LynchingLynching

AmericaAmericainin

Robbie G. Horace Greeley High School, Chappaqua, NY.

What were What were the primary the primary motivations motivations behind behind

in the in the early half of early half of

the 20the 20thth century?century?

What were What were the primary the primary motivations motivations behind behind

in the in the early half of early half of

the 20the 20thth century?century?

lynchinglynching

90% of the victims were

Southern73% of the victims were black27% of the victims were white

According to the Tuskegee Institute,

4,742 lynchings

occurred between 1882-1968.

“Easy people imagine that, having hanged a Negro, the mob goes quietly about its business; but that is never

the way of the mob. Once released, the spirit of anarchy spreads and spreads, not subsiding until it has accomplished

its full measure of evil. “ (Ray Stannard Baker, What is a Lynching?, McClure’s Magazine.

(February, 1905) )

Six out of ten people in the South Six out of ten people in the South thought lynchings were justified in thought lynchings were justified in

cases of sexual assaultcases of sexual assault

“When the Negro's corpse fell, the pieces of rope were hotly contended for.” ” ((Vicksburg Evening Vicksburg Evening PostPost (4th May, 1919) ) (4th May, 1919) )

““mobocratimobocratic spirit” c spirit” Abraham Abraham LincolnLincoln

“When his own suffering was more than he could stand, he could live only by witnessing the suffering of others.” (Erskine Caldwell, You Have Seen Their Faces (1937))

“…“…it is impossible for a Negro it is impossible for a Negro accused of a crime, or even accused of a crime, or even suspected of a crime, to escape suspected of a crime, to escape a white man's vengeance or his a white man's vengeance or his justice.”justice.”(Editorial in (Editorial in The CharlestonThe Charleston (1918) )(1918) )

PerspectivesPerspectives……

PerspectivesPerspectives……

What is Lynching?What is Lynching?What is Lynching?What is Lynching?Nonlethal punishment- tar and feathering

Execution by a mob of one individual who committed crimes/broke unwritten social laws

Five or more persons taking the law into their own hands

Mob assemblage without legal right acting to kill or injure people, depriving them the right to due process or equal protection

Expression of the community’s will

→ tacit compliance with lynching= participation

LynchingLynching took the place of “the merry-go-round, the theatre, symphony

orchestra” (H.L. Mencken)

LynchingLynching took the place of “the merry-go-round, the theatre, symphony

orchestra” (H.L. Mencken)For which crime was For which crime was someone lynched?someone lynched?For illegal crimes, such as murder,

rape, or theft

But also, people were lynched for insulting a white person, buying a car…

Or even, especially if it was a black lynching, for no crime at all. Just to remind blacks to stay in their place.

Origins of LynchingOrigins of LynchingOrigins of LynchingOrigins of LynchingAmerican frontier mentality

Needed to take due process in their own handsRevolutionary era- popular sovereignty is won after long, vicious battle“enshrined” privilege in American life

*localism**instrumentalism*

Lynch Law and Early Lynch Law and Early Forms of LynchingForms of Lynching

Lynch Law and Early Lynch Law and Early Forms of LynchingForms of LynchingCharles Lynch established informal courts to try

horse thieves, suspected Tories tied convicted to trees and gave them multiple lashesLynch was tried in Virginia court but it was declared that the “Lynch Law” had been appropriate because of the hysterical conditions of warEarly 19th century: “The Regulators” (White Caps) - bands of citizens who punished criminals nonlethally (tar + feathering)Vigilance committees

1835 lynchingslave revolts needed to be repressed“patrollers”- armed committees of

planters/thugs to restrict slave movement/meetings

1880s- KKK began“night-riding”

Why Did the Community Why Did the Community Approve of Lynchings?Approve of Lynchings?

Why Did the Community Why Did the Community Approve of Lynchings?Approve of Lynchings?

