m a m exel matric hr. sec. school ......2018/09/11 · m a m exel matric hr. sec. school,...
TRANSCRIPT
-
M A M EXEL MATRIC HR. SEC. SCHOOL, GURUVAREDDIYUR, ANTHIYUR, ERODE.
COMMON QUARTELRLY EXAMINATION – 2018 11TH ECONOMICS ANSWER KEY
1 A) Scarcity 11 C) 243
2 D) Ceteries paribus 12 C) Product differentiation
3 D) Environmental Economics 13 A) Joan Robinson
4 C) Marshall 14 C) Advertisement cost
5 A) Ordinal Approach 15 B) Theory of factor pricing
6 B) Higher Subsidy 16 A) S+BC+DH+DI
7 B) It is Mobile 17 B) Precautionary motive
8 B) Must be lesser than average product 18 A) Kolar
9 B) Implicit cost 19 B) Ethical foundation
10 C) TFC/Q 20 A) 1998
SECTION – B
21. GOODS AND SERVICES
GOODS SERVICES
Goods are produced Services are performed
Goods are tangible and
homogeneous in nature
Services are intangible and
heterogeneous in nature
Goods are physical things and
involves production
Services are more like a process
22. Utility
1. Utility the simple meaning of ‘Utility is usefulness’
2. In Economics utility is the capacity of a commodity to satisfy human wants
23. A Tabular column of the law of diminishing marginal utility
No. of Apples Total Utility Marginal
Utility
1 20 20
2 35 15
3 45 10
4 50 5
5 50 0
6 45 -5
7 35 -10
Prepared By G.Ramkumar M.A(Eng),M.A(His),M.A(Eco),B.Ed.,B.Sc(Geo),PGDCA.,
Cell : 9524552555-9944477587.
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
24. The conditions for producer’s Equilibrium
1. The ISO cost line must be tangent to ISO quant curve
2. At point of tangency, the ISO quant curve must be convex to the origin or MRTSLK must be
declining
25. Sunk Cost
1. A cost incurred in the past and cannot be recovered anymore in future is called a sunk cost
2. This is historical but irrelevant for future business
26. Types of Income
1. Total Revenue
2. Average Revenue
3. Marginal Revenue
27. The Essential future of pure competition
1. Large number of buyer and sellers
2. Homogeneous product and uniform price
3. Free entry and exit
4. Absence of transport cost
28. The meaning of liquidity preference
1. Liquidity preference means the preference of the people to hold wealth in the form of liquid
cash
2. other non-liquid assets like bonds, securities, bill of exchanges, land, building, gold, etc.,
29. Quasi-Rent
“Quasi-Rent is the income derived from machines and other appliances made by man”
- Alfred Marshall
30. Features of Indian Economy
1. India has a mixed economy
2. Agriculture plays the key role
3. An emerging market
4. Fast growing economy
SECTION – C
31. The crucial decisions involving What is should be produced
1. Whether to produce more food or more luxury goods
2. Whether to have more agricultural goods or industrial goods
3. Whether to use more resources in education and health or more military
4. Whether to have more consumption goods or investment goods
32. Importance of micro economics
1. To understand the operation of an economy
2. To provide tools for economic policies
3. To examine the condition of economic welfare
4. Useful in international trade
5. Useful in decision making
6. Basis for prediction
7. Price determination
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
33. Properties of Indifference Curves
1. Indifference curve must have negative slope
2. Indifference curve are convex to the origin
3. Indifference curve cannot intersect
4. Indifference curve do not touch the horizontal or vertical axis
34. Elasticity of Supply
1. Elasticity of supply may be defined as the degree of responsiveness of change supply to change
in price on the part of sellers
2. ES=∆QS/QS ÷ ∆P/P ; ES= ∆QS/QP x P/QS
3. Q = Quantity, P = Price, ∆ = Changes. QS = Represents the supply
35. The Cobb Douglas production function.
1. The Cobb - Douglas production function was developed by Charles W. Cobb and Paul H.
Douglas.
2. The production function explains that with the proportionate increase in the factors,
the output also increased in the same proportion.
3.It implies constant returns to scale.
4. Cobb Douglas production function considered only two factors like labour and capital.
5. Labour contributes three-fourth of production and capital contributes one- fourth of
production.
6. The elasticity of substitution between the factors is equal to one. Q = Al 𝛼K𝛽 36. Opportunity cost and Provide an example.
