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LSS Examination 2016 - Model ExaminationPaper 2 Part A Environmental Studies

1) Which is not a contagious disease

a) Common cold b) Tuberculosis c) Cholera d) Vitalago

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

2) In which district Muthanga wild life sanctuary is situated?

a) Kottayam b) Kozhikodu c) Idukki d) Wayanad

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

3) Plant in which dispersal of seeds takes place by breaking open the seeds.

a) Jack fruit tree b) Cashew Plant c) Pea plant d) Ilanji

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

4) Which direction is indicated on the top of an atlas

a) North b) South c) West d) East

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

5) Which state is closely situated near Arabian Sea?

a) Goa b) Telengana c) Odisha d) Andhra Pradesh

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

6) The number of regional languages approved by the Indian Constitution.

a) 20 b) 21 c) 22 d) 23

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

7) Radio was invented by

a) Edison b) Grahambel c) Marconi d) