lte technology complete ce

LTE Technology

2 | Presentation Title | Month 2006 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Table of Contents

� Introduction

�Air Interface

�Network Architecture and Protocols

� LTE Market

�Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solution

� LTE Summary

LTE Introduction


Table of Contents

� Telephony Standards

� 3GPP Standards

� 3GPP Releases

� LTE Terminology: EPS, EUTRAN, SAE, EPC

� LTE Targets

�Evolution of Data Transmission Rates in 3GPP mobile networks

� LTE Requirements and Features


0G (radio telephones)

1GGSM/3GPP family GSM · CSD

3GPP2 family CdmaOne (IS-95)

Other D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) · CDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

GSM/3GPP family HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS

3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)iDEN family WiDEN

3GPP family UMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)3GPP family HSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B

Other Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20

3GPP family LTE Advanced

WiMAX family IEEE 802.16m

3G (IMT-2000)

4G (IMT-Advanced)

3G transitional(3.5G, 3.9G)

2G transitional(2.5G, 2.75G)

Mobile telephony and mobile telecommunications stan dardsMTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT · Autoradiopuhelin

NMT · AMPS · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC · TACS · ETACS

2G

Mobile Telephony Standards

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications defined by ITU

International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT Advanced) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications being defined by ITU

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 3GPP Standard for Mobile Telephony


3GPP Family of Standards

(Dates, Releases, Generations)

� Publication Date (not study starting date, neither deployment date!)

� 3GPP Release: R99, R4, ...

� Network Architecture: GSM, UMTS, LTE

� Mobile Telephony Generation: 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, ...

� Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSDPA, ...

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Ph1 Ph2 Ph2+ R97 R98 R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

2.5G

GSM GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE(EGPRS)

EvolvedEDGE

UMTS UMTS HSPA(HSDPA)

HSPA(HSUPA)

R7HSPA+

R8HSPA+

IMS IMS IMS

LTE Ad.4G

GSM2.75G

ETSI - GSM ETSI - 3GPP

LTE3.9G

2G

3GUMTS

3.5G


Terminology: LTE (E-UTRAN) + SAE (EPC) = EPS

� In the 3GPP RAN working groups the terms LTE (Long Term Evolution) and E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) are used interchangeably

� In the 3GPP SA working groups the term SAE (System Architecture Evolution) was used to denote the architectural effort that resulted in the EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

� The combination of LTE/SAE has become known as EPS (Evolved Packet System)

� LTE is commonly used to refer to the whole EPS– LTE is not backward compatible with the UMTS core network, it requires the new EPC

E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

EPS (Evolved Packet System)


LTE Targets

High Data Rates

Low Latency

Co-existence and interworking with UMTS/GSM and other net.

Packet Domain Only

All IP network

Improved Spectrum Efficiency

Reduced cost (CAPEX & OPEX)

Acceptable terminal complexitycost and power consumption

Flexible Spectrum and Bandwidth Assignment

Good Cell SizeGood Cell Capacity

Good Mobility Speeds

LTELTESimplified Architecture

End-to-end QoS


Data Transmission Rates

Generation Technology Transmission Rate

Note that 2G technologies are symmetric (same bitrate on uplink and downlink, while 3G and 4G are asymmetric.

9.6 kbps57.6 kbps

2.5G 115 kbps473.6 kbps1 Mbps

Downlink 2 MbpsUplink 384 kbpsDownlink 14.4 MbpsUplink 384 kbpsDownlink 14.4 MbpsUplink 5.76 MbpsDownlink 28.8 MbpsUplink 11.5 MbpsDownlink 43.2 MbpsUplink 11.5 MbpsDownlink 326.4 MbpsUplink 86.4 MbpsDownlink > 1 GbpsUplink > 500 Mbps

EDGE

3G

3.9G(super 3G)

LTE

HSDPA

HSPA+ (R7)

HSPA+ (R8)

UMTS

GSM (HSCSD)

4G LTE Adv.

2G

2.75GEvolved EDGE

HSUPA3.5G

GSM (CSD)

GPRS


LTE Main Requirements and Features (I)

LTE Requirement LTE Results LTE-A Requirement> 100 Mbps 326.4 Mbps > 1 Gbps> 50 Mbps 86.4 Mbps > 500 Mbps

Idle > Active < 100 ms 51.25 ms + 3*S1 delay < 50 msDormant > Active < 50 ms << 50 ms < 10 ms

< 5 ms 4 ms < 5 msDownlink 3-4 HSPA (0.53 bps/Hz) 1.56 – 2.67 bps/Hz 3.5 bps/HzUplink 3-4 HSPA (0.332 bps/Hz) 0.68 – 1.03 bps/Hz 1.7 bps/HzDownlink 2-3 HSPA (0.02 bps/Hz) 0.04 – 0.08 bps/Hz 0.06 - 0.1 bps/HzUplink 2-3 HSPA (0.009 bps/Hz) 0.01-0.052 bps/Hz 0.035 - 0.6 bps/Hz

ItemPeakData Rate

Latency

SpectrumEfficiency

Average

CellEdge

ControlPlane

DownlinkUplink

User Plane

� Mobility– Optimized: 0 - 15 km/h

– High Performance: 15 - 120 km/h

– Functional: 120 - 350 km/h

� Coverage– Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets achieved in 5 km cells,

– and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells.

– Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.

� Cell Capacity– At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5

MHz


LTE Main Requirements and Features (II)

� Spectrum flexibility– LTE will support all existing GSM/UMTS frequency bands as well as new ones

– Different allocations for users: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

– FDD duplexing mode with uplink and downlink paired bands

– TDD duplexing mode with 1 unpaired band shared for uplink and downlink

� Co-existence– with GERAN/3G on adjacent channels

– with other operators on adjacent channels

– with overlapping or adjacent spectrum at country borders

� Interworking– Handover with UTRAN and GERAN

• less than 300 ms for real time services and

• less than 500 ms for non real time services

– Handover with non 3GPP Technologies (CDMA 2000, WiFi, WiMAX)

� Simplified Architecture– E-UTRAN is reduced to the Evolved Node B (eNB)

– All services via the evolved packet core (EPC) (equivalent to the Packet Subsystem). There is no Circuit Subsystem (CS)

– Clearly delineated control and user planes


LTE Main Requirements and Features (& III)

� All IP Architecture– EPC is completely based on TCP/IP

– The interface from E-UTRAN (eNB) to the EPC is based on TCP/IP

– Mobility can be based not only on the UMTS GTP tunnels but on Mobile IP (MIP) tunnels

– All services based on IP

� Cost Reductions– Derived from the simplified architecture based on open interfaces

– Multivendor RAN

– Self Organizing Network (SON) feature on the E-UTRAN

� Reduced UE Power Consumption– Discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving

� Quality of Service: – End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) supported.

