luminosity - cern€¦ · n o p cm s massimo placidi roma2 uni v ersity, dec. 2002. luminosity at...
TRANSCRIPT
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
1
TH
EM
EA
SU
RE
ME
NT
OF
TH
ELU
MIN
OS
ITY
AT
TH
ELH
C
M.P
laci
di/C
ER
N
Lum
inos
ityco
nsid
erat
ions
Inte
ract
ionR
ate
Det
ecto
rs
Impl
emen
tatio
nan
dD
etec
tors
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
2
The
LHC
inth
eLE
Ptu
nnel
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
3
The
LHC
Inte
ract
ion
Reg
ions
LHC
:T
wo
sepa
rate
Rin
gsan
dF
our
IPs
IPpa
ram
eter
sde
pend
onea
chrin
gop
tics
The
IRs
Bef
ore
com
mis
sion
ing:
4po
ssib
lydi
ffere
ntem
ittan
ces
upto
4fu
nctio
nsat
each
IP
upto
16be
amsi
zesa
tthe
4co
llisi
onpo
ints
IRD
:ac
cele
rato
rtoo
lsfo
rIR
com
mis
sion
ing
(aka
Lum
inom
eter
s)
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
4
Not
atio
ns
Lum
inos
ityat
each
IP:
cont
ribut
ion
from
sing
le-b
unch
lum
inos
ities
����
��� � ���� �
������
Inde
xes
iden
tify
the
� pai
rsof
bunc
hesc
ollid
ing
atth
e
� IP
.
Gau
ssia
ndis
trib
utio
ns:
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���
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���
��
��
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� �� ��
conv
olut
edbe
amsi
zes
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cros
sing
angl
efun
ctio
n
��
�����
colli
sion
offs
etfu
nctio
n
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
5
The
norm
aliz
edim
pact
para
met
er
:co
llisi
onof
fset
s(lo
ngra
ngeb
eam
-bea
m,Pa
cman
)
� ��
� ���
�
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
6
Afte
rC
omm
issi
onin
g...
Des
ign
requ
irem
ents
for
emitt
ance
sand
optic
alfu
nctio
nsat
IP
�
� �
�
��
� ��
�
�
� �
�
prov
ide
the
know
nex
pres
sion
for
equa
lGau
ssia
nbun
chsi
zes:
� !
����
�
�
��
�
"�
��
����
�� ��
�
#
��
�
norm
aliz
edem
ittan
ce
�
lum
inos
itype
rbun
chX
-ing
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
7
IRD
Task
s
Bea
mfin
ding
proc
edur
esan
dov
erla
pop
timiz
atio
n
IPop
tics
tuni
ng
Cro
ss-c
heck
lum
inos
ityat
diffe
rent
IPs
Tune
lum
idi
ffere
nces
atIP
1an
dIP
5(s
ymm
etry
)
Arb
itrat
edi
scre
panc
iesb
etw
eene
xper
imen
tmea
sure
men
ts
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
8
Req
uire
men
ts
Rel
ativ
elu
min
osity
toop
timiz
ean
dm
aint
ain
colli
sion
oper
atio
n
Abs
olut
eca
libra
tion
agai
nstT
OT
EM
()
and
expe
rimen
ts
Ove
rall
dyna
mic
rang
esi
ngle
-bun
chto
full
beam
colli
sion
s:
bunc
h-by
-bun
ch:
dete
ctor
dyna
mic
s
full
beam
:40
MH
z/2
5ns
dete
ctor
and
acqu
isiti
onsp
eed
1%se
cac
cura
cyat
nom
inal
(cm
s)
lum
inos
ity
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
9
Hig
h-IR
Par
amet
ers
PAR
AM
ET
ER
NO
MIN
AL
ppR
UN
UN
IT
CM
Ene
rgy
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rent
zfa
ctor
(
)
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ion
freq
uenc
y
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umbe
rof
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h
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)
11
Col
lidin
gbu
nche
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am
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Nor
mal
ized
emitt
ance
9;:
)
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ue
=>@?3=>@A
)
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unch
tran
sv.s
izes
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s)
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)
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unch
dive
rgen
ce(r
ms)
BC >
)
< rad
Bun
chle
ngth
(rm
s)BED
))
cmns
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alcr
ossi
ngan
gle
rad
Cro
ssin
gang
lefo
rmfa
ctor
F
)
Lum
inos
ity/b
unch
cros
sing
F
)
5G
cm
H5 /Xin
gS
ingl
e-bu
nch
lum
inos
ity
IJ
)
*K
cm
H5 s
H1
Nom
inal
Lum
inos
ity
LMN
OP
cm
H5 s
H1
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
10
Lum
inos
ityS
cena
rios
Lum
inos
itysc
enar
iosf
orbe
amfin
ding
,sin
gle
bunc
han
dde
sign
oper
atio
n.
