LUPIN BREEDING IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Department of Agriculture and Food

Introduction

• State of the Industry• Breeding process• Breeding Drivers• Breeding Objectives• Future directions

Lupin Breeding in Western Lupin Breeding in Western AustraliaAustralia

NarrowNarrow--leafed lupinsleafed lupinsYellow Yellow lupinslupinsAlbusAlbus lupinslupins

Genetic ResourcesGenetic Resources

Figure 1. Pedigree relat ionships among the main narrow-leafed lupin cult ivar s released in Austr alia 1967-2007Circles indicate key single crosses; diamonds represent complex crosses . Bold lines indicate crosses involving Australian cultivars. Domesticationgenes: moll (soft s eeds), iuc (sweet), ta (non-shattering), le (non-shattering), leuc (white flowers and seeds), Ku (early flowering). All cultivars releasedafter Unicrop (1973) in this diagram have these genes apart from Marri (lacks Ku) and Chittick (efl rather than Ku). Abbreviations: Gls -R (grey leafspot resis tant), An-R (anthracnose resistant), Ph-R (phom opsis resistant), Bs-MR (brown spot moderately resistant), MRB (moderate ly restric tedbranching), Pop. E1.1 (population E1 – first cycle of recurrent selection)

New Zealand Bluemoll

Borre (Sweden 1947)moll, iuc

Danja 1986

Marri 1976

Yandee 1980Illyarrie 1979

Warrah 1989Ph-R

Yorrel 1989Ph-R

Merrit 1991Ph-R

Gungurru 1988Ph-R

Unicrop 1973moll,ta,le,iuc,leuc,Ku

Uniharvest 1971moll,ta,le,iuc,leuc

Uniwhite 1967moll,ta,iuc,leuc

Wild type fromIsrael

Wild types fromItaly

Wild types fromSpain, Morocco

79A078-14-10(high yield)

[Pop. E2.1]

[Pop. E1.1]

84A086F1

CE2-1-1(high yield)

natura lmutant: le ucnatural

mutant: ta

naturalmutant: Ku

naturalmutant: le

P20661mutant: efl)

Rancher (USA 1965)Gls-R, An-R

Fest 1973moll,ta,le

Belara 1997Ph-R

Kalya 1996Ph-R, An-MR Tallerack 1997

Bs-MR, MRB

Myallie 1995Bs-MR

Chittick 1982efl

65G-251 USAfrost-tolerant

[Pop. E1.2]Wonga 1996

An-R, Ph-R

Sweet mutant exGermany 1928: iuc

Moonah 1998Ph-R

Tanjil 1998An-R Ph-R

Landrace with softseeds: moll

Quilinock 1999Ph-R

75A54-5-8

84A086-73-1 0

Coromup 2006High pro, AnMR, PhR MetR

Mandelup 2004Ph -R, AnMR

84A086 -12-17

Jindalee 2000efl

Jenabillup 2007PhR, Bps R, AnI, MeS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 '00

'02

'04

Are

a ('0

00 h

a)Pr

oduc

tion

(kt)

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

Year 6

Year 7

Year 8

Year 9

Year 10

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

ReleaseRelease

LUPIN BREEDING FLOW CHART 2007

CROSSING

LF1 300 1m row Summer

AnR, PhR markers LF2 100 20m drow Winter

LF3 100 10m drow Summer

LF4 100 20m drow Winter

LF5 100 20m drow Summer

Metribuzin spray LR1 6000 10m drow Winter

L20 (WH only) 4000 1 site

L21 LM1 60m plot 1000 3 sites

L22 LX2 LM2 3 x 60m plot 120 3 s ites

L23 LX3 LM3 30m plot Stage 3 30 Mult1 Ped 0

Stage 4 15 Mult2 Ped 1

Stage 4 6 Mult3 Ped 2

Release

Single plants

SANSW

850gm

5kg

24kg

2kg

Exotic x Elite 1 F2 x Elite

F1 x Elite 2 F1

Tc1 x Elite 3

Tc2

F2 F5

F6 (LR2)

F7 (L20)

F8 (L21)

F9 (L22)

F10 (S3)

F11 (S4)

Elite breedingpool

Exoticgermplasm pool

F1s

Breeding DriverBreeding Driver

(AREA (AREA x x YIELD)YIELD) x x PRICEPRICE

-- COSTSCOSTS

= PROFIT/= PROFIT/LOSSLOSS

PRODUCTION (Area x yield)Yield Environment Test across several environments

Soil type Different speciesRainfall Test across several environmentsAgronomy Test across several environmentsGenetic potential High yielding linesRapid pod setEfficient use of energy and nutrientsEarly vigourThin pod wallsTolerance to Mn deficiencyDifferent alkaloid genesLonger Nitrogen fixing

Disease Anthracnose Resistance to anthracnoseBrown spot Resistance ot brown spotPhomopsis stem blight Resistance to phomopsis stem blightPhomopsis pod blight Resistance to phomopsis pod blightCMV Resistance to CMV and seed transmissionBYMV Resistance to BYMVPleiocheata root rotEradu patch