1. It refers to the cost of next best alternative use.
2. In other words. It is the value of the next best alternative.
3. It is also called as ‘Alternative cost’ or ‘Transfer cost’ For Example.
4. A farmer can cultivate both paddy and sugarcane in a farm land.
5. If he cultivates paddy the opportunity cost of paddy output is the amount of sugarcane output given up.
37. The degrees of price discrimination.
1. First degree price discrimination.
A monopolist charges the maximum price that a buyer is willing to pay. This is called as
perfect price discrimination.
2. Second degree price discrimination.
Under this degree, buyers are charges prices in such a way that a part of their consumer’s
surplus is taken away by the sellers. This is called as imperfect price discrimination. 3. Third degree price discrimination.
The monopolist splits the entire market into few sub-market and charges different price in
each sub-market.
38. The market on the basis of Time.
1. Very short period market or Market Period. 2. Short period market 3. Long period market 4. Very long period market ( or a Secular Period Market)
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
39. The motives of demand for money.
The Transaction Motive:
1. The transaction motive relates to the desire of the people to hold cash for the current transaction.
2. The amount saved under this motive depends on the level of income
3. Mt = ƒ(y) The Precautionary Motive
1. The precautionary motives relates to the desire of the people to hold cash to meet unexpected or unforeseen expenditures.
2. For Example: Sickness, accidents, fire and theft.
3. Mp = ƒ(y) The Speculative Motive
1. The speculative motive relates to the desire of the people to hold cash in order to take advantage of market movements regarding the future changes in the price of bond and
securities in the capital market.
2. Ms = ƒ(i)
40. The strategy Jawaharlal Nehru in India’s planning.
1. Jawaharlal Nehru was responsible for the introduction of planning in our country. 2. To Jawaharlal Nehru, the plan was essentially an integrated approach for
development.
3. He said, “the essence of planning is to find the best way to utilize all resources of man power, of money and so on.
4. Planning for Nehru was essentially linked up with industrialization and eventual self reliance for the country’s economic growth on a self -accelerating growth”
5. Nehru carried through this basic strategy of planned development.
SECTION – D
41. Marshall’s Definition vs Robbin’s Definition
Marshall’s Definition Robbin’s Definition
“Economics is the study of man in the “Economic is the science which studies
ordinary business of life.” It examines human behavior as a relationship
that part of individual and social action, between multiple ends and scarce
which is most closely connected with means, which have alternative uses.”
the attainment and with the use of
material requisites of well being.
Similarities between Robbins & Marshall’s Definition.
Human Behaviour:
1. Both the definitions are concerned with human behavior
2. Marshall’s and Robbin’s definitions are concentrate on
optimization.
3. According to Marshall, wealth is the basic source of
maximization of material welfare. Robbins is the opinion
that maximize our satisfaction by scarce resources.
Differences between Marshall’s & Ribbin’s Definition.
1. Economic activity - Material / Immaterial 2. Social Science / Natural Science
3. Practical / Theoretical 4.Welfare / Scarcity
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
41. Merits of production possibility curve;
• The problem of choice
• The Notion of Scarcity
• Solution of central problems. 1. The device of PPC curve can be used for many analystical purpose 2. “PPC” is the locus of the combination of the goods the problem of choice will not arise when we choose any point on “PPC”.
3. The production possibility curve reflects the constraints imposed by the elements of
economic activity.
4. The central problems of an economy can be explained with the help of PPC. The solution of problem of what to produce involves the decision regarding the choice of location on the
production possibility curve.
42. Methods of Measuring elasticity demand.
Arc Method
Segment of the demand curve between two points is known as a Arc method.
EP = Q1 − Q2
÷ P1 − P2
Q1 + Q2 P1 + P2
= ∆Q
÷ ∆P
↑↓
Q1 + Q2 P1 + P2
= ∆Q
x P1 + P2
Q1 + Q2 ∆P
EP = ∆Q
x P1 + P2
∆P Q1 + Q2
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
43. Law of equi - marginal utility.
Definition
Marshall states the law as, “If a person has a thing which he can put to several uses, he will
distribute it among these uses in such a way that it has the same marginal utility in all.
For, if it had a greater marginal utility in one use than another he would gain by taking
away some of it from the second use and applying it to first”.