– VoIP supported with at least as good radio and backhaul efficiency and latency as voice traffic over the UMTS circuit switched networks

LTE Air Interface


Table of Contents

�Multiple Access: OFDMA and SC-FDMA

�Duplexing Techniques: FDD, TDD and HD-FDD

� Frequency Bands

�Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

�Multiple Antennas Technologies (SM, SDMA)

�Modulation in LTE

�Reference Signals

�Multicast and Broadcast: E-MBMS and MBSFN


LTE Air Interface Technology

LTE air interface:– Based on OFDMA multiple

access/multiplexing on the downlink and SC-FDMAmultiple access on the uplink

– Supports FDD, TDD and HD-FDD duplexing modes

– Uses MIMO technology to increment throughput

� What does it mean?

� We will try to clarify all these terms in the following slides


Basic Multiple Access Techniques

� TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access� FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access� CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access� SDMA = Space Division Multiple Access

Imagine a bunch of people trying to maintain several simultaneous conversations in the same room:– TDMA = Speak in turns

– FDMA = Speak with different tones/pitches

– CDMA = Speak in different languages

– SDMA = Use a mechanism to address the voice to the desired person only


Multiple Access vs. Multiplexing

� All the techniques mentioned allow the use of several "subcarriers" in the same shared medium

� When several subcarriers are used by the same user/terminal we talk about multiplexing

� When different subcarriers are used by different users/terminals we talk about multiple access

� The underlying technique is the same, the term may be different. For example:– FDM = Frequency Division Multiplexing

– FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access

� Multiplexing and multiple access can be combined. For example, in LTE:– In the downlink interface (OFDMA): each terminal may use a different set of subcarriers (combining multiplexing and multiple access)

– In the uplink interface (SC-FDMA): each terminal uses a single different subcarrier (pure multiple access)

(The meaning of OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be explained later)


More Multiple Access Techniques:

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access)

� Is a type of FDMA where a large number of closely-space orthogonal subcarriers are used

� That is, it is a type of FDMA where:– the frequencies have been cleverly chosen (in mathematical terms: they are orthogonal)

– so that the digital processing required to recover the information transmitted in each subcarrier is easy and efficient (in math. terms: Fast Fourier Transform)

– allowing the use of a large number of closely-spaced (in fact overlapping) subcarriers


OFDMA:

The importance of being "orthogonal"

� Sine and cosine are "orthogonal" functions� Let us transmit a "4" in the "cosine" channel and a "2" in the "sine" channel

ˆ ˆ 4cos( ) 2sin( )x yv v t tω ω= + = +v x y�

42

+ =

v(t)

� We can recover the information in each channel multiplying the received signal by the corresponding function and integrating it:

0

0

ˆ, ( ) cos( ) 4

ˆ, ( ) sin( ) 2

Ts

Ts

v t t dt

v t t dt

ω

ω

< >= ⋅ ⋅ =

< >= ⋅ ⋅ =

∫

∫

v x

v y

�

�

∫Ts

0 Ts

4

∫Ts

0 Ts

2

( ) cos( )v t tω

( )sin( )v t tω


OFDMA:

The Fast Fourier Transform (FTT)

� In fact it is not necessary to multiply the received signal by each carrier and integrate ...

� There is a mathematical operation that can be applied to the received signal to recover the information in all channels at once: the Fourier Transform (FT)

� Basically the FT splits the signal into the component frequencies

� Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm to perform the Fourier Transform with a DSP


Multiple Access and Mobile Telephony Generations

� Most 2G technologies are based on TDMA– In particular GSM is based on TDMA

– The exception would be the IS-95 (or cmdaONE) technology used in the US

� Most 3G technologies are based on CDMA– In particular UMTS and CMDA 2000 are based on CDMA

� All 4G technologies will probably be based on OFDMA– LTE (pre-4G) is based on OFDMA

• Standard OFDMA in the downlink (several carriers per terminal)

• OFDMA variant called SC-FDMA in the uplink (one carrier per terminal, orthogonal carriers for different terminals)

– Other technologies based on OFDMA:• WiFi

• WiMAX

• ADSL (where it is called DMT <Discrete Multi-Tone>)

LTE is based on OFDMA (Standard OFDMA in the downlink

and SC-FDMA in the uplink)

LTE is based on OFDMA (Standard OFDMA in the downlink

and SC-FDMA in the uplink)


OFDMA versus SC-FDMA

� In OFDMA each data symbol is modulated in narrower subcarrier (15kHz) during a longer symbol time. Several symbols are transmitted in parallel using several subcarriers .

� In SC-FDMA each data symbol is modulated in a wider subcarrier during a shortersymbol time. Several symbols are transmitted serially along time using a single carrier .

� The two techniques transmit the same amount of data symbols in the same time period and using the same bandwidth .

� But OFDMA requires a higher variation of the signal amplitude to achieve the same signal-to-noise ratio. This requires expensive power amplifiers and high power transmission which is acceptable for the eNB but not desirable for the UE.

� OFDMA offers more granularity in assigning bandwidth to users� SC-FDMA requires less power transmission which is better suited for the UE.


Duplexing Techniques

� FDD– Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and receiver

operates at different carrier frequencies.

� TDD– Time-division duplexing (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing

to separate uplink and downlink signals� It is important to distinguish between multiple access (FDMA, TDMA) and duplexing (FDD, TDA).

While multiple access allows multiple users simultaneous access to a shared medium, duplexingrefers to how the radio channel is shared between the uplink and downlink.

��

��

GSM uses FDD

UMTS is mainly based on FDD, although there is a TDD variant (TD-SCDMA) used in some countries (e.g.: China)

LTE has been defined to support both: FDD mode and TDD mode

GSM uses FDD

UMTS is mainly based on FDD, although there is a TDD variant (TD-SCDMA) used in some countries (e.g.: China)

LTE has been defined to support both: FDD mode and TDD mode


LTE Duplexing Modes: FDD and TDD

� LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) to provide flexible operation in a variety of spectrum allocations around the world

– Only 1 unpaired frequency band is required for TDD. 2 Paired frequency bands (uplink/downlink) are required for FDD

� Unlike in UMTS where TDD is a kind of add-on to the standards, in LTE there is high degree of commonalitybetween FDD and TDD

– Dual UE terminals capable of connecting to both FDD and TDD networks are expected

– Common: slot length (0.5 ms), subframe length (1 ms), OFDMA symbol time, CP lengths, FFT sizes, sample rates, etc.


