,...

...

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34. Wert.~ P.W. At the margins of orthodoxy: Mission, governance, and confessional politics in Russia's Volga-Kama region, 1827-1905. - Ithaca: Cornell univ. press, 2002. - X, 275 p.

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108

BEPT II.

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Ref. ad op.: Werth P. The tsar's foreign faiths: Toleration and the fate of religious freedom in imperial Russia. - Oxford; N.Y.:

Oxford univ. press, 2014. - XVI, 288 p.

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113

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ro no11Hu,eifcKoro rocy,n:apcrna», KOTOphrif npHBHec onpe,ll,eJJeHHbie

HOBrnecrna B ccpepy pe11HrnH. B qacTHOCTH, HOBa.SI <mayKa ynpaB11e­

Hmrn, BKmoqaBWa.SI B ce6.SI nepeBOCilHTaHHe no)J,)J,aHHbIX H HCKOpeHe­

HHe cyeBepHif, no,ll,pa3yMeBana BOBJJeqeHHe B 3TOT npou:ecc H (pecpop­

MHpOBaHHOro) .ll.YXOBeHcrna. KpoMe Toro, npH PY.ll.HMeHTapHoM

COCTO.SIHl"H rocy,ll,apCTBeHHOro annapaTa, npaBHTeJJH 6bIJ1H BbIHY)l()J,e­

Hbl o6paw:aThC.SI K 11,epKBH KaK HHCTHTYTY, HMeBrneMy pa3Bern11eHHYJO

ceTb npHXO.ll.OB. HaKoHeu,, nnweT aBTop, «KaMepanHCTCKHe HMnepaTHBhI

Bbipa6aTb!BaJIH TaIOKe MHCCHOHepCKHH HMilYJJbC». BXO)l()J,eHHe B JJOHO

npaBOCJJaBHOH u:epKBW BJJeKJJo 3a co6oi1 npHnHChIBaHHe HOBOo6pa­

rn:eHHbIX K npHXO,[.(aM, HX perHCTPaU:HJO H B KOHeqHOM cqeTe - HHTerpa­

U:HJO B 6IOpoKpaTHqecKyJO cTpyKrypy rocy,ll,apcrna. ,[VI.SI KaMepanmMa

xapaKTepeH yTHJJHTapHbIH no,ll,XO.ll. K pe11HrHH: oHa pery11Hp0Bana no­

Be)J,eHHe no)J,)J,aHHbIX, o6ecnel.JHBaJJa HX J10.SIJ1bHOCTb BJJaCT.SIM H, KpOMe

TOro, «Be11a K .n:o6po,ll,eTeJJH» (c. 39-40).

ITpHHU:HnhI KaMepanH3Ma .SIBlIJJHCh H,ll,ettHOH ocHOBOH noJJHTHKH

ITeTpa I H ero npeeMHHKOB KaK B OTHorneHHH pecpopMHpoBaHH.SI npa­

BOcJJaBHOtt 11,epKBH, TaK H B aKTHBH3aIJ,HH MHCCHOHepCKOH )J,e.SITeJJbHO­

CTH Ha Bo11re H B CH6HpH. B TO )Ke BpeM.SI OHH ccpopMHpOBaJJH TaKYJO

MO)J,eJJb BepoTepnHMOCTH, KOTOpa.SI coqeTana B ce6e npH3HaHHe ,ll,pyrHX

pe11HrHH c BTOp)KeHHeM B HX BHyTpeHHHe )J,eJJa )J,Jl.SI o6ecneqeHH.SI

ynpaBJJeHqecKHx Hy)!(,[(.

ITpocBeweHHe KaK npoeKT MopanbHoro caMocoB~prneHcTBOBaHH.SI npHBHeCJJO B pyccKHH .Sl3b!K p.SI,ll, TepMHHOB, OTHOC.SlillHXC.SI K peJJHrHH, H

npe)l()J,e Bcero «BepoTepnHMOCTG», Ha KOTOpoif peKOMeH,ll,OBaJlOCb oc­

HOBh!BaTb rocy.D:apcTBeHHyJO noJJHTHKy, nHrneT aB'rop. ITo ero MHe­

HHJO, BJJH.Slfilfe ITpocBern;eHH.SI 6hmo oco6emm ClIJlhHhIM B ro,ll,hr npaBJJeHH.SI

A11eKcaH,ll,pa I, KOr,ll,a npHBeTCTBOBaJJHCh caMbie pa3Hb1e pe11HrH03Hbie

rpynnhL Tor,ll,a )Ke noeyqlIJJ pa3BHTHe 3KyMeHnqecKHtt MHCTHU:H3M, ac­

COU:HHPYJOillHHC.SI B nepByJO oqepe,ll,h c HMeHeM KH.Sl3.SI A.H. f OJJHU:hIHa.

B KpaTKHH nepHO.ll. rocno,ll,CTBa 3Toro TeqeHm1 cyweCTBeHHo H3MeHHJJ­

c.SI xapaKTep pe11nrno3Hoif To11epaHTHOCTH B PocCHH, Be,ll,b ,ll,a)Ke xpaM

XpHcTa CnacnTeJJ.SI, KOTOphrif cero)J,H.SI cqHTaeTc.SI naM.SITHHKOM Hau,no­

HaJJhHOro pyccKoro npaBoc11a'BH.S1, 6bm 3a,ll,yMaH TOr,ll,a KaK 3KyMeHHqe­

CKHH xpaM )J,Jl.SI Bcex XpHCTHaHCKHX KOHcpecCHH ( c. 42-43).

TeM He MeHee y)Ke B Haqane 1820-x ro,ll,OB B030611a,ll,ana <mpaBo­

c11aBHa.SI onno3HU:H.SI» B 1111u:e illHWKOBa, Cryp.ll.3bI 11 ,ll,p., H rocy ,ll,apcT­

BO CTaJJO ropa3,ll,O Il0,ll,03pHTeJ1bHee OTHOCHTbC.SI KO BCeM cpopMaM ceK-

114

TaHTCTBa. Ha cMeHy 3KyMeHH3MY np11xo,n:HT «poMaHTHl.JeCKHH Hau:no­

HaJIH3M», ccpopMy11npoBaHHbIH B 1832 r . B 3HaMeHHTOH TpHa,n:e rpacpa

C.C. YBapoBa <mpaBoc11aB11e, caMo,ll,ep)KaB11e, HapO.ll.HOCTh». ITo Ha-

611JO,ll,eHH.SIM 11cc11e,ll,0BaTe11ei1, YBapoB, 6y.ll.yl.JH 3a11HTepecoBaH HCKJJJO­

l.JHTeJJbHO B «TPa.ll.HU:HOHHbIX HCTOpH<JeCKHX OCHOBaHH.SIX» pe11Hr1111, Ha

)J,eJJe )J,eMOHCTpHpOBaJl ((Ol.JeBH,ll,HylO KOHcpecCHOHaJlbHyJO HH,ll,Hcpcpe­

peHTHOCTb». Ero nacpoc 6brn HanpaBJJeH rnaBHhIM o6pa3oM npoTHB MHC­

THU:H3Ma, B030611a,ll,aBrnero B npe,n:wecrnoBaBwee u:apcrnoBaH11e ( c. 44 ) .

