lydia l. chen instructor: robert axelrod ps793 – complexity theory 30-jan-16 jan-16 lydia l. chen...
DESCRIPTION
Jan-16 Lydia L. Chen “Seeking Consistency” - 3 Research Interests Goal: psychology, law, computational modeling persuasion and decision making law classes => persuasion techniques storytelling narrative coherence metaphors Story model of jury decision making (Pennington & Hastie, 1986)TRANSCRIPT
Lydia L. ChenInstructor: Robert AxelrodPS793 – Complexity Theory
May 3, 2023
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]>
Seeking Consistent StoriesSeeking Consistent StoriesBy Reinterpreting or Discounting Evidence: By Reinterpreting or Discounting Evidence:
An Agent-Based Model^An Agent-Based Model^
CSCN Presentation
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 2
AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 3
Research InterestsResearch Interests Goal: psychology, law, computational modeling
persuasion and decision making
law classes => persuasion techniques storytelling narrative coherence metaphors
Story model of jury decision making (Pennington & Hastie, 1986)
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 4
Real-Life Scenario: Bench TrialReal-Life Scenario: Bench TrialProsecution () Defense Lawyer
“Guilty!
”“Innocen
t!”
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 5
Sequential Evidence – What’s NormativeSequential Evidence – What’s Normative
Evidence 1
…
Evidence 2
Evidence 3
Evidence N
Official Deliberatio
n
Story/ Verdict
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 6
Empirical Literature on JDMEmpirical Literature on JDM Form “coherent” stories that support option/verdict
(Pennington & Hastie, 1988) Confidence in option/verdict increases with “coherence”
(Glockner et al., under review) Decision threshold: “sufficiently strong” (supported by many
consistent evidence) or “sufficiently stronger” than other stories (review by Hastie, 1993
Narrative coherence: consistency causality completeness
“Consistency” aspect of “good” stories consistency between evidences in a story consistency of evidence with favored story
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 7
Example Case (Pennington & Hastie, 1988)Example Case (Pennington & Hastie, 1988)
Scenario: Defendant Frank Johnson stabbed and killed Alan Caldwell Evidence := facts or arguments given in support of a story/verdict
Facts— “Johnson took knife with him” ; “Johnson pulled out his knife” Arguments—”Johnson pulled out knife because he wanted revenge” vs. “Johson pulled
out knife because he was afraid”
Story := set of evidence supporting a given verdict Same evidence can be framed to support multiple verdicts/stories!
P DDesired Verdict
“Guilty” “Innocent”
Story “Premeditated murder”
“Self-defense”
Interpretation of Evid
“Johnson was angry”
“Johnson was afraid”
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 8
Sequential Evidence – More DescriptiveSequential Evidence – More Descriptive
Evidence 1
Compare, Deliberate, Interpret
…
Evidence 2
Evidence 3
Evidence N
Official Deliberatio
n
Story/ Verdict
Premature Story/
Verdict @ Evid n < N
(Brownstein, 2003; Russo et al., 2000)
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How People Deal with Incoming EvidenceHow People Deal with Incoming EvidencePeople don’t just take evid @ face value, but
are selective!
Possible Reactions to New Evid in Light of Old: “reinforce” each other
“reinterpret” less plausible one (Russo et al., etc.); e.g., misremember the info
“discount” less plausible one (Winston)
actively “seek” more evidence (not modeled here)
Existing evidence A: “Johnson was not carrying a knife.”
New evidence B1: “Johnson is nonviolent.”
Inconsistent new evid B2: “Johnson pulled a knife.”
Reinterpret B2: “Johnson grabbed a knife from Caldwell.” (i.e., explain it was Caldwell’s knife, not Johnson’s)
Discount B2: “Witness must be mistaken.”