Lynching became a fast alternative to due process outcome is the same as a trial, simply expedited

Bonds within the community are strengthened

Exciting, spontaneous activity with the entire town

Criminals were getting what they deserved

The greater (white) community, especially white women, needs to be protected, despite some minor brutality

World War IWorld War IWorld War IWorld War IAmerican concerns over WWI in Europe impeded the social reform characterized of the late 19th century

After the Treaty of Versailles concluded the war, Americans became extremely disillusioned with international relations

New conservatismAnti-immigrants

Rise of KKK (Atlanta)---> millions of members by 1920Birth of a NationBirth of a Nation

(1915)(1915)

““Look first at Look first at Stacy, then turn Stacy, then turn to the little girl in to the little girl in the summer the summer dress, looking at dress, looking at Stacy, and then Stacy, and then to the man to the man behind her, behind her, perhaps her perhaps her father, in the father, in the spotless white spotless white shirt and slacks shirt and slacks and the clean and the clean white skimmer. white skimmer. They will stand They will stand there forever, there forever, admiring the admiring the proof of their proof of their civilization.” civilization.” (Roger (Roger Rosenblatt, Rosenblatt, Confronting the Confronting the PastPast (17th (17th February, 2000) )February, 2000) )

Lynching of Lynching of John CarterJohn Carter

Spectators at Spectators at the lynching the lynching of Jesse of Jesse Washington Washington (1916)(1916)

Marion, Indiana -- 1930Marion, Indiana -- 1930Marion, Indiana -- 1930Marion, Indiana -- 1930

Our Town:Our Town:How Lynching is Reflected through

Family History

Our Town:Our Town:How Lynching is Reflected through

Family HistoryIn In Our TownOur Town, Cynthia Carr describes her own , Cynthia Carr describes her own investigations in her family’s dark past, one OF investigations in her family’s dark past, one OF which she was not aware until recently. As she which she was not aware until recently. As she discovers the implications of her grandfather’s discovers the implications of her grandfather’s involvement in the Ku Klux Klan, and especially in involvement in the Ku Klux Klan, and especially in the Marion lynchings of 1930, she realizes the tacit the Marion lynchings of 1930, she realizes the tacit compliance of her father, and thousands of other compliance of her father, and thousands of other observers in Marion, Indiana. After speaking with observers in Marion, Indiana. After speaking with James Cameron, a survivor of the Marion James Cameron, a survivor of the Marion lynchings, she amounts to the shameful nature of lynchings, she amounts to the shameful nature of her family’s story. In addition to her efforts to her family’s story. In addition to her efforts to solve her grandfather’s mystery, Carr explores the solve her grandfather’s mystery, Carr explores the observers of the lynching in Beitler’s photograph. observers of the lynching in Beitler’s photograph. Some seem to be on a date, some seem angry, Some seem to be on a date, some seem angry, some seem enthralled by the prospect of a some seem enthralled by the prospect of a lynching, and some seem to be passively watching lynching, and some seem to be passively watching the hanging of two innocent men, Abram Smith the hanging of two innocent men, Abram Smith and Thomas Shipp. Even thought the Marion and Thomas Shipp. Even thought the Marion spectators might not be throwing rocks or tying spectators might not be throwing rocks or tying the noose, every word, or every second that they the noose, every word, or every second that they watch, they are in some way participating in the watch, they are in some way participating in the utmost injustice.utmost injustice.

The Lynching of Leo The Lynching of Leo Frank (1913)Frank (1913)

The Lynching of Leo The Lynching of Leo Frank (1913)Frank (1913)

Response of Atlanta’s Jews mirrored response of black communities to black lynchings

Became Introverted

Immersed themselves with other Gentiles

Rabbi Marx thought it was better to assimilate, forbid singing of Hatikvah (reformed the Jewish temple)

“The lynching of Leo Frank was a damnable outrage. There was no excuse, no mitigating circumstances to justify the actions of the Georgia mob. An action like that makes a decent man sick.” (Pres. William Howard Taft)