TaKHM o6pa30M, IlO,ll,BO,ll,HT HTOr CBOeMy HCTOpHl.JeCKOMY oqepKy

BepT, K Hal.Jany XIX B. Pocc11i1cKa.SI 11MnepH.SI no.n:ow11a c ycTO.SIBwei1c.SI

Tpa,ll,HIJ,HeH BepoTepnHMOCTH, 6a311poBaBwei1c.SI Ha noTpe6HOCT.SIX HM­

nepcKoro CTpOHTeJJbCTBa, Heo6XO,ll,HMOCTH no)J,)J,ep)KlIBaTb COU:HaJlb­

HyJO crn6HJJhHOCTh H MO,ll,epHH3HpoBaTb cTpaHy. BMecTe c TeM, no.n:­

qepKHBaeT aBTOp, MOpaJJbHbie OCHOBbl KOHu:enu:m1 BepoTepnHMOCTH

6hrnH c11a6b1, npeo611a)J,anH yTHJJHTapHbie apryMeHThI H rnroTeHHe K

«6JJaropa3yMHJO» B rocy ,ll,apcrneHHOH noJJHTHKe ( c . 45).

PaccMaTpHBa.SI npaBOBbie H HHCTHTYU:HOHaJJhHbie OCHOBhI

ynpaBJJeHH.SI HHOCTpaHHbIMH peJJHrH.SIMH, KOTOpbie CKJJa)J,bIBaJlHCb B

nepHO)J, 1762-1855 rr., aBTOp npocJJe)KHBaeT 3BOJ1JOU:HJO B nOJJHTHKe

pe)KlIMa, KOTOpblH CHal.Jana )J,Jl.SI ynop.SI,ll,Ol.JeHH.SI pe11HrH03HOH )KlI3HH

HCflOJ1b30BaJ1 MO)J,eJJb eBponeHCKOro nOJJHIJ,eHCKOro rocy,ll,apCTBa, 3a­

TeM - a)J,MHHHCTpaTHBHYJO pau:110HaJJH3aIJ,HJO BO cppaHU:Y3CKOM ,ll,yxe H,

HaKOHeu:, o6paTHJ1C.SI K poMaHTHqecKoMy npoeKry «B03Bparn:eHH.SI K

,ll,peBHHM 06b1<Ja.SIM H Tpa.ll.HU:H.SIM» ( c. 71 ). OH OTMeqaeT, l.JTO yqpe)l{,L(e­

HHe CB.SITeH:wero CHHO,ll,a B 1 721 r. H BBe,ll,eHHe )zyxoBHoro PernaMeHTa,

yHHl.JTO)KlIBWero B Pocctti1cKoi1 HMnepHH naTpHapwecrno H 3aMeHHB­

wero ero )zyxoBHOH Ko1111ernei1, C03,ll,aJJO MO,ll,eJJb ,ll,JJ.SI HHCTHTYU:HOHa-

11maU:HH HenpaBOCJJaBHbIX peJJHrHH.

0,n:HaKO nepBbie warn B 3TOM HanpaBJJeHHH 6blJ1H c,n:eJJaHbl

JJHWh npH EKaTepHHe II, l.JTO 6bmo BhI3BaHo KaK npHcoe,ll,HHeHHeM HO­

BhIX TeppHTOptti1 noc11e pa3,ll,eJJa IT011hrnH, TaK H npo611eMaMH B3aHMO­

L1.ei1cTBH.S1 c Mycy11I>MaHCKHM Hace11eHHeM OpeH6yprcKoi1 ry6epHHH H

Kpb1Ma noCJJe 3aKJJJOl.JeHH.SI KyqyK-KapHa,[.()KHHCKoro Mttpa (1774).

IToMHMO wnpoKo H3BecTHoro YKa3a o BepoTepnHMOCTH 1773 r. 6011b­

woe 3Hal.JeHHe HMeJJo yqpe)l()J,eHHe B 1788 r. OpeH6yprcKoro MaroMe­

TaHCKoro .D:YXOBHOro co6paHH.SI c MycpTHeM BO rnaBe.

ABTOp yKa3bIBaeT Ha oTcyTCTBHe CKOOp,ll,HHHpoBaHHOH noJJHTHKH

B OTHOllleHHH HHbIX pe11HrHH B 3TOT nepno.n:, 0).1,HaKO Bb!)J,eJJ.SieT HeKo­

TOpb!e u:e11H, KOTOpb1e .SIBHO npocMaTpHBaJJHCb B ).l,eHCTBH.SIX HMnepcKoro

npaBHTeJlbCTBa. JTO CTpeMJleHHe, BO-nepBbIX, KOOnTHpOBaTb HenpaBo­

CJlaBHb!e peJJHrH03Hbie 3JlHTbl B CHCTeMy ynpaBJleHH.SI HMnepnei1;

115

J

BO-BTOpbIX - 11CnOJib30BaTb. 11X MOpaJibHbIH aBTOp11TeT .UJI51 no.uep)l(a­

H1151 nop51.[(Ka 11 CTa611JibHOCTl1 B crpaHe; B-TpeTbl1X, pa30pBaTb pen11r11-

03Hble CB51311 Me)!():()' noMaHHhIM11 Pocc1111 11 11x e.u11HoBepuaM11 3a py-

6e)l(OM . qTO KacaeTC51 npaKT11qecKoro BOilJIOII.l,eHl151 3Tl1X 3a.uaq, TO

aBTOp cp11Kc11pyeT nOH51THOe )l(eJ1aH11e 11MnepCKl1X BJiacTeH «Bocnp0113-

B0.[(11Tb OCHOBHbie cpopMbl rocy.uapCTBeHHOro KOHTpOJ151 Ha.[\ pen11r11eH:,

y)l(e nonyq11Bume CBOe pa3Bl1Tl1e B OTHOIIIeHl111 npaBOCJiaB1151» ( c. 52). EonhwyIO poJib B cpopM11poBaH1111 «MYJihTl1KOHcpecc110HaJibHoro

11cTe6mm1MeHTa» Chirpana M11H11cTepcKaS1 pecpopMa M .M . CnepaHcKoro,

KOTOpbhI, OCHOBhIBa51Cb Ha onbITe HanoJieOHOBCKOH <Dpam.1,1111, HaCTal1-

BaJI Ha co3.uaH1111 «oco6oro» .uenapTaMeHTa no pen11r1103HbIM .uenaM.