Insects Aphids Resistance to aphid colonisationBudwormRLEMCutworm

Weed control Herbicide tolerance Herbicide toleranceCrop topping Early maturity

Resistricted branchingHarvestability Harvest height Winter vigour

Harvest heightLoss of whole pods Strength of pod attachmentLoss of seeds Shatter resistant podsLodging Lodging resistance

Price

PRICEDelivery standards Dicoloured seed Resistance to phomopsis pod blight

Commodity price Alkaloid levels Low alkaloid levelsProtein content Increase protein contentMetabolisable energy Decrease NSP

Increase protein contentChange protein profiles

Protein specificity Change protein profilesIncrease S-aa protein contentDefine functionalitydecrease allergenicity

Oil Increase oil contentDecrease oil contentReduce rancidity of oil

Dehulling efficiency Reduced seed coat thickness

COSTS COSTS Influencing factors Breeding Objectives Future DirectionsHerbicides Herbicide tolerance Tolerance to herbicidesSeed dressings Brown spot Resistance to brown Spot

Anthracnose Resistance to anthracnose in plantResistance to anthracnose in pods

Fungal sprays ?Insecticides Aphid colonization Resistance to aphids

BudwormRLEM

Seed testing CMV transmission Resistance to CMV transmissionGermination

Seed replacement New varieties Greater benefitsHigh CMV level Resistance to CMV transmissionHigh Anthracnose level Resistance to anthracnose on plant and pods

Rotational Benefits

ROTATIONAL BENEFITSWeed control Herbicides Herbicide tolerance

Crop topping Early maturity, restricted branchingFeed - seed and stubble Stock on farm Resistance to phomopsis stem blightNitrogen fixation Planned rotation

Fertilizer costsSoil conservation Planned rotationDisease breaks to cereals Planned rotation

Narrow-leafed lupin breeding

• Yield • Disease resistance• Quality • Aphid resistance• Regional adaptation• Agronomic traits• Other traits

Yield Trials

Breeding sites• Wongan Hills - medium rainfall• Eradu - med to high rainfall• Lake Varley - low rainfall

• South Perth - Early generation• Medina - Disease nursery• Manjimup - Oversummer

Predicted Means for Historical Varieties 1997-2007

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year of Release

YIE

LD (t

/ha)

UniwhiteU i hi

Uniharvest

Unicrop

Marri

Chittick

Geebung

JindaleeIllyarrie Yandee Danja

Gungurru

WarrahYorrel

MerritMyallie

TallerackWonga

TanjilKalya

Belara Moonah

Quilinock

Mandelup

Coromup

Jenabillup

YIELD

1.5 - 2.5 % gain per annum

Disease resistance prioritiesDisease resistance priorities• Anthracnose - since 1996• Phomopsis - stem - since early 1980’s• Phomopsis - pods • Seed transmission CMV - since late 1980’s• Brown spot • Bean yellow mosaic virus• Pleiochaeta root rot

Anthracnose resistance Measured in the Medina disease nursery and in the field where possible.987 Tanjil6 Mandelup5 Kalya4 Merrit3 Belara21 Quilinock0

Anthracnose resistance in pods Measured in the Medina Nursery987654321 Tanjil, Kalya, Mandelup 0

Stem Phomopsis resistance Field rating in CVT trials when phomopsis is present in Danja987 Belara, Mandelup6 Merrit, Quilinock, Tanjil5 Kalya43 Danja210

GLASSHOUSE ASSESSMENT

Rating Scale

0 1 2 3 4 5

Stem Phomopsis resistance Glasshouse rating as a % of Merrit 40%60%80% Belara, Mandelup100% Merrit, Quilinock, Tanjil120% Kalya140%160% Danja180%200%

QUALITY

• Low alkaloid levels (<0.02%)• Protein (>30%)

Regional Testing

Future Drivers/Pullers

• Black/Unfilled Pod Syndrome• Changing farming systems• Market changes• Herbicide resistant weeds• GMO lupins• Price• Climate change

Unfilled Pod Syndrome 98 WALAN22247 Quilinock65 Kalya, Tanjil, Danja43 Mandelup, Belara21

Yield vs BPS rating at EDRS

R2 = 0.4458

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

BPS rating

Yiel

d (t/

ha) Mandelup

Belara

Quilinock

Tanjil

2231

2224

22412196

2235

Wonga

21732173M

Kalya

Danja2233

Controlled traffic, row cropping

Mullewa, 2004

Owen Brownly

Some Market DriversProtein feed markets• underlying demand is upward• dominated by soybean meal (US, Brazil)• bans on carcass meal (Mad-cow crisis in Europe) • replacement of fishmeal for aquaculture (sustainability)• increasing meat consumption in Asia

Some Market DriversFood ingredients• valued for functional as well as

nutritional benefits• health benefits increasingly important• anti GM-soy has sparked commercial

interest in lupin

Fraunhoffer lupin products

Future Drivers/Pullers

• Black/Unfilled Pod Syndrome• Changing farming systems• Market changes• Herbicide resistant weeds• GMO lupins• Price• Climate change