Assumptions
1. The consumer is rational in the sense that he wants to get maximum satisfaction.
2. The utility of each commodity is measurable in cardinal numbers.
3. The marginal utility of money remains constant.
4. The income of the consumer is given.
5. There is perfect competition in the market 6. The prices of the commodities are given.
7. The law of diminishing marginal utility operates.
Illustration
The consumer has a given income of Rs14. He wants to spend this entire income (i.e.,
Rs14) on Apple and Orange. The price of an Apple is Rs 2 and the price of an Orange is
Rs1each.
If the consumer wants to attain maximum utility, he should buy 5 units of apples and 4
units of oranges, so that he can get (88+54) 142 units. Here
MUA =
MUo ie,
4 =
4 PA PO
1 1
A2 A3 and B2 B3 lines have not been used for explanation.
43. Laws of Returns to scale.
(i) In the long - there is no difference between fixed factor and variable factor in the sense that all factors are variable.
(ii) The laws of returns to scale explain the relationship between output and the scale of inputs in the long run when all the inputs are increased in the same proportion. Assumptions
Laws of Returns to Scale are based on the following assumptions.
All the factors of production (such as land, labour and capital) are variable but organization
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
is fixed.
There is no change in technology.
There is perfect competition in the market.
Outputs or returns are measured in physical quantities.
Three Phases of Returns to Scale
( 1) Increasing Returns to Scale:
In this case if all inputs are increased by one per cent, output increase by more than one per cent.
( 2) Constant Returns to Scale:
In this case if all inputs are increased by one per cent, output increases exactly by one per cent.
( 3) Diminishing Returns to Scale:
In this case if all inputs are increased by one per cent, output increases by less than one per cent.
43. Diseconomies of Scale
The diseconomies of the scale are a disadvantage to a firm or an industry or an organization. This
necessarily increases the cost of production of a commodity or service. Further it delays the speed
of the supply of the product to the market. These diseconomies are of two types:
a ) Internal Diseconomies of Scale: and
b ) External Diseconomies of Scale
Internal Diseconomies of Scale
When the scale of production increases beyond optimum limit, its efficiency may come down.
External Diseconomies of Scale
The term “External diseconomies of scale” refers to the threat or disturbance to a firm or an
industry from factor lying outside it. For example a bus strike prevents the easy and correct
entry of the workers into a firm. Similarly the rent of a firm increases very much if new
economic units are established in the locality.
44. (OR) The relationship between Average Cost and Marginal cost
1. When AC is falling, MC lies below AC.
2. When AC becomes constant, MC also becomes equal to it.
3. When AC starts increasing, MC lies above the AC.
MC curve always cuts AC at its minimum point from below.
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
44. Total Fixed Cost (TFC)
Total Fixed Cost
All payments for the fixed factors of production are known as Total Fixed Cost.
Total Variable Cost (TVC)
All payments to the variable factors of production is called as Total Variable Cost.
Total Variable Cost
Total Cost Curves
Total Cost means the sum total of all payments made in the production. It is also
called as Total Cost of Production.
Total Cost Curves
Average Fixed Cost (AFC)
It refers to the _xed cost per unit of output. It is obtained by dividing the total _xed
cost by the quantity of output. AFC = TFC / Q Average Fixed Cost
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
45. The price and output are determined under the perfect competition.
In the short run, at least a few factors of production are fixed. The firms under Perfect
Competition take the price (10) from the industry and start adjusting their quantities
produced.
• This diagram consists of three panels. The equilibrium of an industry is
explained in the first panel. The demand and supply forces of all the firms
interact and the price is fixed as Rs10. The equilibrium of an industry is obtained
at 50 units of output.
In the second part of the diagram, AC curve is lower than the price line. The equilibrium
condition is achieved where MC=MR. Its equilibrium quantity sold is 50. With the
prevailing price, Rs10 it experiences super normal profit. AC = Rs8, AR = Rs 10.
• Its total revenue is 50X10=500. Its total cost is 50X8=400. Therefore, its total profit
is 500-400=100.
• In the third part of the diagram, firm’s cost curve is above the price line. The
equilibrium condition is achieved at point where MR=MC. Its quantity sold is
50. With the prevailing price, it experiences loss. (AC>AR)
Its total revenue is 50X10=500. Its total cost is 50X12=600. Therefore, its total loss is
600-500=100.
45. Features of Oligopoly
1. Few large firms
Very few big firms own the major control of the whole market by producing major portion
of the market demand.
