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Bioenergy Use and New Feedstock
Developments in the US
Lynn Wright
WrightLink Consulting, Inc [email protected]
Presented to Lund University Biofuels Seminar October 22, 2014 National Bioenergy Day in U.S.
www.woodycrops.org
Presentation Outline
• US energy & renewables background
• Biofuels policy drivers & success history
• Advanced biofuels and new feedstocks
• Other biomass markets (pellets, bio-chemicals, jet fuels)
• Woody Crop R&D highlights in U.S. (institutions to watch)
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_fuel.cfm
2013 Consumption 97.53 Quadrillion Btu = 102,894 Petajoules
2013 Production 81.68 Quadrillion Btu = 86,172 Petajoules
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_production.cfm
2013 Production 86,172 Petajoules
2013 Consumption 102,894 Petajoules
Renewable Energy Use
(Quadrillion Btu)
Source: September 2014, Monthly Energy Review
Renewable Energy Use
(Quadrillion Btu)
Source: September 2014, Monthly Energy Review
Wood and Waste Use by Sector
(Quadrillion Btu)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Electric Power Industrial Commercial Residential
Waste
wood
Source: EIA Short-term Energy Outlook, Sept 2014
~ 200 biomass facilities supplying electricity,
heat and CHP (~6 million GW Capacity)
Biomass (biofuels + biopower + waste) – 176%
Hydro – 114%
Wind – 2300%
Solar/PV – 500%
Geothermal – 134%
Renewable Energy Use Has Grown
Source: Energy Information Administration, June 2014 Monthly Energy Review , via Tim Theiss
Biofuels production drives recent growth
in overall bioenergy use
Source: EIA, Mar 2014; http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15451 Note: Inputs to biodiesel and ethanol equal the amount consumed plus losses and coproducts from production
= 2.46 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent
CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy NMOG = Non methane organic compounds EISA 2007 = Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
EPA annually modifies mandates
based on reality checks
Corn starch 15 vs 16.55 billion gal
Biodiesel 1 vs 1.28 billion gal
Advanced Renewable 2 vs 2.75 billion gal
Cellulosic Ethanol 1.75 billion vs 6 million gal
Original versus 2013 EPA mandates*
*Source: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/documents/420f13042.pdf
2014
Advanced biofuels and bioproducts
are a commercial reality ! (maybe)
INEOS, Vero Beach, FL (spotty production since opening) • Expected to produce 8 million gallons per year of cellulosic ethanol and 6
MW of power from wood and vegetative waste
• initiated commercial production of cellulosic ethanol in July 2013
• First commercial production of cellulosic ethanol in the U.S.
Myriant Succinic Acid Biorefinery , Lake Providence, LA • Biochemical conversion of sorghum grits to succinic acid.
• Expected to process 50 dry tons/day to produce 30 Million Lbs/year of succinic
acid and gypsum (Start-up June, 2013 – no news since)
Abengoa Bioenergy, Hugoton, KS • Expected to produce 25 million gallons per year of ethanol and 18 megawatts
of green electricity at full capacity
• Mechanical completion is scheduled for April 2014;
• Commissioned October 19, 2014
POET-DSM Project LIBERTY, Emmetsburg, IA • Expected to produce 20 million gallons per year of cellulosic ethanol at full
capacity
• Major construction began November 2012
• Opened September 3, 2014
Additional biorefineries are
under construction – 88 MGY
14 Active Biofuels Projects in Feb 2013
5 million gallons estimated by 2013 end
Source: EIA Feb 2013; http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10131
Sources for Names: Ethanol Producer Magazine, Wikipedia, Solecki 2013 (E2 report)
INEOS (waste stream, MSW)
Myriant Succinic Acid Sorghum grits & other
POET-DSM (corn stover & cobs)
Abengoa Bioenergy (wheat straw)
Dupont Cellulosic (corn stover)
Mascoma (wood)
???
