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Lunar Landers and payloads:ILEWG roadmap and European Concepts

Bernard H. FOING*,** , ILEWG,and European Lander Group

(with contributions from ILEWG, IMEWG, IAA, COSPAR)

*Executive Director ILEWG (International Lunar Exploration Working Group)** Chief Scientist, ESA Science Programme, ESA/SCI-S

http://sci.esa.int/ilewg/

ILC2005 conference , Toronto 18-23 sept

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ILEWG task group: lunar landers

Joint ESA/IAA workshopon Next Steps in

Exploring Deep Space ESTEC sept 2003

DLR workshop on Planetary landers Feb 2004

EGU sessions2004-2005

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Destination: MoonLunar outposts for exploration on the Moon

• Search for evidence of the origin of the Earth-Moon system• Determine the history of asteroid and comet impacts on Earth• Obtain evidence of the Sun’s history and its effects on Earth through time• Search for samples from the Early Earth• Determine the form, amount, and origin of lunar ice• Expand life on the Moon, and exploit local resources• Human exploration enhanced by robots

Exploration architecture

• A proving ground: Learn to explore the way we will ultimately explore further• Transportation systems can be common with SunEarth-L2 requirements• Extended robotic & human presence on the Moon is an important cultural

milestone

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MOON group report (II)

• Next steps: technology landers, robotic outposts for geology, water ice, life science

• Robotic village:Resource utilization, He3, life support systems,

• Man tended missions from 2015-18 with permanent presence from 2025

• Moon as test-bed for technologies, human/robot operations, step to solar system exploration

• Earth-Moon L1/surface robotic/ manned infrastructure supporting Moon/Mars/NEO exploration

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Understanding the formation and evolution of rocky planets

Origin of Earth, Moon, Mars: geochemistry constraints

Evolution of Mars and Earth/Moon system, rotational histories

Impact craters and giant bombardment history in the inner solar system

South Pole Aitken Basin and large impact basins on Moon and Mars

Earth-Moon-Mars Science synergies:

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Geophysics and Geochemistry

Processes

tectonics

volcanism,

cratering,

erosion,

volatiles and polar research

Earth-Moon-Mars Science synergies: Comparative planetology of Earth-like Planets and Moons

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Science of samples and planetology

The Moon as surface collector of extraterrestrial samples

Regolith Sample of the solar wind history

Samples of ice cometary deposits in the last Gyr

Samples from Venus, Mars and asteroids

Lunar Attic Samples of the Early Earth

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Astrobiology and Life sciences Robotic laboratory on the Moon:Organic/biological samples (lunar & ET): Contamination-free detection techniques

Bacteria and extremes of life: Survival, replication, mutation and evolution, FEMME

Extraterrestrial botanics: Growing plants on the Moon (tulips, mustard, ...)

Animals: Physiology and ethology on another planet

Life Support Systems: MELISSA, Closed Ecological LSS, Greenhouses, Food

Radiation effects Monitoring, protection, mitigation

Partial gravity effects Physiology, embryology

Planetary protection: Control forward/backward contamination for Mars

Life sciences Robotic laboratory on Mars:

Life sciences on Mars Search for extinct, extant life,

bio-hazards, bringing Earth-life before humans to Mars

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System Technologies for Moon/Mars

– Instrument technologies

• Geophysics, geochemistry, exobiology packages

• Miniaturised cameras, spectrometers, radars, seismometers, drills

– Robotic outposts

– Tele-presence, Virtual reality

– Deployment of large infrastructures

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Soft-Lander with airbag

Babakin Study Jun-2003

• Soft Lander• V = ~ 20 m/s• Complex scenario• > 500 kg (!)

