MANAGEMENT OF USED

BATTERİES

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INTRODUCTION

Very large number of batteries discharged in municipal solid waste (MSW) after used for getting power to variety household and industial products.

Batteries have very large area of usage such as watches ,cameras, telephones , laptop, electronic device, automobile ,motor… etc.

Recently,much attention has been focused on the potential environmental and human health risks associated with the heavy metals and chemical components present in batteries.

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BATTERY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA

Battery consumption per capita in annually; In USA and JAPAN ; 50 to 60 batteries/capita

The United States consumes over $10.4 billion in batteries annually, powering everything from children's toys to hearing aids.

In EU Countries ; 30 to 35 batteries /capita.

In TURKEY ; 4 to 5 batteries /capita.

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In the world 55 billion US dolars are consumed for batteries in 2007. Also researchers estimate that this amount will increase inthe ratio of 5% annually.

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BATTERY DEFINITION AND TERMS

Batteries are complex electrochemical devices, composed of distinct cells, that generate electrical energy from chemical energy of their components.

A battery cell consist of a metallic anode ,a metallic oxide cathode and an electrolyte material that the chemical reaction between the two electrodes. The electrical energy produced from this reactions.

Batteries are classified according to their electrolyte physical phase and their chemical components.

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Table shows number of battery electric vehicles in use each year (red), and year-to-year percentage increase (blue), per table at left.In USA

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BATTERIES CONSUPTION INCREASE EVERY YEAR

USED BATTERIES EFFECTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

The Environmental Protection Agency reports, In landfills, heavy metals from batteries have the potential to leach slowly into the soil, ground water, and surface water.

These heavy metals make their way into the food chain.

These heavy metals are MERCURY CADMIUM LEAD

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TRY TO KEEP THEM OUT OF OUR ENVIRONMENT

Pollute the lakes and streams as the metals vaporize into the air when burned.

Contribute to heavy metals that potentially may leach from solid waste landfills.

Expose the environment and water to lead and acid.

Contain strong corrosive acids. May cause burns or danger to eyes and skin Don’t forget ; 1 mercuric oxide batteries

make 800000 L water to undrinkable.

DİRECTİVE OF THE EUROPAN PARLİMENT ON WASTE BATTERİES AND WASTE ACCUMULATORS

In order to protect the environment, waste batteries and accumulators should be collected.

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Figure1:flowchart of used batteries

These companies sometimes commit sorting of the wastes

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SYMBOLS FOR BATTERIES, ACCUMULATORS AND BATTERY

PACKS FOR SEPARATE COLLECTION

The symbol indicating ‘separate collection’ for all batteries and accumulators shall be the crossed-out wheeled bin shown next:

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TAKING A UNITED APPROACH TO BATTERY RECYCLING IN EUROPEAN

UNION

o In 2002, half the portable batteries sold in the EU were sent for final disposal in landfills or were incinerated, instead of being recycled.

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o Austria has one of the most advanced battery recycling systems in the EU, was able to achieve a collection rate of 40% in 1992.

Countries Collection rates (%)

Belgium 59

Sweden 55

Austria 44

Germany 39

Netherlands 32

France 16

Table1:Collection rates of portable batteries 2002

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Recycling of the used batteries are done by the licensed companies

Germany , France , Netherlands , Sweden, Belgium are the countiries which have main recycling facilities.

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Batrec AG in Switzerland – reprocessing of a wide range of batteries. Batrec was the first company in the world to recycle batteries commercially (up to 2,000 tonnes a year).

Recupyl in France – recovery of metals through hydro-metallurgical recycling of all types of batteries.

SAFT-NIFE in Sweden – reprocessing of industrial NiCd batteries

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MANAGEMENT OF USED BATTERİES İN TURKEY

In Turkey used batteries management is regarding according to basis –principles of used batteries and accumulators regulations.

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Labelling all batteries and accumulators, Marking, Reduction of quantities of harmful

substances in production, Separate collection, transportation and

disposal, Prohibitions, limitations and obligations about

import, transit passage and export, the measures to be taken, the controls to be made, and the responsibilities to apply

SCOPE

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In Turkey used batteries are collected by the authorized body TAP(portable battery producers and importer association) with association the Municipality Corporation.

The activity researches of the TAP is shown below.

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Table2:collecting box&bins according to cities

City Bins Collecting box İSTANBUL 1890 2015 BURSA 300 300 SİVAS 150 100 MANİSA 150 50 ADAPAZARI 75 125 TRABZON 60 50 ADANA 62 80 ANKARA 58 46 ORDU 51 52 ÇANAKKALE 50 85 GAZİANTEP 50 50 MUĞLA 40 50 ÇANKIRI 35 50 İZMİR 6 110 AYDIN SÖKE 4 25 İZMİT 3 0 AKSARAY 1 8

FLOW CHART

Bölge Bayileri

Tüketiciler

Temporarystorage

SatıcılarHurdacılarServisler

Bölge Bayileri

Servisler HurdacılarServisler

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServislerServisler HurdacılarServisler

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler Satıcılar

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler Satıcılar

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler

Bölge Bayileri

Satıcılar

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler

Bölge Bayileri

Satıcılar

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler

Bölge Bayileri

Satıcılar

Tüketiciler

HurdacılarServisler

Region retailer

seller

consumers

Refuse

collector

services

Temporarystorage

Temporarystorage

Licensed carriers

Licensed recovery facilities

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WHY RECYCLING RATIO IS LOW IN TURKEY?

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In Turkey used battery recycling is not applying due to financial problems and lack of the public awareness.Because it costs more than buying a new battery when you recycle it.

But there are some licensed companies that concern with used batteries.

After collection , hazardous group of used batteries are sent to a center capable of proper landfilling and disposal. İSTAÇ have responsibilities about this process in İstanbul.

LANDFILLING AND DISPOSAL

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Table3:battery storage and landfilling areas

26Table4:collecting boxes according to cities

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Table5:inhabitants per collecting box according to cities

NEEDS FOR ESTABLİSHMENT

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•Installation of (more) collecting boxes•Educational works to raise the public awareness•Information campaigns about battery box stations•Cooperation with schools and institutions•Cooperation with associations•Cooperation with chains of retailers and other commercials

NEEDS FOR İNVESTMENT

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•Experiments•Battery recovery plants•Battery sorting plants•Environmental sound disposal of unrecyclable batteries

The EndThe End