Judge asks layers follow-up questions
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AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 11
What is Agent-Based Modeling?What is Agent-Based Modeling? agents + interactions^
start simple; build up^
Key terminology agents system dynamics
agent births and deaths interactions/competitions
parameters
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Contributions ABMs Can MakeContributions ABMs Can Make Symbiotic
relationship:
Behavioral Experiments
ABM
parsimony: demo emergence of seemingly complex
phenomen from small set of simple rulespredictions:
new observations/predictions
understanding: study processes in detail
Test
Inputdescription: informs base assumptions
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(Other Models (Hastie, 1993))(Other Models (Hastie, 1993))
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 14
(Contrast with Bayesian & Algebraic Models)(Contrast with Bayesian & Algebraic Models)
Algebraic (additive), Bayesian (multiplicative): “single meter” of overall plausibility
ABM allows: revisiting and reconsidering previously-
processed evidence interaction/competition between new
evidence and individual pieces of previous evidence (not just conglomerate)
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Contrast with Story Model & ECHOContrast with Story Model & ECHO Explanatory Coherence Model := Thagard’s Theory
of Explanatory Coherence (TEC) + Story Model
Only implemented discounting, not reinterpretation
ABM enforces lower evidence-agent-level consistency, as opposed to higher story-level consistency
Unlike previous ABMs, model agents within individual as system
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MotivationsMotivations1. Study emergence of consistent stories via
reinterpretation, discounting, reinforcement mechanisms
2. Adaptive? aid consistency? speed-accuracy tradeoff? avoid indecisiveness
increases convergence rates? order effects hurt accuracy?
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AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
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GoalGoal Model consistency-seeking process in story
formation
Present evidence-agents to judge-system
Judge-system compares evidence-agents => keep, reinterpret, or discount evidence (agents “interact” & “compete”)
Until sufficiently strong/stronger story emerges
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Evidence-agents, composed of “features”
Operationalize consistency /b/ agents: “similarity” in abstract features (Axelrod’s culture ABM,
1997) “inverse Hamming distance” := % feature matches
AgentsAgents
Gxx
89%
Evid 1Nxy
34%
Evid 2
…
Verdict (“G”,”N”,…)Abstract
features (binary)Plausibility
index (0%-100%)
Nxx
14%
Evid 1
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ParametersParametersParameter Variabl
eBase
# agents to present- Initial A0 3- Additional A 20
# possible verdicts V 2# features/evidence (excluding verdict) F 2% feature matches for:
Sufficiently consistent C 100%Close enough for reinterpretation N < C 50%
# interactions /b/ evidence-agent births I (A0+A -1)
Change rate of agent plausibility (increase upon winning, decrease upon losing)
D 0.1
Rule(s) and threshold(s) for winning story-- “sufficiently strong” and/or “sufficiently stronger”
S, Sd Both — 0.5, 0.2
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(Java GUI)(Java GUI)
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System & Agent BirthsSystem & Agent Births Judge-system represents judge’s mind
Evidence presentation = “agent birth”:
Initialization of N0 Agents: Set up randomly-generated agents, OR…
uniform distributions—even for plausibility index due to prior beliefs (Kunda, 1990) or knowledge (Klein, 1993)
User-specified
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(Topology)(Topology)results\sysout_081118_0455.log
Printing 8 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
N G I G N I N N
y y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y y
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 80%
Dead/Rejected Evidence--Printing 9 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
I G G I G I N N N
y y x x y x x x y
y x x x y x x y y
00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00%
To keep track of evidence-agents and their order of presentation:
lists of agents in order of birth/presentation to the system.
latest-born agent always appears at the end of a list.
no geographical “topology”
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StoriesStories:= {evidence-agents supporting a verdict} Consistency = inverse Hamming distance amongst evidence
(:= evidencePairs # feature matches / # evidencePairs / F ) Plausibility Index (“Strength”) = average of plausibility indices
Gxx
89%
Evid 1Nxy
51%
Evid 2
Nxx
14%
Evid 1
Story promoting
“Guilty” verdict
Story promoting “Innocent”
verdict
strength = 89%
strength = 99% / 3= 33%
Nyy
34%
Evid 3
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Births & InteractionsBirths & Interactions1. If time period t = k * I, where k is some constant, birth new agent.
2. Random selection of agent to compare with newest-born.
3. Compare agents and compute consistency. If consistency… = C, both agents are "winners“; increase both agents' plausibility
indices by D < C, "inconsistency conflict“ => competition.
higher plausibility index => "winner" (“draw” if indices identical). If consistency…
= N, "loser" is salvageable by “reinterpreting” one of its inconsistent features to match winner’s
< N, discount (decrease plausibility by D) Agents with plausibility = 0% => death & removal from system
4. Gather stories in system. Check strengths.
“Winning story found” if 1 ! story with strength >= S and/or |strength-strength | >= Sd for all competing stories; stop run early.