The Anti-Lynching The Anti-Lynching CampaignCampaign

The Anti-Lynching The Anti-Lynching CampaignCampaign“No torture of helpless victims by

heathen savages or cruel red Indians ever exceeded the cold-blooded savagery of white devils under lynch law. This was done by white men who controlled all the forces of law and order in their communities and who could have legally punished rapists and murderers, especially black men who had neither political power nor financial strength with which to evade any justly deserved fate…the Southerner ha[s] never gotten over his resentment that the Negro was no longer his plaything, his servant, and his source of income.” (Crusade for Justice, 1928)

Ida B. Ida B. WellsWells

Efforts of the Efforts of the NAACPNAACP

Efforts of the Efforts of the NAACPNAACPFounded in 1909

Main Platform:

Blacks have been denied of their natural rights

Action must be taken against this injustice

Lynching is not the most efficient way to instill justice in a community; there are more expedient forms of judgment

State governments are unwilling to prevent lynch mobs from striking (inspired by comments from Theodore Bilbo, MI governor in 1919)

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislation

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislationDyer Bill (1921) Provisions:

Lynching: “murder of a U.S. citizen by a mob of 3+ people

Sheriff/official who fails to protect prisoner is guilt of felony

U.S. government can prosecute lynchers if state government does not

County in which lynching occurs must pay $10,000 to victim’s family

Passed in H.O.R./Filibuster in Senate

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislation

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislationWagner-Costigan Bill (1934) Provisions:

mob: 3+ persons State officer’s neglect--->5 yr prison

sentence and $5,000 fine Conspirators-->5-25 yr prison sentence County where lynching occurs: $2,000-

$10,000 fine (to family, or to federal government if there is no family)

To prove that summary execution does not save the public money

Does not openly condemn lynching- criminalizes negligence by officialsWas also defeated by Southern Senators in a filibuster

Wagner-Van Nuys Bill + Gavagan Bill (1937) Pro-legislation senators willing to protest the

filibuster, but faced strong dissent from Southern senators

FDR decided not to speak out against the filibuster The anti-lynching movement had seventy senators

and therefore, had the opportunity to challenge the filibuster and force a vote. But not all seventy were willing to challenge FDR’s decision nor stir resentment in Southern senators because of their control over several committees

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislation

Anti-Lynching Anti-Lynching LegislationLegislation

Presidential Reactions Presidential Reactions to Lynchingto Lynching

Presidential Reactions Presidential Reactions to Lynchingto Lynching“loosening of the bonds of civilization”

black man’s runaway sexual appetiteeducated blacks could help eliminate the practice of lynching if they turned in fellow colored criminals to the state

Teddy Roosevelt

Any American “who takes part in the action of a mob…is no true son of this great democracy, but its betrayer”

Woodrow Wilson, as motivated by the NAACP

Lynching is a “very sore spot on our boast of civilization”

Congress ought to wipe the stain of barbaric lynching from the banners of a free and orderly, representative democracy” (1921)

Warren Harding

At 7:00 in the evening, May 4, 1927, they dragged Carter's body from City Hall down Broadway to the intersection of 9th and

Broadway...and they set a huge bonfire in the middle of the streetcar tracks at that intersection and burnt Carter's body and one

of the arms was ripped off and used to direct traffic."

Southern trees bear a strange fruit,

Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,

Black body swinging in the Southern breeze,

Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

Strange Fruit, (1939), written by Abel Meeropol

Strange Fruit, (1939), written by Abel Meeropol

Pastoral scene of the gallant South,

The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,

Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh,

Then the sudden smell of burning flesh!

Observers of the lynching of Thomas Shipp, Abram Smith, and

James Cameron in Marion, Indiana.

Observers of the lynching of Thomas Shipp, Abram Smith, and

James Cameron in Marion, Indiana.

Billie Holiday, performing live

Billie Holiday, performing live

John Carter, a mentally retarded black man lynched in Little Rock, AK.