ZeaChem demo (wood)
Fulcrum Bioenergy (MSW)
Quad County (Corn fiber) Fiberight
(MSW)
Bluefire (wood)
KiOR (wood)
“Commercial realities”
change quickly
Advanced Biofuels Capacity Actual and
Low-End Projections made in 2013 (millions of gallons/year)
http://www.e2.org/ext/doc/E2AdvancedBiofuelMarketReport2013.pdf
Source: Solecki, Advanced Biofuel Market Report 2013 (numbers rounded)
Fuel type 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Count
Actual Projected (Low-End)
Ethanol 1.0 3.8 12.1 118.2 162.8 207.8 26
Drop-In 75.2 88.5 229.0 320.6 382.4 417.4 16
Other 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 20.0 20.0 1
Biodiesel 350 369.9 717.9 747.0 829.5 954.0 116
Total 427.2 463.8 960.1 1187.4 1394.6 1599.2 159
April 2013 analysis show poor
history of success of projects
http://www.theusipa.org/Documents/NAFO-US_Bioenergy_Markets-FINAL-201306261.PDF
Biodiesel production has been a
success – exceeding mandates
2013 standard for biomass-based diesel set at 1.28 billion gallons Total Production in 2013 was 1.8 billion gallons
Graph source: http://www.fuelsnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/bio.jpg
Biodiesel accepted as an “Advanced Renewable” by EPA
A wide range of existing feedstocks
are used for biodiesel
Source: EIA, March 2014 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15451 Monthly Biodiesel Production Report referenced.
New Biodiesel Feedstocks help to supply
Advanced and Jet Fuel Markets
• Camelina – Distant relative of Rapeseed, relatively drought tolerant. Big claims have been made, to date only ~ 100,000 acres has been grown in U.S.
• Carinata – Ethiopian mustard seed, adapted to heat and drought, suitable in Great Plains and as rotation crop
• Canadian National Research Council recently performed first ever aviation tests using pure carinata oil
But, In 2013 United Airlines agreed to purchase 15 million gallons of Camelina derived jet fuel from AltAir Fuels over 3 years.
U.S. Military Interest Increasing
The U.S. Navy's interest in biofuels is part of its goal to generate 50% of its energy from alternative sources by 2020: But – biofuels must be “drop-in fuels” at prices competitive with traditional fuels
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17271 July 14, 2014
Sept 2014 News: “ReEnergy awarded contract to provide power to Fort Drum” The feedstock supply will be bush willow!
http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/11007/reenergy-awarded-contract-to-provide-power-to-fort-drum/
Probable changes in Policy
Drivers soon to occur
an “unexpected boom of domestic oil and gas production…married to possible shifts in society’s historical driving habits and greater fuel efficiencies of vehicles, have pushed back a decade or two the pressing need for biofuels seen at the time of the RFS”. Statement by Douglas Faulkner, the former acting Undersecretary of Agriculture and a former Assistant Secretary of Energy, titled “The Renewable Fuel Standard: Mend It AND End It.” September 18, 2014
2013 total exports =~ 2,902,000 metric tons
Are pellet exports a possible
woody crop market?
Source: Seth Walker, 2012 North American Wood Pellet Market ([email protected]
Source: Seth Walker, 2012 North American Wood Pellet Market ([email protected]) 2014 US capacity = 9.25 million tonnes source: Biomass Magazine Pellet Plant list ~ 2016 US capacity = 14.6 million tonnes based on ongoing construction
Pellet production forecasts do not increase greatly
Capacity forecast
Wood crops not yet needed
Consensus exists that on a national level annual growth of forest wood exceeds current and viable projected demands including bioenergy.
Wood crops must provide advantages of quality, sustainability, convenience, or location and cost.
But Woody Crop R&D Continues!
Goals: Profitable woody crop markets,
Low cost/high quality, local feedstocks
US Woody Crops Highlights
3 Companies GreenWood Resources – Timber investment & management Company
ArborGen – Commercial Tree Seedling producers/breeders
Ecolotree, Inc – Phytoremediation technology development & implementation
4 University Research Programs University of Minnesota – Hybrid poplar genetic improvement for Midwest US
Cornell University – Willow genetic improvement for Northeast
State University of New York – Willow crop management
Mississippi State University – Black Willow for Lower Mississippi River Valley
2 Consortium
Hardwoodbiofuels.org
A USDA funded consortium working to develop a system for producing advanced biofuels from hybrid poplar trees.