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 26
Operationalizing Consistency--ExamplesOperationalizing Consistency--ExamplesPossible Reactions to New Evid : Completely consistent (e.g., 100%
features match) => “reinforce” both; “reward consistency”
Inconsistent… but salvageable (50% features
match) => “reinterpret” less plausible “loser”; “increase inconsistency”
not salvageable (0% features match) => “discount” “loser”; “punish inconsistency”
=> plaus(Evid1) > plaus(Evid2) => Evid2 “loser”
xy
51%
Evid 1
xy
34%
Evid 2
xy
61%
Evid 1
xy
44%
Evid 2
xy
51%
Evid 1
yy
34%
Evid 2
xy
51%
Evid 1
xy
34%
Evid 2
xx
51%
Evid 1
yy
34%
Evid 2
xx
51%
Evid 1
xy
24%
Evid 2
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AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 28
Sample Output^Sample Output^ Live Evidence--Printing 8 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
N G I G N I N N
y y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y y
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 80%
Dead/Rejected Evidence--Printing 9 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
I G G I G I N N N
y y x x y x x x y
y x x x y x x y y
00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00%
3 stories found:
-Verdict N supported by 4 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.48 strength
-Verdict G supported by 2 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.25 strength
-Verdict I supported by 2 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.25 strength
*** Found winning story! Verdict N supported by 4 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.48 strength
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Judge-System can get Stuck…Judge-System can get Stuck…results\sysout_STUCK.log
Live Evidence--Printing 17 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
N G G I G I I I I N I G G N N N G
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
y y y x y y y y y y y y y y y y y
100% 100% 100% 90% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 84% 100% 79% 100% 100% 98% 100%
Dead/Rejected Evidence--Printing 10 agents:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
I I I I N I I G N G
y x y y y y y y y y
y x x x x x x y x x
00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00% 00%
3 stories found:
-Verdict N supported by 5 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.29 strength
-Verdict G supported by 6 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.34 strength
-Verdict I supported by 6 evidence, with 1.00 consistency => 0.34 strength
No winning story found.
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 30
Output of a Run^Output of a Run^
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
04
8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
04
8
Supporting Evidence (#)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N N NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Plausibility (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GG GGGGGGG
G GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N NN N N
N N N N N N N N N NN N
N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Consistency (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
N N NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
Strength (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 31
AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 32
5 Experiments5 Experiments Experiment 1: Emergence of
consistency
Decision Speed Experiment 2: Speedup Experiment 3: Accuracy tradeoff
Decision Accuracy—Order Effects Experiment 4: Emergence of order effects Experiment 5: Extending deliberation
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Obtaining Consistent Stories – Q1Obtaining Consistent Stories – Q1
Q1: Evidence-level consistency sufficient? Which of the 3 mechanisms?
Implementation: No rules
DV: Consistency of stories
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Obtaining Consistent Stories – Q1 ResultsObtaining Consistent Stories – Q1 Results
Reinforce Reinterpret Discount Median consistency
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.6
0.6 0.6
0.5
Reinterpret > Discount > Reinforcement
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 35
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2
Q2: Reinterpretation & Discounting increase speed?