• P/L Scaling does not help(residual system mass)

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Hard Penetrator

Babakin Study Oct-2002

• Hard penetrator• V = ~ 1500 m/s• simplified scenario• ~ 470 kg

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System Technologies for Moon/Mars

– Moon as technology test bed for solar system exploration

– System technologies

• Entry, shield, atmospheric descent (different for Mars and Moon)

• Final controlled descent, hazards avoidance

• Landing

• Sample acquisition and containment

• Ascent and return vehicles

• Earth re-entry

• Earth-Moon-Sun libration points for transfer

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Science/Technology Challenges forInstruments and Robotics

• Tools for Understanding Earth/Moon/Mars/NEO

– Origin/evolution of Earth- Moon, Mars

– Comparative planetology

– Remote sensing miniaturised instruments

– Surface geophysical and geochemistry outposts

– Close mobility, micro-rovers, sampling , drilling

– Regional mobility: large rovers, navigation

• Windows on the Universe

– Autonomous robotic or large telescopes

– Searching for habitable exoplanets

• Living on Moon

– Astrobiology: origin/ future of life in Universe

– In Situ Resource Utilisation, outpost installation

– Life sciences: plants, animals and humans

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Robotics for the Moon

– Robotic outposts and villages

– Deployment of large infrastructures

– Robots to prepare manned outposts

– Slave or free robots to support humans

– Expanded robots, expanded humans

– Life support systems and monitoring

– Tele medical robots

– Solar system human expansion with robots

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Polar Lunar Landing missions

• Quasi eternal peak of light near permanent shadowed crater• Data from Clementine's camera on sunlit areas, with resolution 100 m,

70 m-resolution Arecibo, SMART-1 40m, Selene 10 m• Old and highlands type, smooth, thick regolith. • Small crater young age: external slopes of up to 20-25°• The rim of the Polar crater is expected free of boulders.

• Landing scenario: hovering phase if obstacle observed. • Landing on top of rim, for good lighting • Total sunlit landing area a few square km • Overflight of region with high mountains• The local topography and gravity model studied before • Sun seasonal variation in elevation ±1.5°• The Earth from the landing site: azimuth ±5.5°• Use of orbiter relay or Mt Malappert relay.

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19 Jan 2005: SMART-1 finds North lunar peaks of eternal light

Crater rim peaks of light

200 km field

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European Polar Lunar Lander study & Payload

• To explore the lunar South Polar region and access the permanent shadow areas

• Lander Payload may include regional rover, mini-/micro-rover(s), robotic arm, in-situ measurement instruments (geophysics, geochemistry, imaging, environment evaluation)

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European Instruments for Moon landers (class 50-100 kg payload ):

• Deployable long life ELP European Lunar package geophysics includinglaser reflectometer, Seismometer (IPG), Geodesy and laser , Heat flux (DLR, Berlin), Magnetometer (TBD), Central Electronics (ETH)

• Lander instruments with mole with borehole or drill, Robotic arm (PAW like), Active seismic, Pan Cam + descent , Gas Analysis Package, Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, permittivity, susceptibility,

• Close proximity Rover with Electromagnetic sounder, Ground penetrating radar, Neutron spectrometer, APX , Close up camera

• Regional rover with Robotic arm, Nav and inspection cam, LIBS, Fluorescence, Coring in the vacuum, Thermal IR fluorescence , Dust lifting measurement device, QCM or cube piezo, elastic metallic wheels, navigation and hazards avoidance

• Life science experiments : radiation studies, environment studies, Melissa, plants on the Moon, planetary protection studies

• Communication/navigation/survey infrastructure: High resolution camera and data relay on carrier orbiter

• Education, public outreach and artistic experiments

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Nanokhod Micro Rover

• Objective:

– perform measurements with 4 scientific instruments at several locations in vicinity of a lander (Mars, Mercury)

• Characterisitics:

– tracks for locomotion

– fine positioning of central cab with 4 instruments

– tether for power, data from lander

– overcomes 0.1 m obstacles, 24 deg slopes

– Stowage envelope: 0.25*0.15*0.06 m3

– total mass 2.5 kg incl. 1.1kg science p/l

– designed for operation at [-80,+50] deg C

• Status:

– design for Mars environment exists

– extensive experience with EM

– currently adaptable for Moon-Mars

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Robotic Drilling System

• Objectives:

– collect 10 samples from depths ≤ 2 m

– return samples to lander

• Characteristics:

– drill package installed on micro rover (scaled Nanokhod)

– package is 110*110*350mm3, < 5kg

– automatically assembles and disassembles drill strings to required depth

– automatically changes tool bits

– tool bits take samples, are stored in package

• Status:

– prototype developed and tested

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SPIDER Arm (ASI)

• Objectives:

