lung cancer (animated)
DESCRIPTION
For better understanding, I recommend the viewers to download the ppt and please go through the following website : http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/pat80.pdf www.lungcancerguidebook.org/lcguidebook_aug05/ch3_0605.pdf If u have any doubts convey through comments.. Thanks to all...TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
What
Why
How
WHAT IS LUNG CANCER
Genetic damageDEATH
(Bronchogenic)Cancer
OrCarcinoma
AT MOLECULAR LEVELGenetic changes include mutation of key regulatory genes, changes in protein products, and changes in gene expression. As changes accumulate, cells become more abnormal and cancer progresses
There are over 100 genes known to be associated with the development of lung cancer.
Ras
Myc
Rb retinoblastoma gene (Rb)
TP53
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) , erbB1, HER1
HOW COMMON IS LUNG CANCER?
reports OVER1.1 million people die of lung
cancer each year.
WHO
RISK FACTORS Carcinogens
Smokers
60Lung cancer
6Non smoker
1
85%
Smoking 300,000 deaths each year
RISK FACTORS
Smoking
Ten years after quitting, lung cancer risk drops to a level that is only
20-50% of the risk experienced by those who continue to smoke.
RISK FACTORS
Second-Hand Smoke
The lungs of anyone who breathes in air that contains tobacco smoke are
exposed to its carcinogens.
EXPOSED RISK OF LUNG CANCER
side-stream smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, passive smoke.
Children
RISK FACTORSEnvironmental Carcinogens
Asbestos
Radon
Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Formed from the radioactive decay of uranium.
Underground miners.
Arsenic (naturally)
inorganicorganic (carcinogen)
Insecticides, weed killers, rat poison, Fungicides,
wood preservatives, Paints, leather industry.
Chromium
• Natural element, odourless and tasteless.
• Chromium (VI) or hexavalent chromium is
carcinogenic.
• Chrome plating, Stainless steel welding
Nickel
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
A group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal,oil, gas, garbage.
Diesel fuel exhaust is a prevalent source of PAHs.
Some PAHs are used to make medicines, dyes, plastics, and pesticides.
Other Environmental Lung Carcinogens
bis(chloromethyl)ether,chloromethyl methyl ether, ionizing radiation (x-rays), gamma radiation, mustard gas, soots, tars, mineral oils,vinyl chloride.
Suspected lung carcinogens include acrylonitrile,
cadmium, beryllium,
lead,ferric oxide dust.
Age
Genetic Factors
Among men, black men were diagnosed with lung cancer most often, followed by white, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic men
LUNG CANCER GROWTH
In Average, it takes 8-15 years to grow 1 centimetre in diameter.
But, they have the ability to spread or metastasize to other parts of the body early in their growth.
This process is called early micrometastasis, metastasis that is not detectable by ordinary means.
Very Slow
LUNG CANCER SPREAD
Spread of the tumour can occur by the lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes located within the lung, mediastinum and thorax.
Most cancer cells that enter the bloodstream die.
If spread by the blood stream, it can lead to deposits of tumour in the liver, opposite lung, bone and brain.
The process of determining whether lung cancer has spread beyond the original tumour is called
staging.
TYPES OF LUNG CANCER
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
80%20%
Large cell carcinomaAdenocarcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma
SCLC and NSCLC have different patterns of growth and spread. They are also treated differently.
A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of
the internal organs.
Small Cell Lung Canceroat cell carcinoma
Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Abnormally small
Grows faster
Spread faster
SCLC tumours are often located near the
centre of the lung.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Similar growth patterns and are treated similarly.Each has variants or subtypes
Adenocarcinoma
Have a glandular appearance.
Most of these tumours produce a thick fluid called mucin.
Variants are
acinar adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, and other mixed subtypes.
Tumours are most often in the outer regions of the lungs.
Mostly associated with scarring of the lung tissue.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epidermoid carcinoma)
Squamous cells are large and flat.
These tumours often produce a substance called keratin.
Variants of SCC include
Papillary SCC, clear cell SCC, small cell SCC, and basaloid SCC.
Central area of the lung.
Non-Small Cell Lung CancerLarge Cell Carcinoma (LCC) largest
The cells are generally highly undifferentiated or immature in appearance.
Variants are
including clear cell LCC, basaloid LCC, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Any part of the lung. unrecognizable
The prognosis for large cell carcinoma is generally less favourable than for other forms of NSCLC.
Carcinoid Tumours
Arise from neuroendocrine cells. (specialized nerve cells that
produce hormones)
Although it is uncommon, they secrete high levels of hormones which can lead to symptoms such as bouts of
diarrhoea.TYPICAL(a) and ATYPICAL(b) variants.
Carcinoids account for 1-5% of all lung tumours.
They do not metastasize.Tumours can often be cured by surgical removal. Atypical carcinoid tumours are more aggressive with a greater tendency for distant metastasis and recurrence than typical carcinoid tumours.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM)
75% occur in the pleura of the lungs.
MPM is a rare form of primary cancer.
Asbestos is the predominant cause of MPM.
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for localized MPM.
Epithelioid typeSarcomatoid Mixed/biphasic mesotheliomas.
THREE TYPES
STAGES
3 factors determine stage:
• The size and characteristics of the original or primary tumour.
• Spread of the cancer to regional lymph nodes.
• The presence or absence of distant metastases.
Stages of non-small cell lung cancerStage 1 Caner is only in lungs not in lymph glands.
Stage 2
2A Cancer is small but it spreads to lymph glands.
2B Cancer is slightly larger and it spreads to lymph glands.
Stage 3
3A Caner cells have spread to the lymph glands furthest away from the affected lung.
3B One more tumor in the lung or other area in chest such as heart (or) Cancer cells are present in fluid around the lungs.
Stage 4 Cancer spread to various parts of body such as liver or bone.
Stages of Small cell lung cancerLimited Cancer cells are present only in one lung.
Extensive Cancer cells are spread to other parts of the body.
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
A chest X-ray is one of the most useful examination tools.
CT (computerized tomography)
MRI
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans can be used to look at lung cancers Cells must be examined under a microscope.
Cells may come from sputum samples, pleural fluid (fluid on the lungs), brushings or washings of the bronchi
Bronchoscopy.
A needle biopsy may also be used for diagnosis.
Mediastinoscopy and mediastinotomy
Thoracotomy
TREATMENT
Standard treatments for lung cancer may include Surgery Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) Chemotherapy.
Early lung cancers may be treated with a laser therapy.
Most patients have more than one type of treatment (combination of therapies).
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
PDT is the use of drugs that are sensitive to light (photo-sensitizing drugs).
Photo chemotherapy or photo radiation therapy
CONCLUSION
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