Prediction: Reinterpretation & Discounting allow much faster convergence
DV: Time to Converge, Max nEvid (Max Consistency)
Implementation: Both rules; all cases have reinforce
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Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2 ResultsSpeed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2 Results
Results of 10 Runs—Time to First Convergence, Maximum Number of Evidence,
Maximum Story Consistency
Run1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
W/o Reinterp, W/o Discount results/sysout_081215_1938.log
NoC160.5
NoC130.5
NoC12
0.5
NoC120.5
NoC120.5
NoC14
0.5
NoC150.5
NoC12
0.5
NoC120.5
NoC130.5
W/o Reinterp, W/ Discountresults/sysout_081215_1937.log
NoC9
0.8
64
1.0
1811
0.6
NoC9
0.6
NoC100.5
NoC14
0.5
NoC110.6
NoC11
0.7
178
1.0
NoC9
0.5
W/ Reinterp, W/o Discountresults/sysout_081215_1935.log
NoC131.0
NoC120.8
NoC14
0.6
54
1.0
86
1.0
NoC12
0.6
NoC130.8
NoC12
0.9
21140.9
54
1.0
W/ Reinterp, W/ Discountresults/sysout_081215_1946.log
NoC100.8
NoC131.0
43
1.0
NoC8
0.8
126
1.0
43
1.0
NoC8
0.8
86
1.0
NoC9
0.8
19101.0
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 37
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2 ResultsSpeed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q2 Results
Medians of 10 Runs—Time to First Convergence, Maximum Number of Evidence,
Maximum Story Consistency
Reinterpret > Discount > Reinforcement only
W/o Discounting W/ DiscountingW/o Re-interpretation Converged 0% of runs
nEvid = 12.5 (0.5)
Converged 30% of runs, time = 17,
8(1.0)
W/ Re-interpretation Converged 40% of runs, time = 6.5, nEvid = 5
(1.0)
Converged 50% of runs, time = 8
6 (1.0)
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Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q3Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q3 Q3: What would happen if allow process to continue even after having
found winner? Any point to "holding off judgment" until all evidence presented?
DV: Which story wins? (Strength) Prediction: Leader will only be strengthened; competing stories never
get a foothold. Implementation: Allow system to continue running even if found winner
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Winner once conditions met (G/N)
Winner after additional evidence presented (G/N)
Changed winner? (Y/N)
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Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q3 Results^Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff – Q3 Results^
Over 20 runs, # runs same winner:# runs different winner = 15:1 => Good heuristic to stop deliberation, for less time & effort
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
04
8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
04
8Supporting Evidence (#)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N N NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Plausibility (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GG GGGGGGG
G GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N NN N N
N N N N N N N N N NN N
N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Consistency (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
N N NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
Strength (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
Figure 2. Example run where winner switches
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Order Effects – Q4Order Effects – Q4Heuristic may be ok only if randomized evidence…what if biased
evidence?
Q4: Is there an Order Effect?
Took {20 randomly-generated evidence} and then “doctored” it; % D win = “accuracy”
IV: Presentation order--P goes first, followed by D vs. interwoven evidence
Prediction: earlier, weaker side (e.g., P) beats out later, stronger side (e.g., D); "Accuracy" of D…P… > PDPDPD… > P…D…
DV: Time to Converge, (Projected) Winner
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Order Effects – Q4 ResultsOrder Effects – Q4 Results
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
04
8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
04
8
Supporting Evidence (#)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG G
GGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Plausibility (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
G
GG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6 N N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Consistency (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
Strength (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
Figure 3. Sample random presentation order run.
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 42
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
04
8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
04
8
Supporting Evidence (#)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Plausibility (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGG
GG GG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Consistency (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
NN
N N N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
Strength (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
Order Effects – Q4 ResultsOrder Effects – Q4 ResultsFigure 4. Sample D…P… biased presentation order run.
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Order Effects – Q4 ResultsOrder Effects – Q4 ResultsFigure 5. Sample P…D… biased presentation order run.
GGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
06
12
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
06
12
Supporting Evidence (#)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGG
GGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Plausibility (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGGG
GGGGGGG GGGGGGG GG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6 N N N N N N N
N NN N N N N N N N
N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.6
Consistency (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
GGG
GGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGG
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 10 15 20
0.0
0.4
0.8
Strength (%)
Time (presentation of agents)
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 44
Order Effects – Q4 ResultsOrder Effects – Q4 Results
Table 4. Results of 10 Runs Varying Presentation Order of Evidence
Presentation Order
Median Time to Converge% Runs that Defense Won
% Runs Resulting in Switch in Winner
PDPDPD… 7D won 90%, NoC 10%
0%
D… P… 5D won 90%, NoC 10%
0%
P... D… 8P won 80%, NoC 20%
30%
• Strong primacy effect• Exper3 conclusion no longer holds; longer deliberation DOES help!
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 45
Increasing Deliberation – Q5Increasing Deliberation – Q5
Q5: Can deliberating more often between births reduce order effects (i.e., increase "accuracy")?