Ba)l(Hettrn11M pa3n11q11eM Me)l(.[(y .UBYM51 cTpaHaM11, no MHeH11IO aBTopa,

51BJI51JIOCb To, qTo B Pocc1111 npaBocJiaB11e .ueKJ1ap11poBaJIOCb B KaqecTBe

rocnO.UCTBYIOII.1,eH: peJIHfHH, 11 Me)l(.[(y HHM H .UPYrHMH Bepo11cnoBe.ua­

fIH.SIMl1 npoBO.UHJiacb 11HCTHTYUHOHaJihHa51 pa3rpaHwmTeJibHa51 l.!epTa.

BepT no.u'IepKHBaeT, 1IT0 3aKOHO.UaTeJibHhie ycTaHOBJieHH51, pe­

ryn11py10IQ11e HHOCTpaHHhre Bepo11cnose.uaHH5! B Pocc11H:cKoi1: HMne­

p1111, KaK npaBHJIO, C03.[(aBaJil1Cb no npocb6e caMl1X BepyIOIQ11X H np11

y'IaCTHH HX npe.ucTaBHTeJ. ; H:. I1p11 3TOM nepe.u C03.[\aTeJI51MH 3aKOHOB

CTaBHJiaCb 3a.[\a'Ia on11paTbC5! Ha COBOKynHOCTb «.upeBHHX o6bI'IaeB 11

Tpa.UHUHH» HHOCTpaHHbIX 11cnose.uaHHH H HH B KOeM cJiyl.!ae He BTOp­

raTbC51 B ccpepy eyxoBHYIO, He 3aTparHBaTb .uorMy H BepoyqeHHe.

B pe3yJihTaTe 3aKOHO.UaTeJ1bCTBo1

He cyMeJio TOqHo onpe.uenHTh KOM­

neTeHUHIO Tex HJIH 11HbIX peJIHfH03HbIX HHCTHTYTOB H OCTaBJI51JIO Mac­

ey B03MO)l(H0CTeH .UJI51 TOJlKOBaHHH 6yKBbl 3aKOHa . .D:eKJiap11poBaHHOe

pa3.ueneH11e Ha «rpa)l(.[(aHcKyIO» 11 «.uyxoBttyIO» ccpepbr B p51.Ue cnyl.!aeB

6bIJIO HeB03M0)1(H0 peaJIH30BaTb: B HCJlaMe, HanpHMep, OHl1 HepacTop-

)l(HMO nepenneTaJIHCh (c. 68). , 0.uHoH: 113 oco6eHHOCTei1: MYJihTl1KOHcpecrn:oHilJlhHOro 11cTe6-

JIHWMeHTa 51BJI51Jiacb ero He3aBeprneHHOCTb, np11qeM KaK B OTHOllieHHH

yH11cp11Kau1111 ynpaBJieHH51, TaK 11 B npocTpaHcTBeHHOM H3MepeHHH.

HecMoTp51 Ha cymecrnoBaHHe 6onhrnoro Kopnyca npaBOBhIX at<TOB,

KacaIOII.l,HXC51 HHOBepH51, B Pocc11H:CKOH HMnepHH coxpaH51JIHCb ueJibie

TeppHTOpH11 H KOHcpeccHH, He OXBaqeHHbie CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaHHOH

ynpaBJieHqecKOH CHCTeMOH. AHfJ111KaHCKa51 uepKOBb B PocCHH 6hma

IlOJIHOCTblO He3aBHCl1Ma OT rocy .uapCTBa, apM51HCKHe KaTOJIHKH TaK H

I n11K 3aKOHOTBOp'lecrna aBTOp CBJl3bIBaeT c neJ1TeJ1bHOCTblO .U.H. Enynosa Ha

nocry rnasHoynpaBJJJllOll.lero nenaMH 11HOCTpaHHb1x 11cnosenaH11i1, a 3aTeM MHHHCTpa

BHYTpeHHHX neJJ. Ky.Ila B 1832 r. 6brn BKJJIO'leH .UenapTaMeHT .llYXOBHblX nen HHO­

CTpaHHblX HCOOBe.llaHHH. - npUM. pecjJ.

116

He nonyqHJIH csoero en11c1<ona 11 ynpaBJI51JIHCb H3 CapaToBa. 3aKOHO­

.uaTeJibCTBO B OTHOIIIeHHH KaTOJIHU113Ma, npe.ucTaBJI51BIIIee co6oH:, no

3aMeqaHHIO aBTOpa, Ha6op qaCTHbIX B3aHMonepeceKaIOII.l,11XC51 H pa3-

p03HeHHbIX aKTOB, Bb!XO.UHBIIIHX c 1769 r., 6bIJIO CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaHO

J1Hllib B 1893 f . ( C. 5 8). Oco6eHHO son1110myIO 6peIIIb B c11cTeMe npe.ucTaBJI51JI HCJiaM.

MycyJihMaHe KpbIMa nonyq11JIH opraHbI ynpasneHH51 B 1831 r., llIHHThI

11 cyHHHThI IO)l(HOro Kal :a3a - TOJlhKO B 1872 r. B BoJI)l(CKO­

YpanbcKoM perttoHe c11ryau1151 HanoMHHaJia KaTOJIHUH3M : 3.UeCh TaK)l(e

.uettCTBOBaJIH pa3Hoo6pa3Hble aKTbI, H3.[\aHHbie B pa3HOe BpeM51, a CHC­

TeMaTH3HpOBaHHOe 3aKOHO.UaTeJihCTBO OTCYTCTBOBaJIO. B . Cpe.uHeH:

A3HH 11 Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e 11cnaM TaK 11 He 6bm HHCTHTYaJIH3ttpo­

BaH B COOTBeTCTBHH c o6menpHH51TbIMH B HMnepHH HOpMaMH. CHal.!aJia

3TOMY Mernana BHYTPHBe.UOMCTBeHHa51 6opb6a Me)l(.[(y MB.D: n BoeH­

HhIM MHHHCTepCTBOM, B 'IbeM ynpaBJieHHH HaXO.UHJIHCb 60JibllIHe Tep­

p11TOpHH KaBKa3a H TypKecrnH. I1o3.[(Hee Ha nepBbIH rnraH BhillIJIH

11Hble coo6pa)l(eHH.SI: cqHTaJIOCb, 'ITO rocy.uapCTBO TaKHM o6pa30M

nOMep)l(HT HCJiaM Ha TeppHTOpH51X, BOCnpHHHMaBIIIl1XC51 y)l(e KaK

o6beKTbI «pyccKOH UHBHJIH3aTOpCKOH MHCCHH», 'ITO B HTOre BOCnpe­

n51TCTByeT pyc11cp11KaUHH HaceJI51BllIHX HX Hapo.uoB ( c. 70-71 ). I1o MHeHHIO asTopa, MYJihTHKOHcpecc110HaJihHhIH HCTe6JIHWMeHT