Here is Here is a fruit for the crowsa fruit for the crows to pluck, to pluck,

For the rain to gather, for For the rain to gather, for the wind to suckthe wind to suck,,

For For the sun to rotthe sun to rot, for the tree to drop,, for the tree to drop,

Here is a Here is a strangestrangeand and bitterbittercropcrop..

““Strange Fruit” and Strange Fruit” and Billie HolidayBillie Holiday

““Strange Fruit” and Strange Fruit” and Billie HolidayBillie HolidayBillie was singing to herself- as if she was being

lynched herself Lynching of the spirit

“Strange Fruit” was an opportunity to put into words what so many people had seen and lived through

“resigned bitterness” (Benny Green)

Larger impact on white liberals (in North) than the impact among black intelligentsia (Albert Murrows)

Black Response Blacks as victims (did not approve) Feared the song would start new tensions Held “Strange Fruit” as sacred

The Murder of Emmett The Murder of Emmett Till (1955)Till (1955)

The Murder of Emmett The Murder of Emmett Till (1955)Till (1955)August, 1955, a fourteen

year old boy visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi had whistled at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant in a grocery store. Emmett Till was murdered, lynched, by two white men, J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant, that evening.Despite their arrests, the two men were eventually acquitted by an all white jury.New developments in 2004 allowed for the trial to be reopened, based on new evidence that suggested more people may have been involved.

How did the How did the lynching lynching mentality mentality

transcend to transcend to modern hate modern hate

crimes?crimes?

How did the How did the lynching lynching mentality mentality

transcend to transcend to modern hate modern hate

crimes?crimes?

Modern Definition of Modern Definition of Lynching Lynching

& Hate Crimes& Hate CrimesViolent Crime Control and Law

Enforcement Act (1994)Hate Crimes Act (2000)

"Hate crimes do more than threaten the safety and welfare of all citizens. They inflict on victims incalculable physical and emotional damage and tear at the very fabric of free society. Crimes motivated by invidious hatred toward particular groups not only harm individual victims but send a powerful message of intolerance and discrimination to all members of the group to which the victim belongs. Hate crimes can and do intimidate and disrupt entire communities… In a democratic society, citizens cannot be required to approve of the beliefs and practices of others, but must never commit criminal acts on account of them.”

Matthew ShepardMatthew ShepardLaramie, Wyoming October 7,

1998

Tacit compliance is participation.

Matthew Shepard, homosexual student at the University of Wyoming, was brutally killed by two Laramie citizens, Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinley.

Shepard never regained consciousness after the severe lacerations on which surgeons couldn’t operate, and the brain stem damage which he suffered.

Henderson and McKinley claimed the “gay-panic defense”.

President Clinton was motivated by the innocent lynching of Matthew Shepard to pass hate crime legislation that included bias about sexual orientation. His efforts were refuted in Congress, however.

Bias motivation

Totalincidents Individual Business Government

Society/public

Other/unknown

/multiple

Total 7,649 5,991 332 253 52 780

Single-Bias Incidents

7,642 5,985 332 253 52 779

Race 4,042 3,338 161 150 39 321

Religion 1,374 640 119 72 2 351

Sexual Orientation

1,197 1,089 24 20 6 53

Ethnicity/National Origin

972 869 24 10 4 52

Disability 57 49 4 1 1 2

Multiple-Bias Incidents1

7 6 0 0 0 1

1In a multiple-bias incident two conditions must be met: 1) more than one offense type must occur in the incident and 2) at least two offense types must be motivated by different biases.

“Hate Crime” IncidentsVictim Type by Bias Motivation, 2004

The Senate "expresses the deepest sympathies and most solemn regrets of the Senate to the descendants of victims of lynching, the ancestors of whom were deprived of life, human dignity and the constitutional protections accorded all citizens of the United States."

On Monday, June 12, 2005, the Senate passed a non-binding resolution apologizing for not enacting anti-lynching legislation.

“It’s a resolution, not a law… I'm afraid we still can't say with certainty that the last lynching has occurred.” (Nell Irvin Painter, Professor of American History at Princeton University)

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