LTE Duplexing Modes: HD-FDD


GSM Frequency Bands

System Band Uplink (MHz)Downlink

(MHz)Channel number Comments

T-GSM-380 380 380.2–389.8 390.2–399.8 dynamicT-GSM-410 410 410.2–419.8 420.2–429.8 dynamicGSM-450 450 450.4–457.6 460.4–467.6 259–293 Old NMT (1G) systems. No commercial GSM deploymentsGSM-480 480 478.8–486.0 488.8–496.0 306–340GSM-710 710 698.0–716.0 728.0–746.0 dynamicGSM-750 750 747.0–762.0 777.0–792.0 438–511T-GSM-810 810 806.0–821.0 851.0–866.0 dynamicGSM-850 850 824.0–849.0 869.0–894.0 128–251 United States, Canada, and many other countries in the AmericasP-GSM-900 900 890.2–914.8 935.2–959.8 1–124 Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania and most of AsiaE-GSM-900 900 880.0–914.8 925.0–959.8 975–1023, 0-124 "Extended" GSM-900R-GSM-900 900 876.0–914.8 921.0–959.8 955–1023, 0-124 "Railways" GSM-900T-GSM-900 900 870.4–876.0 915.4–921.0 dynamicDCS-1800 1800 1710.2–1784.8 1805.2–1879.8 512–885 Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania and most of AsiaPCS-1900 1900 1850.0–1910.0 1930.0–1990.0 512–810 United States, Canada, and many other countries in the Americas


UMTS and LTE Frequency Bands

Note that the bands for TDD are unpaired because uplink and downlink share the frequenciesNote that the bands for TDD are unpaired because uplink and downlink share the frequencies

LTE will support all the bands currently specified for UMTS as well as additional bandsLTE will support all the bands currently specified for UMTS as well as additional bands

Band Freq.Common

NameUse UL (MHz) DL (MHz)

Duplex.Mode

Region

1 2100 IMT UMTS 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 FDD Europe (O2, Vodafone, Orange), Asia, Oceania, Brazil2 1900 PCS GSM-1900 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 FDD North America (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers), Chile3 1800 DCS GSM-1800 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 FDD Europe, Asia, Oceania4 1700 AWS UMTS 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 FDD USA (T-Mobile), Canada (WIND Mobile)5 850 CLR GSM-850 824 - 849 869 - 894 FDD Americas (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers), Oceania6 850 UMTS 830 - 840 875 - 885 FDD Japan (NTT docomo)7 2600 IMT-E LTE 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD Europe (future)8 900 GSM GSM-900 880 - 915 925 - 960 FDD Europe, Asia, Oceania9 1800 1749.9 - 1784.9 1844.9 - 1879.9 FDD Japan (E Mobile, NTT docomo)

10 1700 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170 FDD11 1500 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9 FDD Japan (NTT docomo)12 700 SMH 698 - 716 728 - 746 FDD USA (future) (lower SMH blocks A/B/C)13 700 SMH 777 - 787 746 - 756 FDD USA (future) (upper SMH block C)14 700 SMH 788 - 798 758 - 768 FDD USA (future) (upper SMH block D)

33 TDD34 TDD Japan (IP Mobile ), Finland35 TDD36 TDD37 TDD38 TDD39 TDD40 TDD

1910 - 19302570 - 26201880 - 19202300 - 2400

1900 - 19202010 - 20251850 - 19101930 - 1990


LTE/UMTS/GSM Frequency Bands

� GSM started in Europe in the 900 MHz band, followed by the 1800 MHz band.

� GSM was introduced in the US in the 1900 MHz band, followed by the 850 MHz band.

� UMTS started in Europe in the 2100 MHz band.

� First implementations of LTE will probably use the 2600 MHz band

Europe USdual-band 900/1800 850/1900

tri-band 900/1800/1900 850/1800/1900quad-band

UMTS/HSPA tri-band850/900/1800/1900

GSM

850/1900/2100

Multi-band phones


Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) (I)

� MIMO systems employ multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver as shown in Figure.

� They transmit independent data (say x1, x2, …, xN) on different transmit antennas simultaneously and in the same channel.

� At the receiver, a MIMO decoder users M≥N antennas. Assuming N receive antennas, and representing the signal received by each antenna as rj we have:


Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) (&II)

� Traditionally this “combination” has been treated as interference. However, by treating the channel as a matrix, we can in fact recover the independent transmitted streams {xi}.

� To recover the transmitted data stream {xi} from the {rj} we must estimate the individual channel weights hij, construct the channel matrix H.

� Having estimated H, multiplication of the vector r with the inverse of H produces the estimate of the transmitted vector x. This is equivalent to solving a set of N linear equations in N unknowns.

� Because multiple data streams are transmitted in parallel from different antennas there is a linear increase in throughput with every pair of antennas added to the system.

� An important fact to note is that unlike traditional means of increasing throughput, MIMO systems do not increase bandwidth in order to increase throughput. MIMO exploits the spatial dimension by increasing the nu mber of unique spatial paths between the transmitter and receiver (multipath cap abilities) to increase throughput .

� It is important to distinguish between SDMA and MIMO. While SDMA takes advantage of the spatial dimension to allow multiple users simultaneous access to a shared medium, MIMO uses spatial dimension to increase throughput for each individual user.

LTE uses MIMO technologyLTE uses MIMO technology


Multiple Antennas Technologies in LTE

, or MU-MIMO

� Multiple transmit antennas at eNodeB: 1,2 or 4

� Multiple receive antennas at UE: 2


Multiple Antennas Technologies in LTE Downlink and

Uplink


Modulation

� Each subcarrier is modulated to transfer information in the form of a sequence of "symbols"

� The duration of each symbol (symbol time) is fixed

� Depending on the modulation scheme, the signal in each symbol is modulated in phase and/oramplitude to represent one of a certain constelation of possible values (states)

� In LTE the following modulationschemes are used:– QPSK,

– 16QAM

– 64QAM

f

one symbol

Subcarrier

tSymbol time


Modulation in LTE: QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM

Phase 0º(cosine)

Phase 180º(-cosine)

Phase 270º(-sine)

Amplitude = 1

4 states = 2 bits00

10

11

01

Example of QPSK constelation

States Bits/SymbolQPSK 4 2

16QAM 16 464QAM 64 6

Phase 90º(sine)


LTE Downlink: Scalable OFDMA

– The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA

•Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast

– symbol time fixed at T = 1/15kHz = 66.67 µs

•Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)

Serial to Parallel

IFFT

bit stream user 1

. . .Parallel to Serial

add CP

Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation

20 MHz: 2048 pt IFFT

10 MHz: 1024 pt IFFT

5 MHz: 512 pt IFFT

Serial to Parallel

bit stream user 2 Encoding +

Interleaving + Modulation

No in-cell interference -different users use different

subcarriers


LTE Uplink: DFT-SOFDM Transmitter and Receiver Chain

S�P

. . .

IFFT

bit stream . . . P�S D/A

A/DS�P

. . .

FFT

. . .

P�S

add CP

RF Tx

RF Rx

remove CP

Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation

Demod + de-

interleave + decode

. . . DFT

IDFT

. . .

Equalizer

. . .