Pocc11H:cKoi1: HMnep1111 B p51.ue cJiyl.!aeB .uelicTBHTeJibHO npe.uocTaBJI51JI

onpe.ueJieHHYIO peJIHrH03HYIO cBo6o.uy . Pel.!b 11.ueT He "toJibKO o TOM,

qTo eyxoBeHCTBO HeKOTOpbIX HHOCrpaHHbIX 11cnose.uaHHH: HMeJIO B03M0)1(­

HOCTb 11mop11poBaTh 3aKoHo.uaTeJibCTBo B CHJiy ero PYMM~HTapHOCTH. I1o

cpaBHeHMIO c <DpaHuttett, HanpHMep, HeXp11CTHaHCKHe peJIHfHH, H

npe)l(.[(e Bcero 11CJ1aM H 11y.uaH3M, 51BHO nOJib30BaJIHCb 66JibllIHMH npa­

BaMH 11 .ua)Ke 3all.l,HTOH rocy.uapcrna. B TO )Ke BpeM51 HaJiara51 onpe.ue­

JieHHbie orpaHH'IeHH51 Ha peJIHfH03HYIO )l(H3Hb 11 .UMCUHilJIHHHPY51 HHO­

BepueB B .uyxe Polizeistaat, rocy.uapcrno crpeMMJIOCh y.uep)KHBaTb 11x B

rpaH11uax CBOHX peJIHfHH (c. 72-73). KaK n11rneT BepT, 11cTe6JIHIIIMeHT on11panc51 Ha npe.ucrnBJieH11e o

IlOCT051HCTBe peJIHfH03HOH npHHa.[\Jie)l(HOCTH IlOMaHHbIX, KOTOpbie

coxpaH51IOT npHBep)KeHHOCTb Bepe OTUOB. 0.UHOH 113 onopHblX IJ,eJiett

KOHcpecc110HaJibHOH IlOJil1Tl1KH 51BJI51JIOCb coxpaHeHMe ueJIOCTHOCTl1

11 Henp11KOCHOBeHHOCTH TOH HJIH HHOtt peJI11r1111. 0.uHaKo c11ryau1151 B

Pocc1111 6hma 6oJiee .UHHaMH'IHOtt, H aBTop aHanH311pyeT TaKHe ee ac­

neKThI, KaK MHCCHOHepcKa51 ,Ue51TeJibHOCTb, peryJI51UH51 o6pameHH51 B

npaBOCJiaBHe H npo6JieMa OTCTJilHW!eCTBa B HHOCTpaHHbIX KOH<pecCH51X.

I1o ero CJIOBaM, «MHCCHOHepcKHH 11MilYJihC» 6bIJI HeCOMHeHHO CHJieH

B PocCHHCKOH HMnepHH, 0 qeM CBH,UeTeJibCTBYIOT CJiyqaH MaCCOBOfO H

117

J

3aqacTy10 HaCHJibCTBeHHOro KpellleHml B npaBOCJiaBHe «l(eJiblMH Hapo­

.n:aMH» B XVIII B. (qysaum, y.n:MypTbI, Mop.n:sa H MapH, TaTapb1). 3aTeM

IlOCJie)J,OBaJIH ymtaTbl, IlOJIOBHHa KOTOpbIX (npHMepHO 1,6 MJIH qeJio­

BeK) nepeuum B npasocJiaBHe · B nepHo.n: pa3.n:eJIOB IloJibWH 1 772-

1 795 rr. «BoccoeJJ,HHeHHe» yHHaToB c npasocJiaBHOH QepKOBhIO 3a­

sepwHJIOCb B 1839 r., XOUI, KaK OTMeqaeT BepT, 3TOMY B 3HaqHTeJib­

HOH cTeneHH cnoco6cTBOBaJIH npoQeccbI, npoHcxo.n:HBWHe BHYTPH

CaMOH YHHaTCKOH QepKBH ( c. 77-78).

3aqacryIO )J,a)Ke MaCCOBbie o6pallleHH51 B npaBOCJiaBHe He 51BJI51-

Jll1Cb HT,iroM aKTHBHhIX JJ,eHCTBHH QapcKoro npaBHTeJibcTBa. B 1840-e

fO)J,bI 3CTOHCKHe l1 JiaTbillICKHe KpeCTb51He IlO)KeJiaJIH nepeHTH l13 JIIO­

TepaHCTBa B «l(apesy Bepy» HCKJIIO'IHTeJibHO l13 3KOHOMH'!eCKHX coo6-

pa)KeHHH, qTo nocTaBHJIO npaBHTeJibCTBO B TynHK, nocKOJihKY rpo3HJIO

no.n:opBaTb COL(HaJibHYIO CTa6HJibHOCTb B perHOHe, OCHOBaHHYIO Ha

BJiaCTH HeMel(KHX 3eMJieBJia)J,eJibl(eB l1 aBTOpHTeTe nacTopoB.

TaKHM o6pa30M, .n:eJiaeT Bhrno.n: BepT, 6hmo 6br CHJihHhIM ynpo­

llleHHeM CBO)J,HTb .n:ei1:CTBH51 npaBHTeJibCTBa B JJ,aHHOM BOnpoce K e)J,HH­

CTBeHfIOMY HMnepaTHBy - pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO npaBOCJiaBH51 B HMnepHH.

YqHThIBa51 HHhre HMnepaTHBhI, H npe)K)J,e scero coxpaHeHHe coQHaJih­

HOH CTa6HJibHOCTH, 3aBOeBaHHe JI051JibHOCTl1 HHOBepqecKoro HaceJI_e­

mrn, HaKOHel(, OCyllJeCTBJieHHe KOHTpOJI51 Ha)J, HHM, MO)KHO 3aKJIIOql1Tb,

'!TO KpellleHHe l1 )J,JI5! rocy.n:apcrna, l1 )J,JI5! npaBOCJiaBHOH l(epKBH 6bIJIO

)KeJiaTeJibHblM JIHillb npH onpe.n:eJieHHbIX o6CT051TeJibCTBaX (c. 85).

XapaKTepHo, '!TO HMnepcKHe BJiaCTH, CTOJih )KeCTKO oxpaH51B­

llIHe l(eJIOCTHOCTb npaBOCJiaBH51, no.n:.n:ep)KHBaJIH nOJIHTHKY npo3eJIH­

TH3Ma )J,JI51 .n:pymx KOHcpeccHH: B XVIII B. 3TO 6hIJIO o6pallleHHe Ka3a­

xos B MycyJihMaHcrno, pacnpocTpaHeHHe 6yMH3Ma cpeJJ,H 6yp51TCKoro

HaceJieHH51. B l(apcrnosaHHe AJieKcaHJJ,pa I, c ero 3KyMeH11qecKHMH

HacTpoeHH51Ml1, nOOllJp51JiaCb aKTHBHOCTb 3ana)J,Hb!X MHCCHOHepoB Ha

KaBKa3e H B CH6Hpl1. He npen51TCTBY51 nepexo.n:y H3 OJJ,Horo HHOcTpaH­

Horo l1CilOBe)J,aHH5! B .n:pyroe, rocy.n:apcrno HaCTaHBaJIO JIHllib Ha TOM,

'IT06b1 B351Th 3TOT npoQecc B CBOH pyKH ()KeJiaIOllJHe nepeHTH B .n:pyry10

sepy HanpaBJI51JIH nporneHHe B MB)];). nhIJIH H HeKOTOpbre 11cKJIIO'!eHH5!:

rpeKo-KaTOJIHKaM 3anpelllaJIC51 nepexo.n: B PHMCKO-KaT01111qecKy10 l(ep­

KOBh, Hy)J,e5!M - B KapaH3M, XOT51 B .n:aHHOM CJiyqae l1Hl1l(HaTHBa HCXO­

)J,HJia H3 caMoro coo6ll1ecrna KapaHMOB (c. 89-90).