– general purpose arm for dextrous manipulation

• Characteristics:

– 7 rotatory axes

– stretched length incl. EE: ca. 2 m

– mass incl. end effector: 65 kg

• Status:

– space qualified FM exists

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Babakin Study Oct-02

Microprobe Classification /2

MicroProbesfrom Orbit

No Delta-v burn

Deep Impact

Shallow impact

Deep Impact

Shallow impact

Spherical shape

Non spherical

shape

Delta-v burn

Deep Impact

Shallow impact

Deep Impact

Shallow impact

Spherical shape

Non spherical

shape

Airbag(s)

No Airbag

Airbag(s)

No Airbag

soft impact (~ 20 m/s), ~ 200 g

hard impact (20 < v < 300 m/s)

very hard impact ( 300 < v < 1500 m/s), ~10.000 g

extreme hard impact ( v > 1500 m/s)

P.Falkner 2004

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Microprobes

• smart sensor(s) with RF-link• descent and landing• multiple probes (swarms)

Mass: < 1 kgSensor: temperature, acceleration,

chemistry (AST), seismometermicro mass spectrometer, etc.…

Power: ~ WattSize: < 20 cm dia.

• No way of simple deployment for atmosphere less bodies.

• P/L + system design challenging.

• interesting aspect -> swarms of microprobes

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European Lunar Package (ELP)

• 15 kg autonomous package

• 2nd generation of surface package after the Apollo ALSEP package

• Geophysical payload as European Lunar Observatory

• Long Lived package with Direct To Earth communications

• Synergy with Geophysics package and rover for Exomars 2011

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Exploring the Surface with Rovers

Apollo 17 atTaurus-Littrow

MER Opportunityat Meridiani

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ILEWG phased approach for lunar exploration

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Human and robotic lunar exploration

– Societal and exploration driven, science as co-pilot,

– Synergies between exploration groups

– New studies for architectural design,

– Build on competences

– Enabling technologies: robotics, life support systems

– Roadmap for international effective collaboration,

– Extend forum and consolidate plan with space agencies/ partners for implementation

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ROAD MAP TO THE MOON VILLAGE, MARS AND BEYOND, Foing & ILEWG 2005 (approved, robotic, life sciences/ manned)

• 2003-5 SMART-1 System Studies, technologies roadmap Mars Express+ MER

• 2005 Life sciences/ human studies on ISS Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

• 2006 Chang’e 1, Selene , Soyuz launcher at Kourou

• 2007 Chandrayaan-1 ISS testbed for human exploration, ERD Phoenix lander

• 2008 US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

• 2009 Lunar-A US MSL1

• 2010 US Lunar Exploration Lander

• 2011 Technolanders CEV Exomars (life, hazards),scouts

Setting an International Lunar robotic village and Mars robotic outpost

• 2012 Chang’e 2 lander, Selene-B, ice rovers Life sciences on the Moon Network build up

• 2013 “Robotic village” Surface infrastructures, energy, ISRU

• 2014 Astrobiology/ Precursor life sciences lab , Life support

• 2016 MSR Mars Sample Return

• 2018 Human Moon mission Astrobiology Field Lab

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Why a second generation of ALSEP?

• Only 2 measurement of the heat flux– large dispersion

• All Apollo laser reflectors are still working– no reflector at high latitudes

– bad determination of the tide and Lunar core signals

• Some new Lunar orbital mission might have magnetometers– Joint orbital/surface magnetometer can be used to detect the core magnetic induced signal

• Deep Moonquakes have fixed position and are active with periodic activity– Seismic data of one ( several) Lunar Surface Package can be inverted with the Apollo ALSEP data

For Geodesy and Seismology, any new surface package in 2010 will add the Apollo network!

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Stereo camera

HRSC – High Resolution

Stereo Camera

Global coverage at high

spatial 15 m / spectral resolution

Embedded super-res. Images (2m/pixel)

Detailed geological mapping

Altimetry, photogrammetry

Estimates of relative ages

Full Colour 3D imaging of Mars

Descent/ascent propulsion, habitats, surface mobility, power, telecom

Enable human lunar missionsLunar surface systems

Lightweight, partial closed-loop, 50-day mission capability

Highly reliable, access to co-orbiting assets within limited range

Standardized, semi-autonomous, fail-safe

Astronaut’s “extra pair of hands”

Lightweight, flexible, maintainable suits for repeated use in dusty environments

Performance Parameters

Crew health and comfortLife support

Astronaut mobility and safety during in-space tasks

Individual maneuvering units

Co-orbiting assetsRendezvous/docking systems

Integrated computing and tool handling

Robotic assistants

Support EVAs for complex assembly and lunar exploration

Advanced spacesuits

FunctionDevelopment

Other Developments

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Life sciences human tended laboratories on Moon and Mars:

Genetic research: Cell, sperm/ovocyte conservation, fecondation, DNA library, cloning (science, technique, ethics)

Biospheres on the Moon: Minimum Sustained Communities, human base, Species diversity repository, embryology, refuge, Noah’s Ark

Expand Earth life to Moon and Mars: life support systems, humans, resource utilisation, live off the land, biospheres, sustained development, terra-forming?

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Human aspects: Moon as test bed for human solar system exploration

Man/machine interfaces, Man/robotics coordination and synergies,

Architecture design and operations of lunar base

Life support systems

Low gravity physiology laboratory, Local and Telemedecine

Infrastructures: communication, transport, construction, exploitation

Psychology, Social and Multi-cultural Laboratory

Sustained development

Commercial development

Biospheres on the Moon

Human expansion in solar system

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ROAD MAP TO THE MOON VILLAGE, MARS AND BEYOND, Foing & ILEWG 2005 (approved, robotic, life sciences/ manned)

Setting an International Lunar robotic village and Mars robotic outpost

• 2010 US Lander, Selene-B, Polar landers, rovers, ice explorers

• 2011 Technolanders MSL? , scouts/ ExoMars ( life, hazards)

• 2012 Chang’e 2 lander Life sciences on the Moon Network science

• 2013 “Robotic village” Surface infrastructures, energy, ISRU ExoMars ( life, hazards)

• 2014 Astrobiology/ Precursor life sciences lab Hydrothermal mapper

Setting a manned lunar base, deep space facilities and learning for Mars

2015 CEV, Manned orbital infrastructure, telescopes at L1 and SEL2

2016 Large robots Man tended/robotic missions for lunar base

2017 Deployment Habitat, life support, infrastructures (Sputnik 60 yrs ) Life search sample MSR

• 2019 Early Earth Attic sample return mission (Apollo 11 50 years), Chang’e 3 return,

• 2020 Lunar base 10 people for 100 days => Permanent human presence

• 2025 Farside LunaMars Human Missions to NEO, Human Mission to Phobos

• 2030 Lunar village Mars manned mission

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Reserve slides

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Characteristics• A logical, systematic, evolutionary architecture• Using integrated robotic and human exploration• To enable permanent human exploration of the solar system• Human exploration of Mars is a challenging goal in the next decades• Treats human space exploration as a global enterprise• Not a strategic plan or a product of any space agency• Not a technical report; emphasis is on principles, architectures, and

identification of required trade studies

Status• Interim reports at World Space Congress (Oct ‘02) and IAC (Oct ‘03)• International workshop at ESTEC (Sept ‘03)• Peer review completed July ’04, presented at COSPAR04 and IAF04

The Next Steps in Exploring Deep Space

GoalTo provide a vision for the scientific exploration of

space in the 21st Century

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Approach: set exploration goals first, then destinations• First determine “why” society should support such an enterprise• Then determine “what” the goals are to satisfy these imperatives• From the goals determine “where” and “how” to accomplish them• Then devise a logical, systematic and evolutionary exploration

architecture to achieve the goals

A strategy for science co-driven exploration

Guiding principles: • Address questions of broad public and scientific interest• Determine the goals first, then derive destinations and a plan• Utilize robots where capable and humans where required

Desired outcome: • A systematic plan for continuous exploration of space, to go

wherever we choose to go• Flexible--adjust destinations to manage cost and risk• Affordable--no ‘Apollo-like’ bulge, set annual investment level• Sustainable--progressive set of goals to maintain public interest

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Fundamental questions lead to exploration objectives:What are the goals and where do we need to go?

These exploration objectives lead to four destinations which can be reached by humans in the next 50 years…

Where do we come from?