Subcarrier mapping

Subcarrier demapping


LTE Downlink: Scalable OFDMA

t

f

Physical Resource Block (PRB)

= 7 symbols X 12 subcarriers (short CP), or;

6 symbols X 12 subcarriers (long CP)

This is the minimum unit of allocation in LTE

first 1..3 OFDM symbols* reserved for L1/L2 control signaling (PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH)

one OFDM symbol

Subcarrier

Resource Element is a single subcarrier in an OFDM symbol

Slot (0.5 ms)

Subframe (1 ms)

Slot (0.5 ms)

15 kHz

PRB

subframe

* 2..4 symbols for 1.4 MHz bandwidth only

4.67 µs (short)16.67 µs (long)

LTE frames are 10 msec in duration. They are divided into 10 subframes,

CP Symbol Data

66.67 µs


LTE Downlink Numerology (FDD)

Transmission BW 1.3 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz192 kHz 3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz

(1/2 x 3.84) (1 x 3.84) (2 x 3.84) (4 x 3.84) (6 x 3.84) (8 x 3.84)

FFT Size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Number of PBRs 6 15 25 50 75 100# of Usable Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Sampling Frequency

FFT sizes chosen such that sampling rates are a multiple of the UMTS chip rate (3.84 MHz)

Eases implementation of dual mode UMTS/LTE terminals


Reference Signal

� Reference signals are generated as the product of an orthogonal sequence and a pseudo-random numerical (PRN) sequence.

� Overall, there are 510 unique reference signals possible.

� A specified reference signal is assigned to each cell within a network and acts as a cell-specific identifier.

� UE must get an accurate CIR from each transmitting antenna. Therefore, when a reference signal is transmitted from one antenna port, the other antenna ports in the cell are idle.

� Reference signals are sent on every sixth subcarrier. CIR estimates for subcarriers that do not bear reference signals arecomputed via interpolation.


Reference SignalRS overhead

4.8% for 1 Tx

9.5% for 2 Tx

14.3% for 4 Tx

�In the multi-antenna case, there is a need for a RS power boost to overcome interference from neighbor cell data transmission

�Cell-specific frequency shift of RS position to avoid RS overlap


Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)

– E-MBMS can be used in synchronous or asynchronous networks, and can either be on a stand-alone E-MBMS carrier or multiplexed with unicast traffic

• Subframes reserved for broadcast are reserved periodically in time

• TDM of broadcast and unicast subframes (FDM is not allowed)

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Broadcast

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Broadcast

Unicast

Unicast

time1ms subframe

– With E-MBMS, multiple users receive the same information using the same radio resources � much more efficient approach for delivering common content

• Examples: television broadcasts, news updates, sports scores, etc.

• Broadcast: every user receives content

• Multicast: only users with a subscriptions receive content

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast

Unicast


Multicast Broadcast on a Single Frequency Network

(MBSFN)

– MBSFN refers to a mode of E-MBMS where synchronized transmission of the same content from multiple cells on same set of subcarriers takes place

• Appears as extra multipath at the mobile, as long as signal components from different cells arrive within the CP length � diversity gains exploited for “free” with over the air combining

• An extended CP length is used for broadcast subframes to account for propagation delay from different cells

• CP length extended from 4.7 ms to 16.6 ms (increased CP overhead)

• 6 OFDM symbols per slot for broadcast (instead of 7 for unicast)

LTENetwork Architecture and Protocols


Table of Contents

� Network Architecture� LTE-Uu Interface� E-UTRAN

– S1 Interface

– X2 Interface

– eNB Functions

– Radio Resource Control (RRC)

– Inter-cell Interference Control

– SON (Self-Organizing Networks)

� EPC– MME Functions

– MME Interfaces

– Bearer Management

– LTE Initial Attach/Default Bearer Establishment (High Level View)

– Serving & PDN Gateway

– PCRF and QoS

– User Plane Protocols

– S5 Interface: GTP and GRE


E-UTRAN

eNB

LTE

EPC

Serving-GW PDN-GW

3GPP Family Mobile Networks Architecture

IMSIP Multimedia

Subsystem

IP Multimedia NetworkVoIP Network

NGN

Circuit SwitchedDomain

MSC

PSTNCircuit Switched

Voice Network

GERAN

BTS BSC

GSM

Packet SwitchedDomain

SGSN GGSN

IP NetworkData Network

/ GPRS

UTRAN

Node B RNC

UMTS

User Plane

MME PCRF

Control Plane


Evolved Packet System Architecture Overview

EPS is based upon an end-to-end all-IP architecture

� All services are delivered over IP

� Clearly delineated control plane & data plane

� Simplified network architecture: from 2 to 1 core

MME

PCRF

SGW PDN GW

PDSN HA


Evolution to EPS

A Unified IP-based Always-on, QoS-enabled Network

Legacy Infrastructure

RNCGGSN

Evolved Packet System

Radio Mobility Intelligence placed

in the eNB

1 2 4

BTS PacketServices

Multi-Media

Services

PDSN

Backhaul

(TDM/ATM)

RNC Bearer mobility

collapse into the SGW

3

Backhaul transition

To IP/Ethernet

Backhaul

(IP/Ethernet)

MCS voice and SGSN packet mobility collapse into the SGW

RNC control distributed into the MME/eNB

SGSN control collapses into

the MME

CS Core

PS Core

5

CS and PSCollapse into a

Unified IP backbone

Service aware and

mobile aware IP network

6

MME

SGW PDN GWeNB

PCRF

GGSN collapses into the PDN GW

CSServices

All servicesdeliveredover IP


EPS Architecture: Functional Description of Nodes

� eNB- contains all radio access functions

� Functions for Radio Resource

Management:

� Radio Bearer Control,

� Radio Admission Control,

� Connection Mobility Control,

� Dynamic allocation of

resources to UEs in both uplink

and downlink (scheduling);

� IP header compression and

encryption of user data stream;

� Selection of an MME at UE

attachment;

� Mobility Management Entity

� Authentication

� Tracking area list management

� Idle mode UE reachability

� S-GW/PDN-GW selection

� Inter core network node signaling for

mobility between 2G/3G and LTE

� Bearer management functions

� Serving Gateway

� Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers

� Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP handovers

� Idle mode DL packet buffering

� Lawful interception

� Packet routing and forwarding

� PDN Gateway

� IP anchor point for bearers

� UE IP address allocation

� Per-user based packet filtering

� Connectivity to packet data network

Policy

PCRF

Policy Decisions

� Policy & Charging Rules Function

� Network control of Service Data Flow

(SDF) detection, gating, QoS & flow

based charging

� Dynamic policy decision on service

data flow treatment in the PCEF

(xGW)

� Authorizes QoS resources


LTE Network (non-roaming)

MME

HSS

eNB

UE

eUTRAN

GERAN

UTRAN

Serving GW

PDN

PCRF

TrustedNon 3GPPIP CAN

Non-TrustedNon 3GPPIP CAN

E-PDG

SGSN

Operator IP Services

Other IP Networks

LTE-Uu

S1-MME

S10 S11

S3

S1-U

S4

S12

S5

Gxx S7(Gx) SGi

Rx

S6a

AAA

S6bS2b

SWn

S2c

S2a

UE

X2

Proxy Mobile IPv6or MIPv4 in FA mode

Dual-StackMobile IPv6

3GPP Network

non-3GPP Access

SGi


LTE Network (Roaming)