Bo BTopoi1 noJIOBHHe XIX B. cpe.n:11 npaBHTeJibCTBeHHhIX 'IHHOB­

HHKOB pacnpocTpaw1eTc5l npe.n:crnBJieHHe o Heo6xo.n:11MocTH Y'IHThI­

BaTh «JIHqHOCTb Y.eJIOBeKa>> l1 ero peJIHfl103Hble y6e)K)J,eHl151 B BOnpoce

06 o6pallleHHH B TY HJIH 1rny10 sepy. 0Ho JJ,OJI)KHO 51Bl1ThC51 pe3yJihTa­

TOM C03HaTeJibHOro BbI6opa, a He .n:aBJieHH51 o6CT051TeJibCTB l1Jll1 MaTe-

118

pHaJihHhIX coo6pa)KeHtti1. B TOM )Ke pycJie peJIHrH03HOH TepnHMOCTH

Jle)KHT nOJIHTHKa no OTHoweHHIO K ceKTaHTCTBy, KOTOpoe, Ka3aJIOCb

6hl, He COOTBeTCTBOBMO npe.n:cTaBJieHH51M 0 <mepapXH'!eCKH CTpyKTy­

pHpOBaHHOH l1 TeOJIOfHqecKH cra6HJibHOH KOHcpeCCHH>>. TeM He MeHee

B ycnOBl151X KpaHHe CJlO)KHOH l1 pa3H006pa3HOH peI1HrH03HOH )KH3Hl1 B

PoccHH npaBHTeJlhCTBo y3aKOHHJlO co3JJ,aHtte HOBhIX ceKT B paMKax

wyJJ,aH3Ma, 6JiaroCKJ10HH0 OTHOCHJlOCb K repHryTepaM H .n:pyrttM Teqe­

HH51M B npoTeCTaHTH3Me, y3aKOHHJlO H 6anTH3M. B .n:pyrttx cnyY.a5lx,

Kor.n:a JJ:BH)KeHHe 3aTparnsano noJIHTHKy, peaKQH51 rocy,n:apcrna 6hrna

,n:ocTaTO'IHO )KeCTKOH. l1 see )Ke, nonaraeT BepT, HeB03MO~o HrHopH­

posaTh cyllJeCTBOBaBume B PoccHH B03MO)KHOCTH penHrH03HOro ca­

MoonpeJJ,eneHH.l! .n:m1 HenpasocnasHoro HaceneHH51 ( c. 104 ).

0T,n:eJibHa51 rnasa MOHOrpacpHH IlOCB51llJeHa co,n:ep)!(aHHIO IlOH51-

TH51 «BepoTepnHMOCTH>>, KOTopoe BOllIJlO B poccHHCKHH JleKCHKOH B

Haqane XIX B. H xapaKTepH3osanoch KaK « OTJIHqHTeJibHa51 qepTa peJIH­

rH03Horo cTp051 HMnepHH» ( c. 106). PaccMaTpHBa51 pHTOpH'!ecKoe HC­

nonh30BaHHe 3Toro nOH51TH51, asTop YKa3hrnaeT, qTo OHO cny)KHilO .noc­

TH)!(eHHIO caMblX pa3HhIX l(eJleH: cnoco6cTBOBaJIO nerHTHMH3al(HH

pe)KHMa, BhICTaBJ151JlO PoccHIO B 6naronpH51THOM cseTe nepe.n: rna3aMH

HHOCTpaHL(eB, noMorano 06y3,n:aTb pb51Hh!X 'IHHOBHHKOB Ha MeCTax,

BhlCTynano o6ocHOBaHHeM npH Bhl.ll.BH)!(eHHH KaKHX-Jltt6o npeTeH3HH

rocy.napcrny. OH OTMeqaeT, qTo BepoTepnHMOCTb HMena CBOH npe.ne­

JlhI: KaK TOJlbKO «penHrH03Hbie np051BJieHH51» BTopranHCh B «IlOJlHTH­

Ky», OHH HeMe)J,JleHHO no.n:aBJ151JlHCh c l(eJlh!O BOCCTaHOBJieHH51 «HOp-

MaJlbHOfO» IlOJIO)KeHH51 )J,eJl ( c. 108). .

c TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH «BepoTepnHMOCTb» o6pena CTaTyc npHH­

l(Hna, ,n:ocTOHHoro ysa)!(eHH51, KOTOphIH cTan «KpHTH'leCKH Ba)l(Hh!M

acneKTOM tt,neHTH'IHOCTH QapcKoro pe)KHMa H ,n:Hanora Me)KJJ:y rocy­

,n:apcTBOM H npe,n:CTaBHTeJI51Ml1 HHOCTpaHHhlX HCilOBe,n:aHHH» ( c. 121 ).

l1,n:e51 sepoTepnHMOCTH, no,n:qepKHBaeT BepT, cocrns115111a «,n:eKJiapHpo­

saHHYIO ocHoBy» KOHcpeccHoHanhHoro ynpasneHH51 B PoccHHCKOH HM­

nepHH Ha npoT51)KeHHH scero JJ.OpecpopMeHHoro neptto,n:a, '!TO npH3Ha­

sanocb H B Espone. Ho, K CO)KMeHHIO, TaKoe nono)!(eHHe .n:en

y6e)K)J,ano MHomx qHHOBHHKOB, qTo Pocctt51 y)Ke .nocTHrna coseprneH­

crna H JJ.aJihHeiiwee pa3BHTHe 3TOro npHHQHna He Tpe6yeTC51 . Bo3-

MO)KHO, nHllieT aBTOp, B 3TOM KOpeHHJiaCb o,n:Ha H3 npHqHH CTOJlb

cKpOMHhIX pe3ynhTaTOB pecpop~ B pemrrtto3HOH ccpepe (c. 122). Pac­

cMaTpHBM nonhITKY pe¢opMbl ynpaBJleHH51 HHOCrpaHHhlMH Hcnose.na­

Hl151MH, npeJJ,npHH51TYIO B 1860-e ro,n:b1 CT.A. BanyeshIM, aBTop nepeqHc-

115!eT H .npyme npHqttHhl ee Hey ,n:aqH: conpoTHB11em1e KOHcepsaTopoB,

119

J

6IOp0Kpani:qeeeyIO 1rnepQI-UO, H eaMoe rnaBHOe - ITOJibeKOe soeeTaHHe

1863 r., KOTOpoe nepeqepKH)'JIO pe<!JopMaTOpeK11e HHHQHaTHBhl (e. 128).

