luc patthey :: swissfel photonics :: paul scherrer ... · x-ray source milestones bending magnet...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN
New opportunities with X-ray Laser Sources Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer Institut
Symposium on OLAC 2018: NTB Campus, Buchs: 12.04.18
![Page 2: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
X-Ray Source Milestones
Bending magnet
1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation (GE) 1961 1st generation synchrotron (NBS) - parasitic 1981 2nd gen. (Daresbury) - dedicated to SR 1984 3rd gen. (Grenoble) - undulators 2001 3rd+ gen. (SLS, Villigen) - high-brightness 2009 4th gen. (Stanford) - X-ray Free Electron Laser
X-ray and light sources
![Page 3: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PSI’s newest large-scale research facility: An x-ray free-electron laser (FEL)
Optical laser , resolution: - spatial: coarse - temporal: fast
Synchrotron light, resolution: - spatial: fine - temporal: slow
X-ray free-electron laser excellent spatial (Å) and temporal (fs) resolution
Direct insights into physical, chemical and biological processes governing our everyday lives
![Page 4: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
X-ray Free Electron Laser (X-FEL)
electron gun
LINAC
laser pulse Undulator 50 m
X-ray Pulse length 1- 50 fsec
0.6 km
Beamline 150 m
Experimental station
![Page 5: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History of the peak brilliance of x-ray sources
Peak brilliance: photons / (s mrad2 mm2 0.1% bw)
Unique properties of x-ray FEL pulses:
1). Shortness
2). Brilliance
3). Coherence
![Page 6: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
log
(Pow
er)
Length Saturationslength ~ 10 Lgain
gain
~ 1
05
low gain exponential gain
(high-gain linear regime)
P(z) = Po exp(z/Lgain)
non-linear
Process: „self-amplified spontaneous emission“ (SASE).
![Page 7: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LCLS 2009
LCLS-II 2020
SACLA 2011
PAL-XFEL 2016
Eu-XFEL 2017
SwissFEL 2016
FLASH 2005
FERMI 2011
World map of x-ray free-electron lasers
Hard x-rays Soft x-rays
Operational Under construction
![Page 8: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SwissFEL in a nutshell
Main parameters
Wavelength: 1 Å – 5 nm
Photon energy: 0.24 – 12.4 keV
Pulse duration: 1 – 20 fs
e- Energy 5.8 GeV
e- Bunch charge 10 – 200 pC
Repetition rate 100 Hz
ARAMIS • Hard x-ray FEL, λ = 1 Å (1.8 – 12.4 keV) • Linear polarization, variable gap undulators • Operation modes: SASE & self-seeded • First users 2018 ATHOS• Soft x-ray FEL, λ = 0.65 – 5 nm (240 – 1’930 eV) • Variable polarization Apple X undulators • Operation modes: SASE (CHIC) & self-seeded • First users 2021
1st construction phase2013 – 2016
2nd construction phase 2018 – 2020
Linac 3 Linac 1 Injector Linac 2
ATHOS 0.65 – 5 nm
ARAMIS 0.1 – 0.7 nm 0.35 GeV 2.0 GeV 3.0 GeV 2.1 – 5.8 GeV
user stations 2.6 – 3.4 GeV BC1 BC2
![Page 9: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SwissFEL Status
Jan. 13, 2013
![Page 10: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
SwissFEL Status
Injector & Linac
Building
Undulators
ARAMIS Beamline
![Page 11: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SwissFEL Status
Injector & Linac
Building
Undulators
ARAMIS Beamline
Feb’16 first users of game crossing observed (by night shift)
May’16 day&night operation established
![Page 12: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SwissFEL Progress 2017
May
Aug
Oct Nov
Dec
Dec’16 Inauguration and 1st lasing Ee = 0.35 GeV
= 240 Å
measured with Neon Gas intensity monitor
FEL beam on YAG screen
15 May 17 Lasing at 41 Å
Lasing Ee = 0.91 GeV
= 41 Å
Lasing Ee = 1.62 GeV
= 13 Å 1st Photons in X-ray beamline
First user experiment in Bernina
First user experiment in Alvra Lasing
Ee = 2.45 GeV = 5 Å
Kα1 Kα2
Kα from Fe3P
@2.340 keV
1eV
Achieved CDR nominal
e- energy 2.7 GeV 5.8 GeV
e- pulse charge 200 pC 200 pC
FEL wavelength 4 Å 1 Å
FEL pulse energy 250 J 150 J
Repetition rate 10 Hz 100 Hz
![Page 13: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Scientific Challenges
![Page 14: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pump-probe experiments at FELs
![Page 16: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Non Linear Optics: Time resolved chemistry
Canton, Kjær et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6359 (2015)
Canton, Kjær et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6359 (2015)
![Page 17: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Measure before destroy
R. Neutze, Nature 2000