E-UTRAN Architecture: LTE-Uu interface

� User plane– BMC layer is not needed in E-UTRAN, since MBMS is used to broadcast

– RLC/MAC layer (terminated in eNB):• Scheduling, ARQ, HARQ

– PDCP layer (moved now to eNB): • Header Compression (ROHC), Ciphering, Integrity protection…

� Control Plane– RRC terminated in eNB

• Broadcast, Paging, RRC connection management, RB control, Mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and control


E-UTRAN Architecture: S1 and X2 interfaces

SCTP

IP

Data link layer

S1-AP

Physical layer

S1 Interface Control Plane (eNB-MME)

SCTP

IP

Data link layer

X2-AP

Physical layer

X2 Interface Control Plane

� E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE– Fully distributed radio access network architecture

� eNBs may be interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface– X2 supports enhanced mobility, inter-cell interference management, and SON functionalities

� eNBs are connected by means of the S1 interface to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


E-UTRAN Architecture: eNB Functions

� Radio Resource Management functions� Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection

Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling)

� Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling

� IP header compression and encryption of user data stream� Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an

MME can be determined from the information provided by the UE

� Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway� Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated

from the MME)� Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information

(originated from the MME or O&M)


RRC: Radio Resource Control

� In LTE the UE has only two RRC states:– RRC_IDLE

– RRC_CONNECTED

�After a long period of inactivity, an UE can go to RRC_IDLE state, releasing some of the radio resources, without losing the "registration" with the EPC (for example, without losing its IP address)

�On RRC_IDLE state the UE is still able to receive broadcast/multicast data and can receive the "paging" message that takes the UE to RRC_CONNECTED state again.


RRC: Connection Setup

RRC: Connection Request

RRC: Connection Setup Complete

RRC Procedures

� Other procedures:– Connection Release

– Connection Reconfiguration

– Connection Re-establishment

– Initial Security Activation

– UL Information Transfer (of NAS control protocol info)

– DL Information Transfer (of NAS control protocol info)

UE eNB UE eNB

RRC: Paging

Connection Establishment

Paging


Inter-cell interference control over X2

� Dynamic inter-cell interference management is supported in E-UTRAN based on messages exchanged between neighbour eNBs over X2

� Uplink interference– Overload Indicator message (reactive scheme)

• Indicates the interference level experienced by the eNB in certain PRBs

• Typically used to indicate high interference situations experienced by eNBs

– High Interference Indicator message (proactive scheme)• Indicates that the eNB is going to schedule some cell-edge users in certain PRBs

� Downlink interference– Relative Narrowband Tx Powermessage

• Indicates, per PRB, whether the downlink Tx power is lower than a certain threshold

� Inter-cell interference mitigation/coordination by means of Intelligent scheduling based on priority allocation of sub-frame/sub-carrier allocation, frequency scheduling, power levels coupled to sub-band priorities, soft reuse: power levels coupled to groups of sub-bands etc.


Self Organizing Networks (SON)

�E-UTRAN supports multiple SON functions– Allow to automate network configuration/optimization processes and thus reduce the need for centralized planning and human intervention

– "plug and play" eNBs

�SON functions are mostly enabled by the exchange of information between neighbour eNBs– Some functions rely also on UE assistance


SON functions supported in the standard

� Automatic Neighbour Relation function– Allows the eNB to build and maintain its neighbour relations based on UE reports (Function relies on connected mode UEs that can read and report the Cell Global Identity (CGI) of a neighbour cell)

� Automatic PCI selection– Allows the eNB to select its own Physical Cell Identifier (PCI) based on UE reports and information received from neighbour eNBs

� Dynamic configuration of X2/S1 interfaces– Allows the eNB to dynamically configure the S1-MME interface with the serving MMEs and the X2 interface with neighbour eNBs

� Physical Random Access CHanne (PRACH) parameters optimization– Allows neighbor eNBs to exchange information about their used PRACH resources (and thus avoid interference and RACH collisions)

� Mobility parameters optimization– Allows to adapt the mobility-related parameters of an eNB to enhance mobility robustness or for load-balancing reasons


MME Functions

� The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access-network.� Terminates the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling from the UE and

the GTP-C signaling from the SGW� Idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions.� Bearer management� Responsible for choosing the SGW and PDN-GW for a UE at the initial

attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation.

� UE authentication (by interacting with the HSS). � Responsible for generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. � Termination point in the network for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS

signaling and handles the security key management. � Lawful interception of signaling is also supported by the MME. � The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between

LTE and 2G/3G access networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from the SGSN.


MME Interfaces


Bearer Management

� EPS Mobility Management (EMM) is the function of controlling whether a UE is registered with the Mobile Management Entity (MME) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)– States: ‘EMM-registered’ or ‘EMM-deregistered’.

� EPS Connection Management (ECM) is a sub-function of Mobility Management. It has to do with the physical and logical connectivity to the UE through the radio network.– States: ‘ECM-Idle’ or ‘ECM-Connected’

– A mobile transferring data is always EMM-registered and ECM-connected,

– but, after a long period of inactivity, it could go to ECM-Idle state (corresponding to an underlying RRC-Idle) without losing its registration (EMM-registered)

� EPS Session Management (ESM) is the function of providing IP connectivity (by means of EPS bearers) to the UE.– Bearer Context Inactive

• When there is no EPS Bearer for the UE.

– Bearer Context Active• When there is at least one EPS Bearer for the UE.

– As soon as the UE registers (EMM-registered) at least one EPS Bearer (the default bearer) is activated. But one UE may have more than one context and more than one bearer active.


Bearer Management


Bearer Management Procedures

� The main EMM procedures are as follows:– Attach

– Detach

– Tracking Area update

– Paging

– Identification

– Security Mode Control

� The main EPS Session Management (ESM) are– Default EPS Bearer Context Activation

– EPS Bearer Context Deactivation

– Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation

– EPS Bearer Context Modification

– UE Requested PDN Connectivity

– UE Requested Disconnect

– UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation

– UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification

� ESM procedures can be performed only after a NAS connection is established (ECM-Connected).

� The Default EPS Bearer setup is performed during the EMM Attach procedure.


Bearers

� EPS Bearers provide access to PDN services for the UE– Typically a Default Bearer is established during attachment and maintained through the lifetime of the connection (always-on IP connectivity)

– Additional Dedicated Bearers can be dynamically established as the result of service requests

� The S-GW and PDN-GW manage the dynamic creation, modification and deletion of S1 and S5/S8 bearers


LTE Initial Attach/Default Bearer Establishment

(High Level View)

UE eNB MME S-GW P-GW

Attach Request

Create Default Bearer Req.

Create Default Bearer Res.

Diameter: LTE Authentication

Create Default Bearer Req.DHCP: IP Addr. assig.

Diameter: PDN Auth.

Diameter:Policy & Charg. Ctrl.

DHCP

AAA

PCRF

Create Default Bearer Res.