2. Interdependence among firms
The price and quality decisions of a particular firm are dependent on the price and quality
decisions of the rival firms.
3. Group behaviuor
The firms under oligopoly realise the importance of mutual co-operation.
4. Advertisement cost
The oligopolist could raise sales either by advertising or improving the quality of the
product.
5. Nature of product
Perfect oligopoly means homogeneous products and imperfect oligopoly deals with
heterogeneous products.
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
6. Price rigidity
It implies that prices are difficult to be changed. The oligopolistic firms do not change their
prices due to the fear of rivals’ reaction
46. The Ricardian theory of Rent
The Classical Theory of Rent is called “Ricardian Theory of Rent”. David Ricardo
explained the theory of rent thus:
Assumptions
Ricardian theory of rent assumes the following:
“Rent is that portion of the produce of the earth which is paid to the landlord for the use of
the original and indestructible powers of the soil” - David Ricardo
1. Land differs in fertility.
2. The law of diminishing returns operates in agriculture.
3. Rent depends upon fertility and location of land.
4. Theory assumes perfect competition.
5. It is based on the assumption of long period.
6. There is existence of marginal land or no-rent land.
7. Land has certain “original and indestructible powers”.
8. Land is used for cultivation only.
9. Most fertile lands are cultivated first.
Ricardian Theory of Rent
47. Importance of Mineral Resources
a. Iron-Ore
India possesses high quality iron-ore in abundance. The total reserves of iron-ore
in the country are about 14.630 million tonnes of haematite and 10,619 million tonnes of magnetite.
Hematite iron is mainly found in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.The major
deposit of magnetite iron is available at western coast of Karnataka. Some deposits of iron ore are
also found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
b . Coal and Lignite
Coal is the largest available mineral resource. India ranks third in the world after China and USA
in coal production. The main centres of coal in India are the West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Bulk of the coal production comes from Bengal-
Jharkhand coalfields.
c. Bauxite
Bauxite is a main source of metal like aluminium. Major reserves are concentrated in the East
Coast bauxite deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html
-
d. Mica Mica is a heat resisting mineral which is also a bad conductor of electricity. It is used in electrical
equipments as an insulator. India stands first in sheet mica production and contributes 60% of
mica trade in the world. The important mica bearing pegmatite is found in Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan.
e. Crude Oil
Oil is being explored in India at many places of Assam and Gujarat. Digboi, Badarpur, Naharkatia,
Kasimpur, Palliaria, Rudrapur, Shivsagar, Mourn (All in Assam) and Hay of Khambhat,
Ankaleshwar and Kalol (All in Gujarat) are the important places of oil exploration in India.
f. G old
India possesses only a limited gold reserve. There are only three main gold mine regionsKolar
Gold_eld, Kolar district and Hutti Gold_eld in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri
Gold_eld in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh).
g. Diamond As per UNECE the total reserves of diamond is estimated at around 4582, thousand carats which are
mostly available in Panna(Madhya Pradesh),Rammallakota of Kurnur district
47. Weakness of Indian Economy
1. Large Population
India stands second in terms of size of population next to China and our country is likely to
overtake china in near future.
Population growth rate of India is very high and this is always a hurdle to growth rate. The
population growth rate in India is as high as 1.7 per 1000.The annual addition of population
equals the total population of Australia.
2. Inequality and poverty There exists a huge economic disparity in the Indian economy. The proportion of income and
assets owned by top 10% of Indians goes on increasing. This has led to an increase in the poverty
level in the society and still a higher percentage of individuals are living Below Poverty Line
(BPL). As a result of unequal distribution of the rich becomes richer and poor becomes poorer.
3. Increasing Prices of Essential Goods
Even though there has been a constant growth in the GDP and growth there have been steady
increase in the prices of essential goods. The continuous rise in prices erodes the purchasing
power and adversely affects the poor people, whose income is not protected.
4. Weak Infrastructure Even though there has been a gradual improvement in the infrastructural development in the past
few decades, there is still a scarcity of the basic infrastructure like power, transport, storage etc.
5. Inadequate Employment generation
With growing youth population, there is a huge need of the employment opportunities. The
growth in production is not accompanied by creation of job. The Indian economy is
characterized by ‘jobless growth’.
6. Outdated technology The level of technology in agriculture and small scale industries is still outdated and obsolete.
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Pad
asalai.N
et
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2014/02/nmms-exam-study-materials.html