Feedstock development, Conversion processes,
Sustainability evaluations, Education
Extension activities http://www.washington.edu/ (leader) , http://agcenterofexcellence.com/ http://www.greenwoodresources.com/, http://oregonstate.edu/, http://rockymountainwildlifeinstitute.com/, http://www.ucdavis.edu/, http://www.uidaho.edu/, http://wsu.edu/, http://zeachem.com/
Field Trials
4 sites
Hardwoodbiofuels.org
Oak Ridge National Laboratory- Lead
http://bioenergycenter.org/besc/about.cfm
Partners: ArborGen, LLC Ceres, Inc DartmouthCollege E.I. Dupont Georgia Institute of Technology GreenWood Industries Mascoma Corporation National Renewable Energy Laboratory North Carolina State University Samual Roberts Noble Foundation University of California-Los Angeles University of California-Riverside University of Georgia University of North Texax University of Tennessee West Virginia University
GreenWood Resources (GWR) A global timberland investment and asset management company specializing in the acquisition, development and managements of forestry assets
greenwoodresources.com/
GreenWood Resources Farm ~ 10,000 Ha Productivity ~ 22 Mg/ha/yr Timber Harvest at 10-12 years 4-5 ha/day, ~1800 Mg/day in 10 hrs 800 – 1200 ha/yr (~10%)
Harvest rate matched to veneer mill demand
New: GWR growing biomass and timber trees inter-planted in 2013 Intent: supply feedstock to ZeaChem for Biofuels
Biomass trees planted as 9-12” cuttings at 1152 trees/acre in 2013 Timber trees planted by hand in winter 2013 using 2yr (~20 ft tall) bare poles, 5 ft below ground with 12-15 ft left above ground. Photo by Lynn Wright – July 2014
*
*9 Gtons/ac/yr = 9 Green Tons/ac/yr = ~4.5 dry Tons/ac/yr =~
*
Ecolotree, Inc is effectively
using trees in phytoremediation
Ecolotree, Inc., has installed more than 60 ECap® and EBuffer® systems across the US plus one in Slovenia using hybrid poplar and grass systems.
Source: website http://www.ecolotree.com/applications.html
The inputs and outputs shown on the figure are used by Ecolotree to develop hydrologic models and to design site-specific ECaps®.
Ebuffers®and Ecaps® by EcoloTree, Inc
Long poplar cuttings planted deep in first trial planting of Ebuffer®
After 8 years, height growth was 40 feet Root system after 7 years was 7 feet deep
ECaps® pump water from the cover soils, thus dehydrating the soil during the growing season and creating water storage capacity for the dormant winter months.
Source: website http://www.ecolotree.com/applications.html
Plant growth prevents precipitation from penetrating into waste Trees 5 yrs old
A construction debris landfill cell planted to poplars and grass
Two decades of poplar breeding and field testing in Minnesota,
USA: results and implications to future genetic improvement
Bill Berguson, Bernie McMahon, Dan Buchman and Don Riemenschneider
www.nrri.umn.edu/cartd/forestp/hpbreed.htm
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/people/driemenschneider
Champion - IP - Verso Paper - Central Minnesota
• 1,000 ha yr-1 planting
• 90% in NM6, some DN34
• DN 34 later eliminated
• 10,000 ha total
• 12 year rotation
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Bas
al A
rea
(sq
ft)
Families
Strugis 1 Family Field Trial - 10 Years Growth Top Ten Families Compared to NM6
Top 3 Clones in Family
Family Mean
Ratio of top 30 clones: NM6 = 1.88
http://www.poplar.ca/upload/documents/ips-2014/presentations-list.pdf
Yield Testing – The Final Stage
• New clones surpassing current commercial clone by a significant margin
• Yield of NM6 on moderate sites in Midwest is 8.0 to 10.0 Mg ha-1 yr-1
• Expected yield in range of 10 to 12 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in first generation (20% improvement)
Photo courtesy of Steve Thomas, DOE-BETO
What Have We Learned?