HSS

Diameter: Update Location, Insert Subscriber DataHSS

Default S5 BearerInitial Context Setup Req.Attach Accept

Attach Accept

Attach Complete

Default Radio Bearer Initial Context Setup Res.Attach Complete

Update Bearer req.

Update Bearer res.

Default S1-U Bearer

Default EPS Bearer

Network DiscoveryRRC Conn. Establishm.

Initial UE MessageAttach Request

Protocol Color Code:RRCS1APNASGTP-COther (indicated)

RRC-Connected

EMM-Registered


Serving & PDN Gateway


PCRF: Policy and Charging Control

� QoS is enforced at the PDN-GW level. The PDN-GW performs the PCEF (Policy & Charging Enforcement Function).– The PDN-GW is the element responsible for the ESM (EPS Session Management), that is, for EPS Bearer management.

– Fine grain QoS and Charging enforcement:

• Multiple Service Data Flows (SDF) can be aggregated onto a single EPS bearer

• UL and DL packet filters, policing, shaping, scheduling are applied to each bearer

� QoS is required by services, signaled using SIP. The elements handling SIP signaling, and aware of the QoS requirements perform called AF (Application Function)– This includes the Session Control Elements that belong to the IMS

� The PCRF acts as the policy decision point: the mediator between the AF (who knows the required QoS) and the PCEF (who enforces the QoS)– The PCRF is not a simple protocol translator

– It really takes policy decisions based on: user profile, policy rules, charging rules, etc.


PCRF: Policy and Charging Control

� Note that at least the default EPS Bearer has to be activated (steps 1 and 2) before the UE can send the service request (step 3)

� The service request consists on SIP signaling exhanged over IP


User Plane Protocols

UE


S5 Interface

� There are two types of S5 Interfaces:– GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) based

– Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) based

� GTP is the same tunneling protocol used on GPRS/UMTS network

� GRE is used together with MIP (Mobile IP) and in particular together with PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IP version 6)

� In any case, the S5 interface is based on a tunnel.

� The network between the PGW and the SGW is usually an IP network.

� But this means that there are two IP levels and two IP addresses:– The "user" IP level and the UE IP

address

– And the "SGW-PGW network" IP level and the IP address used to route the packets from PGW to SGW

� This requires encapsulation, i.e. tunneling.

LTE Market


Market Trends

iPhone and the sequel ... Real game changers

X 10XX 1010

X 50XX 5050

�AT&T x4�Telia Sonera +275%


Market TrendsiPhone and the sequel ... Real game changers

�Derek McManus, Chief Technology Officer of O2, at Fierce Wireless Europe on November 18, 2009:

“The introduction of world-class smartphones, in combination with

a wide variety of data applications, has brought about a dramatic

change in customer behavior and created an exponential demand

on mobile data networks. Data on our network has increased

twenty-fold in the last year alone, and to put this in context,

watching a YouTube video on a smartphone can use the same

capacity on the network as sending 500,000 text messages

simultaneously.”

“The introduction of world-class smartphones, in combination with

a wide variety of data applications, has brought about a dramatic

change in customer behavior and created an exponential demand

on mobile data networks. Data on our network has increased

twenty-fold in the last year alone, and to put this in context,

watching a YouTube video on a smartphone can use the same

capacity on the network as sending 500,000 text messages

simultaneously.”


New devices, new applications

Increase in the volume of traffic: M2M, Cloud Computing, Video, UGC…

Increase in the diversity of traffic: “The Internet of things”

M2M Cloud Computing Video UGC


Excellent performancefor outstanding Quality

of Experience

Spectrum flexibility

Wide spectrum and bandwidth range

cost effective IP architecture and

transport

Smooth integration

Mobility, load balancing and upgrade path

326Mbps

10ms RTT

CDMA, GSM, W-CDMA, WiMAX

20MHz

1.4MHz

2.6GHz

700MHz

Flat IP

A flexible technology addressing operators challenges

LTE is the answer


Comparison of Value Propositions Between HSPA and LTE

Networks

� When network providers explore the technology challenges in migrating to a 4G LTE network they will basically be weighing the value — and costs — of an LTE wireless network architecture versus their existing architectures, which are likely to be either 3G High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) or evolved HSPA (HSPA+), which is an advanced version of HSPA that offers an optional all-IP architecture.


MNOs committed to LTE

� According to the announcements made to end-June 2010, 158 LTE deployments (including on-going network deployments, trials and commitments of which two were in-service) are scheduled before end-2015.

� Some Mobile Network Operators committed to LTE:

� 3 (Hutchison)

� America Movil

� Etisalat

� MTN

� Orange

� Telefonica

� Telenor

� TeliaSonera

� T-Mobile

� Vodafone

� Zain

� AT&T

� China Mobile

� KDDI

� NTT DOCOMO,

� Optus,

� SK Telecom,

� Telstra

� Verizon Wireless.

Groups operating in several countries

MNO with presence in one key market


Some LTE Highlights

� Telia Sonera– First commercial LTE deployment: December 2009 in Norway and Sweden

� Verizon Wireless– US CMDA operator

– Launch in Q4 2010

� AT&T Mobile– US GSM operator

- Launch in 2011

� Germany– Four licenses assigned on the 800, 2100 and 2600 MHz bands: O2, Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone, E-Plus (KPN) <4384 M€>

– Required to launch commercial service in 2011

Main Supplier!

Main Supplier!


Case Study: Telia Sonera



� Telia Sonera LTE– December 2009: Oslo and Stockolm (2.6 GHz band)

– Coverage extended during 2010 in other Norway and Sweden cities

– Commercial roll-out in Finland and Denmark towards the end of 2010



� In June 2010, Telia Sonera started offering triple-mode modems for LTE, 3G and 2G networks; prior to this, it offered LTE-only modems.

� The triple-mode modem automatically switches between 2G and 3G but needs to be shut down for transition between 3G and LTE.

� These Samsung-manufactured USB dongles are being offered with a 30-day money back guarantee and can also be bought in an exchange offer with old LTE-only modems at no extra cost.

� The offer aims to encourage their subscribers to try LTE services.

� It plans to offer LTE compatible handsets (data only) in early 2011.


Case Study: Verizon

� Launched its 4G LTE service in 38 markets and 60 airports on December 5, 2010

� Downlink (between 5 Mbps and 10 Mbps) and uplink (between 2 Mbps and 5 Mbps).

� One-half the latency as compared with today’s 3G networks.� Rate Plans

– The first plan offers 5 GB of data for $50 per month.

– The second plan offers 10 GB of data for $80 per month.

– Users will be notified via text message when they hit 50 percent, 75 percent, 90 percent and 100 percent of their allotted bucket).

– They will be charged an additional $10 for every extra GB they use.

� The 5 GB LTE plan is priced $10 per month cheaper than Verizon’s 5 GB 3G data plan, though the LTE service provides much faster speeds. – The company believes a significant amount of customers will embrace LTE and 5 GB will not be enough so instead they will gravitate to the $80 per month plan.