Implementation: Use P…D… model from Exper4
IV: Varied I (I = 0 => wait till end to deliberate)
DV: % runs that P wins
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 46
Increasing Deliberation – Q5 ResultsIncreasing Deliberation – Q5 Results
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % P Wins
I = 0.8 * (# agents – 1)
60%
I = 1.0 * 80%I = 1.2 * 100%
Too much lag time during trials can be detrimental!
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 47
Summary of Key FindingsSummary of Key Findings Why reinterpret and discount evidence?
1. Maximizes consistency (Experiment 1)2. Hastens convergence on decision (Experiment 2)
Reinterpret > Discount > Reinforcement
Speed-accuracy tradeoff? Yes… Accuracy ok if evidence balanced (Experiment 3) Not ok/primacy effect if biased (Experiment 4) => Important to interweave evidence, like in real trials!
Can reduce primacy effect by decreasing premature deliberation (Experiment 5)
All achieved by modeling consistency @ evidence level, not story level
05/03/23 Lydia L. Chen <[email protected]> “Seeking Consistency” - 48
(Future Expansions)(Future Expansions) Q6: What happens when introduce bias toward certain
verdicts? Prediction: Verdict-driven process takes less time to converge DV: Time to Converge (Consistency of Stories) Implementation: Add favoredVerdict
Q7: In general, what conditions lead to indecision?
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BACKUPS
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AgendaAgenda
1. The Phenomenon2. Agent-Based Model (ABM) Primer3. The Model4. Sample Run5. Experiments
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Sequential Stream of Evidence…Sequential Stream of Evidence…
Evidence 1
Compare, Deliberate, Interpret
…
Evidence 2
Evidence 3
Evidence N
Official Deliberatio
n
Story/ Verdict
Premature Story/
Verdict @ Evid n < N
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A Variant of “Biased Predecisional Processing”^A Variant of “Biased Predecisional Processing”^
“leader” / “favored option”
Pre-Decisional SpreadingA
B,C,D,...switch to A DECISIONne
gativ
eposit
ive
Post-Decisional Spreading
Confi
denc
e or
Per
ceiv
ed S
uppo
rt
A
B,C,D,...DECISIONne
gativ
eposit
ive
Time
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Tests (DV: Time to converge; stories’ consistency)
Model 0 P Model 1
Reinterpretation Speeds Process: W/o interpretation/discounting
> With reinterpretation/discounting
Primacy Order Effects:Weaker stories presented earlier beat stronger stories presented laterE.g., Defense is disadvantaged since it presents evidence after Prosecution!
> for
Introduce Bias Toward Certain Verdicts (Kunda motivated reasoning, 1999; Thagard emotional coh, 2003)Lifetime of features and agents that differ from those initially (& arbitrarily) associated with favored verdict:
Data-driven process (stories emerge and compete w/o intervention)
> Verdict-driven process (e.g., “defendants tend to be guilty”):
Tests & PredictionsTests & Predictions
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(2 Levels of Plausiblity & Consistency)(2 Levels of Plausiblity & Consistency)
Plausibility1. Plausibility of evidence2. Plausibility (“strength”) of story
(composed of evidence)
Consistency1. Consistency /b/ 2 evidence2. Consistency among evidence @ story
level
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(Notes)(Notes) “fast learning” with constant D with every
winner/loser
100% & 0% are absorbing states for plausibility indices
Does not take into account innoculation effects as predicted by cross-cultural differences (Nisbett et al.)
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Other Simplifying AssumptionsOther Simplifying Assumptions Features
Any combination of abstract features can be framed (e.g., by the lawyers) to support a verdict. All evidence are automatically categorizable into a verdict.
Interactions Interactions only take place between the newest agent and another agent
(as opposed to having two older agents interact and compete).
Computing Consistency Verdict feature neither considered nor included in interactions
Comparing Stories judge forms 1 story / verdict If only 1 story is found at time t, use the "sufficiently strong" rule as
opposed to the "sufficiently stronger" rule. (i.e., no “holding out” by judge) Which layer drives consistency-seeking?
consistency at the individual agent interaction level, AND/OR consistency at the story level
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