• Selected pure P. deltoides and pure P. nigra clones as productive as the best
hybrids in MN
• P. nigra adaptable to harsh Minnesota conditions
• Significant additive effects indicating high potential for yield improvement with
each breeding cycle
• Yield increases range from 1.4 to 1.7 times that of the best commercial clones in
first breeding and testing cycle
• No shortcuts in field testing – four years needed for initial selection plus
additional monitoring in subsequent years
Great opportunity to improve growth and biomass yield over time through breeding
but must be continued through successive cycles
Thanks to DOE Sun Grant program
http://www.woodycrops.org/Conference%20Reports/
SUNY-ESF Willow Biomass
Program
http://www.esf.edu/willow/
Willow commercialization Harvesting & Logistics Biomass Yield Trials Bioremediation Economic Efficiency & Analysis Extension & Outreach
http://www.poplar.ca/upload/documents/ips-2014/presentations-list.pdf
Overview Summary
1. Biofuels use is increasing Biodiesel doing well Cellulosic ethanol is real !
2. Yet biofuel outlook is uncertain Many projects are stalled Yet jet fuels/drop-in fuels still gaining $$ support Policy changes are gaining supporters
3. Woody crop profitable markets are mostly conventional Pellet mill numbers increasing – but using forest resources Phytoremediation success using hybrid poplars Biorefinery use planned but projects stalled
4. Woody crop R&D active; making progress for future Higher yields in Midwest poplars and Northeast willows New crops: Hybrid Sweetgum, Black willow in Southern US
Feedstock Types by User Facilities - 1
Cellulosic Feedstock Resource Types Biofuel Biopower Pellet Mills
E C E C E C
Hardwood & softwood clean chips 45 3
Hardwood clean chips 1 43
Softwood clean chips 35 4
Forest thinnings & pine beetle wood 3 6 2
Logging & Mill Residues 55
Woody biomass, wood wastes, fibers 2 68 9 2 1
Short rotation tree crops 1 2 1
Tall grass biomass crops 2 1 4
Corn Stover, Bagasse 4 6
Industrial waste streams, paper waste, 1 1
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sorted 2 79 2
Beets, wood sugar, peanut hulls, biosolids, Poultry litter, alfalfa hay, and mixtures
1 6 2
E = Existing, C = in Construction
Feedstock Types by User Facilities - 2
Cellulosic Feedstock Resource Types Biofuel Biopower Pellet Mills
E & C P E & C P E & C P
Hardwood & softwood clean chips 48 5
Hardwood clean chips 1 43 2
Softwood clean chips 39 5
Forest thinnings & pine beetle wood 9 4 2 1
Logging & Mill Residues 55
Woody biomass, wood wastes, fibers 2 2 77 7 3 5
Short rotation tree crops 1 2 3 1
Tall grass biomass crops 2 5 1 1 4
Corn Stover, Bagasse 4 6
Industrial waste streams, paper waste, 1 1 1
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sorted 2 4 81 1
Beets, wood sugar, peanut hulls, biosolids, Poultry litter, alfalfa hay, and mixtures
1 6 2 1
E = Existing, C = in Construction, P = Proposed Facilities
Company Feedstocks Conversion process Capacity MMG/yr
Fiberight, LLC MSW Enzyme digest & fermentation 6
INEOS MSW, other wastes Thermochem+biochem (gasification) 8
ZeaChem Inc. Poplar, straw, stover Biochem to acetic acid + thermochem to ethanol
0.25/ 25
Abengoa Bioenergy Straw, Stover Fermentation & enzyme hydrolysis 25
Bluefire Wood waste Concentrated acid hydrolysis 9
Dupont Cellulosic Corn Stover Pretreat, enzyme hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation
0.25/30
Poet DSM Corn cobs & stover ?? Yeasts and enzymes co-ferment C6 & C5 sugars
25
Quad Co. Cellulosic Corn fiber Not described 2
Enerkem MSW, wood wastes Gasification, syngas cleaning, catalytic synthesis
10
KiOR Pine chips Biomass Fluid Catalytic Cracking (BFCC) to drop in fuels
13
Fulcrum Bioenergy MSW MSW to syngas, Fischer-Tropsch to Jet fuel & diesel
11
Cool Planet Pine chips Mechanical heat & pressure to syngas + catalysts
10
Myriant Succinic Sorghum grits & other
Anerobic fermentation w/ microbes to chemicals, vitamens & enzymes
30 million lbs/yr