Cumulative LTE Deployments (Current and Forecasted)


LTE Engagements per Vendor (End-June 2010)

Source: PortioResearch August 2010


Signed LTE Contracts

�Source: Telegeography Reseach, mid-November 2010

Huawei

Ericsson

Nokia-Siemens

Alcatel-Lucent

Other

Huawei 36%Ericsson 16%Nokia-Siemens 16%Alcatel-Lucent 14%Other 18%


LTE device availability

Instopable Waves for a fast mass market adoption

Prototype productsPrototype products

LTE New connected devices

LTE New connected devices

LTE low end handset

H1 H22009

H1 H22010

H1 H22011

H1 H22012

H1 H22013

H12014+

Field Trials Early Launches Mass Market Adoption

In 2009, LTE ecosystem is already backed by the top 5 device suppliers and the wireless chipset champions

LTE Middle end handset

3rd Gen LTE solution

2nd Gen LTE solution

LTE solution Prototype 1st Gen LTE solution

Commercial Devices (High End), USB, Netbook, Smarphone, W-DSL…Commercial Devices (High End),

USB, Netbook, Smarphone, W-DSL…

In 2011, the LTE technologies is ready for the Mass Market with mature chipsets ready for Wireless and Consumer electronic suppliers

In 2013, The LTE technologies would become commodities for smooth integration into any type of wireless synchronised devices


Example of existing LTE USB Device

� Telia-Sonera: Samsung's GT-B3730

�AT&T: USBConnect Adrenaline

2G GPRS/EDGE 800/1900 MHz 296 kbps3G UMTS/HSPA 2100 MHz 17/5.7 Mbps4G LTE 2.6 GHz 100/50 Mbps

2G GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHz3G UMTS/HSPA 850/1900/2100 MHz 7.2 Mbps4G LTE 700/1700/2100 MHz ?


First (Data only) Smartphones

� To be offered by Verizon

� HTC Droid Incredible HD ?– Expected: second quarter 2011

– 4.3 inch display

– Can be connected to a television or monitor to stream HD (1080p) video.

– Can serve as a WiFi hotspot for up to five connected devices.

�Or Motorola Etna?– March 2011?


LTE FDD deployable in any of the “3GPP” bands,… (and more)2.5/2.6 GHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.1 GHz,1900 MHz,1800 MHz,1700/2100 MHz, 1500 MHz, 900 MHz, 850 MHz, 700 MHz, 450 MHz

LTE Spectrum vision

2500-2690MHz (IMT 2000)Worldwide

Likely the only band with 20MHz of spectrum available for LTE

Likely to be popular for worldwide roaming / device

availability

900 MHz (GSM)- Europe

Operators are looking to migrate GSM 900MHz to LTE for rural scenarios

(coupled w/urban 2.6 GHz)

2100 MHz (UMTS) - Asia

Initially for Japan, Korea, and maybe Europe

1700/2100 MHz (AWS) Americas

much interest in this band (1700 also for Japan)

790-862 MHz (Digital Dividend) - Mainly Europe

Larger cell sizes and better in-building

coverage.

2100MHz – Japan/EU

1700/2100 – NAR

700MHz – NAR

2500–2690 MHz World

1800MHz– Europe & APAC

790-862MHz – Europe

(Digital Dividend)

1900MHz – NAR

850MHz – NAR

450 MHz – Europe

900MHz – Europe

1800 MHz (GSM)- Europe & Asia Pacific

Band not widely used, may see some re-farming, as

for 900MHz

Trials (07-08)2100 MHz

AWS

2009 2009 - 2010 2011 2012

700 MHz Americas

Digital Dividend


LTE vs. WiMAX

WIMAX LTEOFDMA modulation used in the uplink and downlink OFDMA modulation in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink.

Less power consumption in the UE.Only TDD supported, in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz bands. Additional bands might be added in the future. The availability of comparatively cheap spectrum at 3.5 GHz and higher frequencies in many markets is being leveraged to launch WiMAX networks.

Supports TDD and FDD. TD-LTE frequencies range from 1800 MHz to 2.6 GHz (with possible inclusion of the 3.5 GHz band in the future). LTE FDD bands range from 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz.

Standardization driven by vendors, operators, and greenfield players at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the WiMAX Forum.

3GPP standardization process led by mobile operators and top vendors.

First mover advantage. Already deployed in numerous countries while LTE was still in the trial phase.However, most deployments have been small, serving targeted communities, businesses and private institutions. WiMAX coverage is far behind conventional mobile networks cover.

Major mobile operators (AT&T, China Mobile, China Telecom, KDDI, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telstra, T-Mobile,and Verizon) have committed to LTE.

Less complex solution for regional/rural operators who don’t need roaming with 3GPP networks.

Larger market share in the long term, with betteropportunities for international and domestic roaming. Volume of production will bring down the cost of LTE equipment.

WiMAX Forum certification program supports device interoperability across vendors, but smaller market sizeresults in more limited choice of devices.

Powerful ecosystem with strong vendor and operator support to ensure future affordability and choice amongdevices.

Supports fixed, nomadic, and mobile usage scenarios. Developed with mobility in mind, but could supportfixed usage scenarios. Better mobility target (350 Km/h compared to 120 Km/h in WiMAX).


LTE vs. WiMAX: Coexistence / Migration

� Radio Network– WiMAX and LTE use the same underlying encoding scheme (OFDMA). Base Stations that

support both TD-LTE and WiMAX have been announced.

� Core Nework:– Flat IP network

– WiMAX ASN Gateway corresponds to the MME and Serving Gateway in LTE

– WiMAX HA corresponds to the LTE PDN Gateway

– While these core elements perform similar functions, they are specific to the air interface and cannot be shared by WiMAX and LTE networks.

� Switching from WiMAX to LTE is much easier than, for example, the complicated switch from CDMA to GSM or vice-versa.

� Early movers from WiMAX to LTE:– Clearwire (US)

– Yota (Russia)

– EnergyAustralia

� Key challenges in the migration– Regulatory issues (licenses for only one technology)

– Changing subscribers


LTE vs. WiMAX: Transition Scenarios


Case Study: Yota


Case Study: Yota

� Yota launched trial services in November 2008. The services were provided free-of-charge until Yota launched the service commercially in June 2009, after receiving regulatory approval.

� The service was targeted to Moscow and St. Petersburg, though in October 2009 the service was launched in Ufa.

� The service provider plans to expand its coverage to 180 cities in Russia by end-2012.