BTopa5! qaeTb MOHorpa<!J1111 noeB5lll.\eHa npoQeeeaM, pa3Mhrnas­

lllMM eJIO)!(HBlllYIOe5! B JJ.Ope<!JopMeHHOe speM5! etteTeMy. 3TO, e OJJ.HOH

eTOpOHbl, eTpeMJieHHe roeyJJ,apeTBa HaJIO)!(HTh orpaH11qeHH5! Ha HHO­

eTpaHHbie sepo11enoBeJJ,aHH5!, oeo6eHHO noeJie soeeTaHHH 1863 r., e

JJ.pyrow - cpaKTOphI, no6y)KJ1.asrn11e MMnepeKoe roeyJJ,apeTBo JJ.BHraTbe5!

B eTopotty BBeJJ,eHH5! «eso60JJ.hI eoseeTH». AsTop BhIJJ.eJI5leT TpH 3Ha­

q11MhIX <PaKTOpa: BO-nepBbIX, B03paeTasrnee BJIH5!HMe p5!JJ.OBbIX MHp5!H

Ha peIIMrL03HYIO )!(l13Hh B Poee11HeKoH MMnep1111, BO-BTOphIX, o<!JopM­

JieHMe KOHQeCTQHH «eso60JJ,hl eoseeTH», KOTOpa5! 3aBOeBbIBaJia see

60Jlbllle eTOpOHHHKOB B 0611.\eeTBe; HaKOHeQ, c.rryqa11 Maeeosoro OT­

CTYCTHH'IeCTBa (nepexoJJ,a B JJ.pyryIO pe1111rmo ), C03JJ,asasrn11e cepbe3-

Hbre TPYJJ.HOeTH JJ.115! MMnepcKoH aJJ,MHHHCTpaQMM (c. 179-180).

Co scrynneHtteM Pocc1111 B seI< HaQHOHaJIH3Ma, n11rneT BepT,

TeCHO CB5!3aHHM c 3THHqHOCTblO peJIMrM03HM npMHaJl,Jle)!(HOeTb HeM3-

6e)!(HO BOBJleKaJiaCb B e<!Jepy ITOJlHTHKH. 11 XOTH ITOJl.Jl.aHHbie MHOroHa­

QHOHaJibHOH PoceHHCKOH HMnepmi:, 3a HCKJlIOqeHHeM ITOJI5!KOB, He BbI­

Jl,BHraJIH KaKMx-111160 Tpe6oBaHHH 0 60JlbllleH aBTOHOMHH (He roBOp5!

y)!(e 0 He3aBMeHMOCTH) BCTJlOTb Jl.O HaqaJia xx B., npaBHTeJlbeTBci BbI­

Ka3h!BaJIO Bee 60JlblllYIO 03a6oqeHHOeTb OTHOCHTeJibHO yKpeITJieHHH

aJJ,MHHHCTpaTHBHoro 11 KYJlhTypHoro eJJ,HHCTBa eTpaHbI. flonbcKoe soc­

eTaH11e 1863 r., 3aTeM o6beJJ,HHeHHe fepMaHHH H CTOJJ,beM apM5!HCKOro

HaQMOHaJihHOro JJ.BH)!(eHH5! B OcMaHCKOH MMnep1111 ye111111BaJIM 6ecno-

. KOHCTBO QapCKOH aJJ,MHHHeTpaQHH H 3aeTaBJI5!JlH q11HOBHHKOB pae­

eMaTpHBaTb HHOCTpaHHbie 11enoseJJ,aHM5! B HHOM KJlIOqe.

AsTop 06pall.\aeTC5! K TaKHM CIO)!(eTaM, KaK B3pbIB aHTHKaTOJlH­

l\H3Ma B ocpHQHaJihHbIX H )i(ypHaJIHCTeKHX I<pyrax noene 5IHBapeKoro

BOCCTaHHH 1863 r., KOTOpbIH npMBeJl K nepeoptteHTaQHH B OTHOllleHHHX

e PHMCKO-I<aTOJlHqeeKOH QepKOBhlO H noeTaBHJl CTOJJ. Bonpoe caMy l<OH­

QenQHIO sepoTepnHMOCTH; KOHcppoHTaQHH Me)!(Jl.y CaHKT-ITeTep6yproM

H 3qMHaJJ,3HHOM, pe3yJibTaTOM KOTOpOH 5!BHJ10Cb HHOe CTOHHMami:e

3KyMeHHY.eeKoro CTaTyca KaTOJlHKOca; B03HHKHOBeHHe HOBblX cpopM

ocpHQHaJibHOro aHTHKJlepHKaJIH3Ma B OTHOllleHHH seex HHOeTpaHHblX

BepOHCCTOBeJJ,aHHH, B Y.aeTHOeTH 11yJJ,aH3Ma; 6e3yenelllHbie ITOCTbITKH

BBeJJ,eHH5! pyeeKoro 5!3hIKa B KaTOJlHY.eeKoe 6oroeJiy)!(eHHe. KaK OTMe­

qaeT BepT, B eepeJJ.HHe XIX B. HaY.HHaeTe5! npoQeee pa3JJ.eneHH5! pe1111-

r1111 H HaQHOHaJibHOeTH, OJJ,HaKO OJJ.HOBpeMeHHO npoHeXOJl,HT esoero

poJJ,a «pye11¢11KaQH5!» npasoenaBH5!, KOTOpoe MHorne, H B T9M Y.HeJie

AneKeaHJJ.P III 11 HHKOJiaH II eqHTaJIH «npHpOJJ.HOH pyeeKoi1 sepoi1»

(e. 170-171).

120

Hap5!JJ.Y c cpopMttposaHMeM HaQMOHaJIH3Ma nope<!JopMeHHhIH ne­

pHOJJ. xapaKTepH3yeTe5! aKTHBH3aQMeH penHrn03HO-JJ.YXOBHOH )!(l13HH B

MOJJ.epHM3HpyIOll.\eHc5! HMnepHM. IToene pecpopM 1860-x roJJ,OB MeH5!­

eTC5! MeHTaJIHTeT npaBOCJlaBHhlX KJlHpHKOB - B03HHKaeT, B qaeTHOeTH,

«KJlepttKaJibHhIH Jltt6epaJIH3M», c ero HOBhIM CTOHHMaHMeM naeTbipeKOH

MHeeHH, HanpaBJleHHOH Ha JJ,eMOKpaTM3al(HIO H ycHJleHHe B3aMMOJJ,eH­

CTBH5! e 0611.\eeTBOM (6naroTBOpttTeJlbHa5! JJ,e5!TeJlbHOCTh, o6pa3oBaHMe,

6opb6a 3a Tpe3Bb!H o6pa3 )!(H3HH). 803HHKalOT HOBbJe sepoyqeHH5!,

3apo)f{Jl,a10TC5! HOBhie eeKThI, oco6eHHO aKTHBHO Ha IOre PoecttM.