• Determine how the universe of stars and planets began and evolved

• Determine the origin and evolution of Earth and its biosphere

Are we alone?

• Determine if there is or ever has been other life in the solar system• Determine if there are life-bearing planets around other stars

What will happen to us in the future?

• Determine the nature of the space environment and cosmic hazards to Earth

• Determine the potential for permanent human presence in space

Sun-Earth L2 The Moon Near-Earth Objects Mars

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The Next Steps in Exploring Deep Space

Sun-EarthL2

Moon

Near-Earth Objects

Phobos/Deimos

Mars

A goal-driven strategy…a stepping-stone approach

• No single destination for human spaceflight-- exploration and discovery will continue to draw us into the solar system

• A logical progression to successively more difficult destinations--Mars is the goal that frames our investments in the next 50 years

• An evolutionary approach leading to human presence at the Moon, Sun-Earth L2, NEO’s, Mars

• Incremental investments and important discoveries ensure sustainability--adjust destinations and schedule as necessary to manage cost and risk

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Dedicated Cargo Delivery

A Mars Outpost (Surface)• Pre-emplaced scientific equipment and

engineering infrastructure• Intelligent integration of robotic-human

capabilities optimizes science return and enhances crew efficiency and safety

• Minimizes mass and flight time for crew• Verified emplacement of critical assets in

advance of crew departure from Earth• Highly-efficient Solar or Nuclear Electric

Propulsion delivers large masses

Separation of crew and cargo is an architectural principle

A Mars Waystation•Orbital Safe-haven, Laboratories and

Operations Command Post for humans•Teleoperate surface robots

Mars OrbitalWaystation

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Large telescopes group:

– Science: cosmology and structure of Universe, physics beyond Einstein, exo-Earths, life in the universe

– Telescopes at Sun-Earth L2

– Far infrared & X ray interferometers

– hypertelescope: imaging exo-Earths

– LISA II, cosmic microwave background polarisation mapper

– giant 30-100m IR cold telescopes,

– Interest for Telescope maintenance/ Human repair: garage vs automobile club service

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Candidate Stepping Stones

GEV ITV CTV

LDAV MDAV

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ITV Mission Concept-1

Crew/return capsulerendezvous and transfer to ITV

ITVinterplanetary

departure(Perigee maneuver)

Earth

GEV return to LEO

ITVmultiple phasing

orbits usinglunar swingbys

GEV/crewtaxi to ITVusing highapogeetransfer orbit

SEL2

ITV transit to NEA

Autonomous

departure

ITV stationed in SEL2 halo

orbit

ITV

rendezvous

with NEA

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ITV Mission Concept-2

ITV insertion into elliptical Earth orbit

Moon

Earth

Crew direct Earth entry ITV returns

to halo orbit for re-use

SEL2

ITV multipleEarth orbits andlunar swingbys

DepartNEA

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Building Block Capability Development

• Architecture should require just one new major capability for each step• Enables management of incremental investments and mission risk• Major developments are coupled with evolution in other required capabilities• Gradually builds the suite of capabilities required for Mars exploration and a sustainable

presence in the solar system

Mars descent/ascent system, habitats, tools

Mars Surface4: Down to Mars

Cargo Transport Vehicle (CTV)

Mars Orbit, Phobos/Deimos

3: On to Mars

Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle (ITV)

Near-Earth Objects2: Deep Space

GeospaceExploration Vehicle (GEV)

Sun-Earth L2, Moon1: Beyond LEO

Major New Capability

DestinationStep

Advanced sensors for NEO internal structure and composition; prototype resource production; anchoring techniques

Small “pods” or enhanced backpacks allowing crew to approach, land on, and explore NEOs; 8-12 hour duration

Nearly complete H2O recycling, O2 regeneration, micro-gravity countermeasures or artificial g

Enlarged Apollo-derived capsule, crew 5-7

Crew 5-7, 1-year mission growing to 3 years, chemical propulsion 6-8 km/s, solar power

Performance Parameters

NEW science and resource utilization

Exploration tools

Crew EVA for servicing and NEO exploration

Crew mobility systems

Crew health for 6-12 month mission

Extended life support

Crew final transport and Earth re-entry

Enhanced crew return capsule

Crew transportation to/from NEO

Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle (ITV)