� Yota’s proprietary data services include– Yota music

– Yota Video Demo

– Yota TV

– Yap-Yap (contact synchronization service with Yota’s server)

� In May 2010 Yota announced plans to use LTE for new deployments and migrate the existing ones to LTE


Informa LTE North America Awards

� Alcatel-Lucent’s leadership in (LTE) was recognized by Informa Telecoms and Media, organizers of the LTE world series at the LTE North America 2010 Awards in Dallas with awards in three categories:

– Significant Progress for a Commercial Launch of LTE by a Vendor in the North America Region

– Best Network/Device Testing Product for LTE (Alcatel-Lucent 9900 Wireless Network Guardian)

– Best Green LTE Product or Initiative in North America (Alcatel-Lucent LTE RAN, Alternative Energy Program and Bell Labs GreenTouch™ initiative)

Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solution


Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solution

eUTRAN

7750 SR - PGW7750 SR - SGW

ePC

5780 DSC - PCRF

9471 MME

EPS

PDN

9412 eNodeB9926 BBU

User

Control

•IMS

8650 SDM - HSS

8615 IeCCF


Alcatel-Lucent LTE Management Solution

9453XMS

5620 SAM

eUTRAN

7750 SR - PGW7750 SR - SGW

ePC

5780 DSC - PCRF

9471 MME9412 eNodeB9926 BBU

PDN

8650 SDM - HSS

User

Control

OAM&P


Alcatel-Lucent eUTRAN

� 9412 eNodeB Cube

– Fully integrated eNodeB

� 9926 BBU (Base Band Unit)

– The BBU is the Base Band Unit component of a distributed configuration with separate radios.

– The 9926 BBU can be used with both remote radio heads (RRH) for distributed deployments and Transmit/Receive/duplexer Units (TRDUs) for more “classic”BTS deployments.

9926 BBU (also known as d2U-v3)

9412 eNodeB Cube


Alcatel-Lucent ePC

� 9471 MME (Mobility Management Entity)

� 5780 DSC (Dynamic Services Controller)– Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)

� 7750 SR (Service Router)– Can be configured as a mobile gateway to support GGSN functions, Signaling Gateway (SGW) and the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW)


Alcatel-Lucent HSS and CCF Functions

� 8650 Subscriber Data Management (SDM)– Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

� 8615 IeCCF (Instant enhanced Charging Collection Function)– Provides the (Offline) Charging Collection Function (CCF)


Alcatel-Lucent LTE OAM&P

� 9453 XMS (eXtended Management System)– eNodeB management

� 8650 SAM (Service Aware Management)– ePC management (9471 MME, 7750 SR, 5780 DSC)


Alcatel-Lucent LTE OAM&P Interfaces

NMS

9471MME

9412eNodeB

7750 SR(PGW)

7750 SR(SGW)

5780 DSC(PCRF)

9453 XMS

SNMPv3 Telnet & SSHFTP & SCP

5620 SAM

JMS

FM: SNMPv3CM: NETCONF/XMLPM: sftp XML

Fault Management

Configuration Management

Accounting Management

Performance Management

Security Management

(3GPP CORBA)

SOAP-XML


Alcatel-Lucent RAN OAM&P

� The 9453 XMS is used for all eNodeBs. The 9453 XMS represents a suite of management applications. The XMS 9453 supports the integration of 5620 SAM for centralized, unified fault and state management and navigation.

Product Description

9453 XMS Extended Management System manages a large portfolio of network elements for next generation wireless netwo rks integrating and converging existing 2G-3G Alcatel-L ucent Element Domain Managers.

9455 RNP The Radio Network Planning tool is usable for planning multi-technology and multi-vendor solutions.

9452 WPS The Wireless Provisioning System simplifies the provisioning and reverse engineering/auditing of the network.

9459 NPO The Network Performance Optimizer is Alcatel-Lucent’s main solution for wireless network optimization. It delivers a rich toolset enabling QoS diagnostic, correlation of performance and configuration, and QoS tuning based on network performance collection. NPO also delivers advanced reporting functions on network QoS across multi-standard wireless technologies being 2G-3G-LTE.


Alcatel-Lucent LTE project release naming convention

� LEx.x – End-to-End LTE Release– LSx.x – LTE solution feature set - ePC

– LMx.x – LTE MME

– LAx.x – LTE Access, eNodeB

– SR-OS-MG Rx.y – SGW, PGW

LTE Summary


#1 LTE Compelling performance

� Higher Peak throughput (Mbps)

� Latency Reduction

HSPA(5MHz)

HSPA+(5MHz)

LTE MIMO 2x2(20MHz)

HSPA HSPA+ WiMAX

50 ms

65 ms

50 ms

173

55

42DL11

UL14DL

5UL

LTE MIMO 4x4(20MHz)

326

86

LTE

10 ms

WiMAX (10MHz)

36DL9

UL

User created content

Multi-screen

Gaming

Low latency enables fast channel

adaptation therefore allowing high

speed applications

More…

High peak throughput enables rich

content applications over LTE

HD TV

UL

UL

DL

DL


1.4MHz 3MHz 20MHz10MHz5MHz

LTE channelization

800Mhz

2,6GHzAWS

700Mhz 2,1GHz

2,3GHz

1800MHz

900MHz

850Mhz

1900Mhz

2,5GHz

LTE FDD LTE TDD

Bandwidth flexibility for a smooth introduction

Band flexibility for a global introduction

Duplex Mode flexibility for a Optimum introduction

#2 Spectrum flexibility


#3 All-IP, simplified network architecture

110 | EPC IA Brief | March 2009

New, all-IP mobile core network introduced with LTE� End-to-end IP� Clear delineation of control plane and data plane � Simplified architecture: flat-IP architecture with a single core

LTE+EPCLTE+EPC

eNode B

CDMA / EV-DO

GSM / GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

HSPA

Evolved Packet Core(All-IP)

IP channel

Packet Switched Core

PSTN

Other mobile networks

VPN

Internet

Voice

Channels

GGSNHA

SGSNPDSN

MGW

MSC

BSC / RNC

Circuit Switched Core (Voice)

BTS

Node B

SoftswitchGMSC

2G/3G2G/3G

META (backhaul and backbone)

MME PCRF

IP channel

SGW PGW


Very large cells are cell sites that havevery large coverage areas (often used in rural areas and highways)Coverage area 10s KM

Macrocells are sites used for coverage in urban and suburban areas Coverage area 500m to 3 km

Micro AAA cellsCoverage area 100s meters

Femtocellscoverage area low 10s meters

Increased Throughput / QoS

PicocellsCoverage area high 10s meters

outdoordeployment

indoordeployment

mid power+ smart

antennas

low power isolated

from macro [15db wall

attenuation]

�

�

RelayCoverage/capa extension

#4 LTE Multilayer Deployments


Increasenetwork Quality

Reducenetwork

complexity

Fast adaptation to network conditions

• Provide Higher Quality of Experience

• Ensure service continuity

• Network design and planningsimplification

• Reduce installation and commissioning works

• Reduce OPEX

• World of data is dynamic and networks must adapt in real time

• Avoid repetitive optimization

• Avoid error-prone and slow manual operations

#5 LTE improved operational efficiency

� LTE SON (Self Organizing Network) drives– Intelligence and automation in the network

– Better service offering

� SON is the answer to solve complexity challenges

lte technology complete ce

Documents

eps lte

gpp family of standardsdates

gpp releases lte terminology

lte eutran sae epc

eps evolved packet system

rights reserved alcatellucent

gpp standards

itulong term evolution