11HHOBaQHH TaKoro )!(e eBOHCTBa Ha6JllOJl,aJIHCb H B HHOBepqe­

eKOH epeJJ.e. 8TOpa5! nonosttHa XIX B. - speM5! pacnpoeTpaHeHHH B

Poec1111 Te'l:eHHH M eeKT 6anTtteTOB, esaHrentt'l:eeKMX xptteTMaH, aJJ,BeHTH­

CTOB ceJJ,bMOro Jl.HH, MaJleBaHL(eB, HpBMHrHTOB, HOBblX 6paTbeB H ceCTep,

Cso6oJJ.HOH QepKBM XpttcTa, Jl,a)!(e «CttpMHCKo-HecTOpttaHCKOH esaH­

re1111qecKoH QepKBH». B IO)!(HbIX pernoHaX EsponeHeKOH Poectttt aB­

TOp OTMeqaeT I105!BJleHtte TaKOro Jll060nhITHOro 5!BJieHH5!, KaK <<HyJJ,eH­

CKO-XpHCTMaHeKMe ceKThI», JJ,eHeTBOBaBrnHe B KOH<!JecettOHaJibHb!X

paMKax HY JJ,aH3Ma, HO np113Hasasrntte XpttcTa ( e. 180-181 ). CxoJJ.Hble

5!BJleHH5! npotteXOJl,HJlH B KaTOJlHQH3Me H tteJlaMe, H JJ,a)!(e B 5!3hI'l:eeTBe,

rJJ,e B03HttKaIOT esoero poJJ.a «pecpopMaTopeKHe Te'l:eHHH», cTpeMMB­

rn11ee5! K ettHTe3y H etteTeMaTtt3aQHH JJ,peBHHX BepoBaHHH.

3THHY.eeKMH KOMCTOHeHT see qall.\e Haq11HaeT 3ByY.aTb B pa3HbIX

KOHcpeeett5!X: 3CTOHeKMe H JlaTbJllleKMe KpeeTb5!He H naeTOpbl Bb!CTy­

rraIOT npOTHB HeMeQKOro JJ.OMHHttpoBaHH5! B JlIOTepaHCKOH QepKBH,

JlHTOBQbl - npOTHB CTOJlOHH3aQHH B KaTOJlHQH3Me, rpy3ttHhl B HaqaJie

xx B. HaqMHaIOT Jl.BH)!(eHMe 3a BOCCTaHOBJleHMe aBTOKe<!JaJibHOH QepK­

BH (e. 182-183).

qaeTh!M 5!BJlem1eM CTaHOBHTC5! nepeXOJJ. B JJ.pyry10 sepy' nptt'l:eM

o6hJqHo no npM'l:HHaM, eB5!3aHHbIM c Jltt'l:HhIMH y6e)KJl.eHM5!MH. PacQe­

HttBa5! 3TOT cpeHOMeH KaK npM3HaK «peaKQHH Ha HaerynneHHe MOJJ,ep­

HOeTH», asTop yKa3bIBaeT 11 Ha JJ.pyr11e ero MaHHcpeeTaQMH . }.l;Btt)!(eHtte

MaeKaJibl B HY JJ,aH3Me, TaK )!(e KaK H Jl,)!(aJl,MJJ.H3Ma B HeJlaMe, 6b!Jl0 Ha­

l(eJleHO Ha MOJJ,epHH3al(HIO o6pa30BaHH5!, Ha ycsoeHHe HOBeHlllHX JJ.OC­

TH)!(eHHH esponetieKOH HayKH H KYIIbTYPbl. Ell.\e OJJ.HOH npHMeToi1

speMeHH eTaHOBHTe5! aTeH3M, KOTOpbIH BepT TaK)!(e OTHOeHT K KaTero­

pttH «penHrH03HbIX HHHOBaQHH», KOTOpa5! KOettynaeh He TOJlbKO 3JlH­

Tbl, HO H HH3lllHX enoeB ropOJJ.CKOro HaeeJleHM5! ( e. 186-187).

B 3TOM yeJlO)!(HHIOll.\eMc5! penttrH03Ho-eoQMMbHOM KOHTeKeTe

see 60JibWHH sec o6peTaeT MJJ,e5! «eB060JJ.bl eoseCTH>>, KOTopyIO

E.H. q11qepHH onpeJJ,e111111 B 1857 r. KaK <rnepsoe 11 CB5lll.\eHHettrnee npa­

BO» Y.eJlOBeKa. B 1860-e roJJ,hl JJ,aHHblH TepMHH BXOJJ.HT H B ocpMQHaJih-

121

J

HbrH JleKCHKOH PocCHMCKOM HMnepHH, O,UHaKO IIOlffH HCqe3aeT B 1880-e ro­

,Ubl. 0,UHHM H3 caMbIX perrmTeJJbHbIX KpHTHKOB «CB06o.uhI COBeCTH» 6b!Jl

o6ep-npoKypop Cs~nei1:rnero CHHO,Ua K.IT. ITo6e.uoHocu:es. Bonpoc no­

nyqHJI IIIHpOKHM o6mecTBeHHbIM pe30HaHC B 1901 r. IIOCJle OTJiyqeHml

OT u:epKBH JlhBa ToncToro, qTo B 3HaqHTeJlhHOi1: CTeneHH aKTHBH3Hpo­

sano KpHTHKY penHrH03HOro CTp051 PoccHH.

K 3TOMY speMeHH pycmpHKaTOpcKa51 noJIHTHKa rocy.uapcTBa oT­

crynaeT Ha HeKOTOpbIX yqacTKax «penHrH03HOro cppoHTa», B qacTHO­

CTH npeKpamaeTC51 CHCTeMaTHqecKM nepe.uaqa KaTOJlHqecKHX xpaMOB

npaB<. CJlaBHOM 1.(epKBH KaK «He OTBeqa10ma51 HHTepecaM npaBHTeJlbCT­

Ba». 11.ue51 «CB060,Ubl COBeCTH» HaqHHaeT U:HPKYJIHpOBaTb y)!(e H cpe.uH

TaKHX pb51HbIX 3all(HTHHKOB caMo.uep)!(aBH51, KaK H3,UaTeJlb «f pa)!(,Ua­

HHHa» KH513h B.IT. MemepcKHi1: ( c. 201 ).