FunctionDevelopment

Step 2: Into the Solar SystemAsteroid Exploration

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Destination: Mars

Outposts on Mars - robots & humans working together

• Determine the geological and climatological histories of the Mars• Determine the history of water and its distribution and form on Mars• Search for evidence of past and current life on Mars• Establish a permanent human presence on Mars - the most Earth-like planet

Exploration architecture• Cargo travels separately via NEP; crew rendezvous with cargo at Mars

• All exploration equipment and habitats arrive before crew to reduce risk– Emplacement in a robotic outpost to prepare surface infrastructure

• Phobos/Deimos a likely first destination in Martian system to reduce incremental investment; high commonality with NEO infrastructure

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International Mars Robotic Exploration Programme

• Pathfinder 4 dec 1996

• Mars Global Surveyor 7 Nov 1996

• Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001

• Mars Express (ESA) June 2003

• Mars Exploration Rovers June-July 2003

• Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Aug 2005

• Phoenix Scout polar Lander Aug 2007

• Mars Telecom Orbiter 2009

• Mars Science Laboratory 2011

• Mars scouts + Mars testbeds + (Phobos-Grunt RU?) 2011

• ExoMars lander, 2011-13

• Mars Sample Return 2017

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Water erosion: MEX-HRSC Orbit 334: Candor Chasma

51Orbit 0024

Crater Gusev

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Landing on the Elysium frozen sea

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MARS group report (I)

• Fleet of technology and science missions (Pathfinder, MGS, Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Exploration rovers)

• Near future (2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 2007 Phoenix, 2009 Mars Science Laboratory, 2011 EuroExomars)

• Mars network missions for science and supporting human exploration

• Science (comparative planetology, geology, atmosphere, follow the water, exobiology)

• Global survey (radar, water, hydrothermal)

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MARS group report (II)

• 2009-2011 MSL,

• EuroMars lander building on experience MEX/Beagle2, Netlander, ExoMars studies

• 2011- 2016 scouts,

• 2016 MSR sample return precursors and search for life,

• Advanced robotics, Resource utilisation, planetary protection

• 2020-2022 less favourable (lunar/NEO demos)

• Technical, medical, ethical aspects of human to Mars

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Social Benefits from Moon-Mars Exploration

• Knowledge Benefits from Science exploration

– Origin/evolution of Earth- Moon, Mars

– Comparative planetology

– New Instruments (from orbit & surface)

– Survey of resources

• Human and Social benefits

– Promotion of science and technology

– Regional identity and political pride

– Peaceful collaboration contributing to international security

– Innovation/exploration

– Education/outreach

– Robotics/biotechnology spin off

– Commercial initiatives

– Resource utilisation

– Ecosystems on Moon/Mars

– Environment Protection

– Sustained development

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International Lunar Robotic Exploration Programme

• Muses-A Hiten Lunar Navigation (ISAS) 1990

• Clementine (US, BMDO) Multi-band Imaging, technology demonstration 1994

• Lunar Prospector (US, NASA Discovery) Neutron, gamma ray low res mapping 1998

• SMART-1 (ESA Technology Mission, geochemistry, high resolution) 2003

• SELENE (J, ISAS/NASDA) Ambitious orbiter instruments for science 2006FY

• Lunar A (J, ISAS Science) 2 penetrators with seismometers + equator camera

• Chang’e 1 orbiter (CNSA, China) 2006-7

• Chandrayaan-1 (ISRO, India) Lunar Orbiter, launch PSLV 2007-8

• US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 2008

• Soft landers and technology test beds (US, Japan, China, Europe, India) > 2010

• South Pole Aitken Basin Sample Return > 2010 TBC

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To Understand - the scientific imperative• Knowledge and understanding of what surrounds us in space• Answers to fundamental questions of our origins and destiny• Advance and sustain human experience and technological progress

To Unify - the political imperative• Toward a global endeavor without national boundaries• Toward mutual achievement and security through challenging

enterprise• Toward human utilization of the solar system

The Imperatives: Why Explore Deep Space?

To Explore - the cultural imperative• Expand the frontiers of human experience• Fulfill the human need to advance and learn• Inspire, educate, and engage our youth and the

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