxtra, Johnbod, Naniwako, Madhava 1947, Srinivasan Janardhanam, Simynazareth, Logicwiki,Bonadea, Dorftrottel, Balajijagadesh, A Ramachandran, Jayakrishnan.ks100, KaimmaNaLavu, TXiKiBoT, Vipinhari, Jeevethan, Ssri1983,Sintaku, Monu johnson, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Monty845, Roland zh, Thunderwing, Arjun024, Ponyo, Sureshbalaraman, Flyer22, StevenZhang, CuteRobin, Jacob.jose, Samuel7823, ImageRemovalBot, Steve, Sudhir.koz, Kumarlogesh, Shaanthi, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc,DragonBot, Jayantanth, Hariprasat, Jotterbot, TheRedPenOfDoom, Johannes003, SchreiberBike, Ankithreya, Another Believer, DumZ-iBoT, XLinkBot, Cleanlk, Eelamstylez77, Jovianeye, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Harjk, Kushal2091, Addbot, Ibmguy, Michael-Billa,Kum01049, CarTick, VASANTH S.N., Purifyingfire, Lightbot, Galloping Ghost U of I, Proshob, Sonali2010, Badrig, Luckas-bot, Yobot,Bunnyhop11, Pectore, Ayrton Prost, Amicon, Sachein91, Samtar, Azcolvin429, Phlyght, Shrik88music, Blackknight12, Puthussery, Ma-terialscientist, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Sshanka2, Anna Frodesiak, Rasnaboy, J04n, Nayvik, Pcarfan, MerlLinkBot, FrescoBot,Perumalism, OgreBot, Kobrabones, SpacemanSpiff, SriSuren, Full-date unlinking bot, Arfaz, Ramsundar.b, Linguisticgeek, WikiT-ome, Theivorytower, A08jemah, RjwilmsiBot, DRAGON BOOSTER, M.manjunath1000, Tamilanindian, Arul programmer, Pravinraj,Timescauseknow, Latchaprabu, ZéroBot, Vensatry, Jagadeeswarann99, Keyan20, Mayur, Orange Suede Sofa, Ggdeputy, Bill williamcompton, ChuispastonBot, Vivvt, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Anmolsharma.141, Stanudasa, Haikavin, Work2win, CocuBot, LogX, Nijil-ravipp, Deekzz, Snotbot, Wangond, Widr, Erosonline, Antiqueight, Helpful Pixie Bot, Titodutta, Paglakahinka, Kailash29792, BG19bot,

Azhagavel, Erosonline9999, Navhus, Sandy13991, Frze, Adarshkrish, Jobin RV, Compfreak7, Bishnu Saikia, Pkkao2, Toccata quarta, Ais-teco, Rajkumar.vino, A2-33, Viji.svs, Dav subrajathan.357, RichardMills65, Stausifr, ChrisGualtieri, GoShow, Tsjeya, Dexbot, DJ EV,Rajkrishnan R, Rapason vanan, Copperchloride, VIAFbot, Adkrish22290, Vrrajiv, Bteaja, Rockonomics, Eyesnore, Dbz.rajiv, Shivaji-varma, Jai98, Ramana24, Commons sibi, Tamilmanii123, Gogdygody, Jojukerala, Sujuunair, RedPenOfDoom, Kingofgoood, Quenhitran,Ramlakltwiki, Roop72, Deivanachi, Srivin and Anonymous: 551

11.2 Images

•  File:Ambox_content.png Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png License:  ?  Contributors:  ?  Origi-

nal artist:  ?

•  File:Bharat_Ratna.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Bharat_Ratna.jpg  License:  Public domain   Con-

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8   11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 

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11.3 Content license

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