KpH3HC, nopa3HBIIIHM cTpatty B 1904-1905 rr., 3acTaBHJl npaBH­

TeJihCTBO o6paTHThC51 H K · penHrH03HhIM BonpocaM. nhrno BhICKa3aHo

M~eHHe, qTo 6bIBIIIHe yttHaThI, KpecTb51He npH6aJITHMCKHX ry6epHHM H

KpeI.QeHbie TaTapbI c HaH60JlbIIIei1: Bep051THOCTblO OTKa)!(yTC51 OT npaBO­

CJlaBHOM Bepbl, eCJlH HM 6y.ueT npe.uocTaBJleHa TaKa51 B03MO)!(HOCTh, H

HH npaBHTeJlbCTBO, HH U,epKOBb He B COCT051HHH CJlOMHTb conpOTHB­

JleHHe 3THX rpynn Bepy10mm1.. Ha nosecTKe .UH51 CT051JlH TaK*e Bonpo­

ChI 0 CMeIIIaHHbIX 6paKax, BHeCeHHH H3MeHeHHM B yroJIOBHblM KO,UeKC

H oco6eHHO 0 CTaryce CTapoo6p51,UU:eB H npaBOCJlaBHblX ceKTaHTOB,

KOTOpbIM CJle,UOBaJIO .uapoBaTb peJIHrH03ttylO cso6o.uy H p51,U rpa)!(,UaH­

CKHX npaB.

YKa3 17 anpen51 1905 r. y3aKOHHJ1 nepexo.u H3 npaBocnaBH51 B

.upyme KOHcpecCHH, .uapOBaJI CTapoo6p51,UU:aM H npaBOCJlaBHbIM CeKTaM

CTaryc. «HHOCTpaHHhlX BepoHCilOBe,UaHHM» ( O,UHaKO He BO Bcex acneK­

TaX), caHKU:HOHHpOBaJI OTKpblTHe npe)!(,Ue 3aKpb!TbIX B a,UMHHHCTpa­

THBHOM nop51,UKe xpaMoB; pa3peIIIH.Tl_ HCIIOJlb30BaHHe pO,UHOro 513bIKa B

.lJ.YXOBHOM HaCTaBJleHHH H 3anpeTHJl ocpHU:HaJibHOe ynoTpe6JieHHe Tep­

MHHOB «H.UOJlOilOKJlOHHHK» H «513blqHHK» no OTHOIIIeHHIO K 6y.u.uH­

CTaM. c O,UHOM CTOpOHbl, Ha3BaHHe yKa3a («06 YCHJleHHH npHHU:HITOB

BepoTepnHMOCTH») IlO,Upa3yMeBaJIO 6onee IlOJlHOe HCIIOJlHeHHe y)!(e

cymecTByIOII.(HX HOpM. c .upyroi1: CTOpOHhl, no CBOeMY co.uep)!(aHHIO 3TOT

3aKOHO,UaTeJlbHbIM aKT CBH,UeTeJlbCTBOBaJI 0 CTpeMJleHHH HMnepaTopa

.uapoBaTb CBOHM IIO,U,UaHHbIM HMeHHO CB06o.uy COBeCTH. TaKa51 aM6H­

BaJieHTHOCTb, IlHIIIeT aBTOp, 6hrna xapaKTepHa ,UJ151 BCei1: IIOJlHTHKH ca­

MO,Uep)!(aBH51 B penHmo3HhIX Bonpocax. «HeyKJIIO)!(e colfeTa51 penpec­

CHH c orpaHHlfeHHblMH ycrynKaMH (IIOlfTl1 BCer.ua 3aII03,UaJlblM11),

caMo.uep)!(aBI1e - B .uei1:cTBHTeJihHOCTH caM caMo.uep)!(eu: - qacTo, Ka3a­

nocb, cne.uylOT 6onee qeM O.UHHM KypcoM» ( c. 205). ITo MHeHHIO aBTO-

122

pa, HMeHHO B penHm03Hoi1: ccpepe npaBHTeJlbCTBO .uenano HaH6onee

peanbHhre ycrynKH onno3HU:HH. B qacTHOCTH, B HIOHe 1905 r. 6brno

pa3perneHo septtyThC51 113 CH6HpH lfJI.eHaM ceKT «cpattaTHKOB».

B npHH51TOM Ha BOJIHe KpH3HCa 0KT516pbCKOM MaHHcpecTe 1905 r.

Hap51jzy c .upyrnMH rpa)i(.lJ.aHCKHMH npaBaMH HaceneHHIO PoccHi1:cKoi1:

HMnepHH 6brna .uapoBaHa H «CBo6o.ua cosecTH». TeM He Mettee, KaK no­

Ka3atto B MOHOrpacp1111, B IIOCJle,UylOII.(He ro,Uhl pOCCHMCKa51 610poKpaTH5!

TaK H He cyMeJla BBeCTH KaTeropHIO «CB060,Ubl COBeCTH» B 3aKOHO,Ua­

TeJlbCTBO H IlO.UKpenHTb ee cepHeM npaBOBblX aKTOB (c. 238).

Henocpe.ucTBeHHhIMH pe3ynhTaTaMH 0KT516pbcKoro MaHHcpecTa

CTaJIH MaCCOBhlM Bh!XO,U H3 npaBOCJlaBH51, B oco6eHHOCTH B 3ana,UHblX

ry6epHH51X, H BaJI neTHl.(HM H nporneHHM, KOTOpbie HanpaBJ151.hH B npaBH­

TeJlbCTBeHHbie opraHbl ,UyXOBeHCTBO H peJIHfH03Hbie 0611.(HHbI HenpaBo­

CJlaBHbIX HCIIOBe,UaHHM. B HHX KpHTHKOBaJIC51 cymecTByIOI.QHM IIOp51,UOK

H co.uep)!(aJIHCh npe.uno)!(eHH51 M51 6y.uymei1: pecpopMhr. HaKotteu:, B Ha~ qane 1907 r. nepBbie 3aKoHo,UaTeJihHhie npoeKThI, KacasrnHeC51 BBe,UeHH51

«CB060,Ubl COBeCTH», nocrynHJlH B )fyMy, HO TOJlbKO B Mae 1909 r. 3TOT

Bonpoc 0Ka3aJIC51 B u:eHTpe .ue6aTOB, pa3ropeBIIIHXC51 B pOCCHMCKOM nap­

JlaMeHTe .. ABTOp no.upo6Ho OIIHCbIBaeT .UHCKYCCHH no BOIIpocy 0 nera­

JlH3aU:HH npo3eJlHTH3Ma ,UJ151 HHOCTµaHHbIX penHrHM, KOTOpblM nonyqHJl

IIIHpoKoe ocsemeHHe B npecce. ITpaBbie npHpaBHHBaJIH npo3eJIHTH3M K

nponaraH.ue «He3yHTOB» H «aMepHKaHCKHX MHCCHOHepoB», HanpaBJleH­

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