Pro
tons
Pb-
ions
MO
DE
�
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(p/b
unch
)(c
m
H5 s
H1 )
�
(p/b
unch
)(c
mH5 sH1 )
1
Q
RS
beam
findi
ng(
)
1
Q
RS
sing
le-b
unch
(pilo
t)
1
TT
UV
1
S
RW
sing
le-b
unch
(nom
inal
)
2808
TT
UW59
2
S
RX
Des
ign
Per
form
ance
YZ
YZ
X-in
gan
glec
ollis
ions
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
11
Impl
emen
tatio
n
Pro
posa
l:W
.C.T
urne
r/L
BN
L-
1998
Inst
rum
ent
TAN
and/
orTA
SA
bsor
bers
atLH
CH
igh
Lum
inos
ityIP
s
TA
Non
ly:
Lum
inos
ity
TA
Nan
dT
AS
:Lu
min
osity
Cro
ssin
gAng
leIP
Pos
ition
@T
AN
:D
etec
tFlu
xof
Neu
tral
part
icle
sfr
omIP
s
@T
AS
:Det
ectF
lux
ofC
harg
edpa
rtic
les
Det
ecto
rs
Ioni
satio
nC
ham
ber(
CE
RN
/LB
NL
Col
labo
ratio
n)
CdT
eS
olid
stat
e(C
ER
N/L
ET
IC
olla
bora
tion)
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
12
IR:
Col
lisio
nG
eom
etry
TA
NL
TA
NR
D1 L
D1 R
∆MR
Θ* 1M
L∆
z* os
Θ 2*
IP5
b
trip
let
trip
let
n
beam
1be
am2
n
inne
rin
ner
[>]\ 3[>]^
< rad
Con
tinuo
uslin
e:he
ad-o
nco
llisi
ons
(min
.bun
chsp
acin
g:
_`a
ns)
68714
5bu
nche
s/be
am
Dot
ted
line:
Xin
gan
gle
colli
sion
sN
om.b
unch
spac
ing:
25ns
(p),
100n
s(P
b-io
ns)
Col
lisio
nsp
acin
g:3.
75m
(p),
15m
(Pb-
ions
)
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
13
Ene
rgy
Dep
ositi
onfr
omIP
neut
rons
Long
itudi
nal s
how
er fr
om IP
neu
tron
s in
TA
N
X=
1mm
En=
2 T
eV /
Cop
per
5mm
7mm 10
mm
Abs
orbe
r de
pth
Z [c
m]
Total Energy Deposition [GeV/g/p]
0
0.51
1.5 14
120
1414
014
160
1418
00
0.51
1.5
01
2
Rad
ial s
how
er fr
om IP
neu
tron
s in
TA
N
Z=
25cm
En=
2 T
eV /
Cop
per
13cm
10cm
5cm
Abs
orbe
r w
idth
X [
cm]
Total Energy Deposition [GeV/g/p]
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
14
Ene
rgy
Dep
ositi
onat
TA
Ns
inIP
1an
dIP
5M
AR
Ssi
mul
ated
mea
nnu
mbe
ran
den
ergy
ofpa
rtic
lesi
ncid
ento
nTA
Ns
per
p-p
colli
sion
bdcb
:to
talp
artic
leflu
xat
e p-p
int./
s(
UW cmR s
T ).(c
ourt
esy:
N.M
okho
v,F
NA
L).
bdcb
Par
ticle
[GeV
][G
eV]
[cm
� s
]
neut
ron
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214
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g
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07.