![Page 18: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Visualizing dynamics in Biology at PSI
Mokso et al., Scie. Rep., 2015 Standfuss et al., Nature, 2011 Nango et al., Science 2016 (SACLA) Nogly et al., Nature Comm 2016 (LCLS)
Visualizing the motion of an object helps to understand its function
Dynamic in vivo X-ray imaging in the mm range with high μsec resolution (Synchtrotron)
Cytoplasmic
Extracellular
dynamic processes in biochemistry in atomistic detail with up to picosecond resolution(Free Electron lasers)
![Page 19: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
First time resolved Pilot Experiment by SwissFEL: Semiconductor to metal transition in Ti3O5 nanocrystals
Collaboration: SwissFEL Bernina team and M. Cammarata et al., Univ. Rennes in collaboration with prof. S. Ohkoshi & H. Tokoro (Tokyo University) •3rd Harm: ~109 ph/pulse @ 6.6 KeV (220 μJ @ 1st harm) •Laser: 800nm, 42 mJ/cm2
Jungfrau 1.5 M (average 100 images)
Nature Chemistry : 10.1038/nchem.67
•Precisely Mapping Multiscale dynamics from ~1 ps to tens of μs
•Acoustic expansion precedes phase transition(s)
•High resolution allowed understanding transformation pathway: β→α→λ
Light induced Debye Scherrer ring differences
![Page 20: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Collaboration SwissFEL Alvra team and J. Szlachetko, J. Czapla-Masztafiak, W. M. Kwiatek (Inst. of Nucl. Phys. PAN (Krakow) and M. Vogt (University of Bremen)
Kα1 2013.7 eV Kα2 2012.7 eV
Jungfrau 4.5M
First Pilot Experiment by SwissFEL-Alvra: UV photo-induced charge transfer in OLED system
X-ray
UV Laser Phosphorescence
Jet
Jungfrau
4.5 M
XES P Kα
Photon in 2.340 keV
[Cu4(PCP)3]+ Jet
![Page 21: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Aramis beamline courtesy: U. Flechsig and R. Follath
Flat Offset Mirrors from JTEC (2) and Zeiss (4) Size : 770 x 80 x 50 (80) mm3
Optical surface : 630 x 30 mm2 Height error : < 6 nm rms** **) within noise level of PSI metrology Microroughness : < 0.2 nm Coatings : SiC/B4C, Si , Mo/B4C
S. Spielmann-Jäggi by Offset mirror measurements
![Page 22: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
First Mirror for ARAMIS (JTEC) @ PSI 30.11.15 courtesty Rolf Follath & Uwe Flechsig
-PV (300mm): 2.6 nm (3) -Figure error: 0.5 nm rms (0.6) (full-length)
M-201 and Uwe Flechsig
![Page 23: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fluence
Beam size
r (r) r2 (0) r 'z 2
Peak fluence
)()(ˆ 2 z
Ezr
P
( Ep: pulse energy )
Max. dose absorbed by atoms
)(ˆ z
Fluence is alway lower than
damage threshold of B4C
Iron or steel critical below 50 m
![Page 24: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
36 nm SiC
Si bulk
10 nm B4C
SiC shifts the cut off to higher energies B4C covers absorption edge
B4C / SiC on Si
Mo is well known multilayer material1 No harmonic rejection in working energy range Extend range to 19000 eV (3rd harmonic),
1 M. Störmer, SPIE 7077, 707705 (2008)
Low-Z materials 20 nm Mo
Si bulk
15 nm B4C B4C / Mo on Si
Mo is Mid-Z material
Mirror coatings for Aramis
![Page 25: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Characterisation of Bilayer
Sample
15 nm B4C 20 nm Mo
Si bulk
Mo / B4C bilayer
![Page 26: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Coating of offset mirrors
First stripe: SiC + top B4C End of June 2016 Run ID T664 coating area above width: 44-75 mm (or 44-72 mm) (uncoated silicon below) Second stripe: Mo + top B4C Beginning of July 2016 Run ID T668 coating area above width: 44-75 mm (or 44-72 mm) (first stripe below)
Courtesy, M. Stoermer, HzG Geesthacht
Label
Label
![Page 27: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
XRR-measurement of Mo/B4C T668
Courtesy, M. Stoermer, HzG Geesthacht
![Page 28: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Total reflecting mirrors
Multilayer
θ
θ
small angle ->long mirrors
large angle ->short mirrors
• Multilayers only in narrow energy band • Incidence angle only a few mrad
Reflective optics
ρ: electron density, re = 2.818 10-15 m
cre
Critical angle
λ=1 Å
Θ = 4 mrad
Θ = 9 mrad
![Page 29: Luc Patthey :: SwissFEL Photonics :: Paul Scherrer ... · X-Ray Source Milestones Bending magnet 1895 Röntgen (Würzburg) 1953 Rotating-anode (Rigaku) 1947 Synchrotron radiation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042213/5eb72c739284c60c6c5d6aef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mirror
z
Multilayer gradient:
...)1()( 2210 zBzBdzd
)(2)(sin
zdz
Bragg equation
Mirror1 (HFM): B1=-0.005 / mm
Mirror2 (VFM): B1=-0.013 / mm
0
φ
θ2 θ1
Mirror
φ
θ1 θ1
φ
Graded multilayer fills the numerical aperture!
Graded Multilayer
(deg)