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h
0.00
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020.
02
i
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
15
Neu
tron
rate
s
No.
ofpp
inte
ract
ions
per
bunc
hX
ing
:
jj
� �
� �m
barn
Fro
mN
.Mok
hov:
No.
ofn
perp
pin
t.:
�
n/p
pin
t.
Neu
tron
Rat
es:
�
�
� �
�
�
��� �
10n
/Xin
g
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�
�� !� �
e n/s
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
16
Sho
wer
deve
lopm
enta
tCdT
ede
pth
inT
AN
All-
char
ged
dist
ribut
ion
vs. X
(cm
)
ID Ent
ries
Mea
n
RM
SA
LLC
HA
N
2
29
1082
-0.7
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-03
0.8
507
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00
En=
2 T
eVZ
=5.
0 cm
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02
4
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char
ged
dist
ribut
ion
vs. X
(cm
)
ID Ent
ries
Mea
n
RM
SA
LLC
HA
N
2
11
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1.8
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Hxi
ng=
150
urad
Z=
2.0
cmE
n=2
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02
4
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
17
Sho
wer
deve
lopm
enta
tIC
dept
hin
TA
N
All-
char
ged
dist
ribut
ion
vs. X
(cm
)
ID Ent
ries
Mea
n
RM
SA
LLC
HA
N
2
83
6754
0.2
931E
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615
118
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En=
2 T
eVZ
=30
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m
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02
4020406080
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02
4
All-
char
ged
dist
ribut
ion
vs. X
(cm
)
ID Ent
ries
Mea
n
RM
SA
LLC
HA
N
2
76
5381
2.0
65
0.8
860
119
2.
Z=
22.0
cm
En=
2 T
eV
Hxi
ng=
150
urad
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
18
Pro
toty
peD
etec
torT
ests
Sim
ulat
eE
lect
ro-m
agne
ticS
how
ers
initi
ated
byN
eutr
als
inTA
N
Mod
ular
Fe
Abs
orbe
ron
H4
SP
S30
0G
eV-B
eam
Pro
toty
peIC
@S
how
erM
axim
um
Test
Det
ecto
rSen
sitiv
ityan
dS
peed
Com
pare
Det
ecto
rPer
form
ance
toD
esig
n
Com
pare
sign
alam
plitu
des
with
MA
RS
pred
ictio
ns
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
19
Out
look
/CdT
e
CdT
efa
stsi
gnal
resp
onse
mat
ches
40M
Hz
data
acqu
isiti
on
Sen
sitiv
ityab
ove
100
elec
trons
per
mic
ron/
MIP
allo
ws
sim
ple
desi
gn
Irra
diat
ion
test
sup
ton/
cmno
sign
ifica
ntm
odifi
catio
nin
carr
ier
lifet
ime
obse
rved
Per
form
ance
test
safte
rirr
adia
tion
upto
n/cm
are
onth
ew
ay
Dar
kcu
rren
ttem
pera
ture
depe
nden
cedo
esno
taffe
ctsi
gnal
char
acte
ristic
sM
assi
mo
Pla
cidi
Rom
a2U
nive
rsity
,Dec
.200
2
Lum
inos
ityat
the
LHC
20
Out
look
/Ion
isat
ion
Cha
mbe
r
Sig
nala
ndno
ise
requ
irem
ents
have
been
met
40M
Hz
band
wid
thfo
rbu
nch-
by-b
unch
lum
im
easu
rem
ent
look
sat
reac
h
Goo
dag
reem
entw
ithM
AR
SS
how
ersi
mul
atio
nsfo
rex
pect
edsi
gnal
ampl
itude
and
show
erm
ax.p
ositi
on
Per
form
ance
vs.g
aspr
essu
reas
expe
cted
/pri
vate
/TA
LKS
/LH
CLU
MI/L
umiM
eas.
ps
Mas
sim
oP
laci
diR
oma2
Uni
vers
ity,D
ec.2
002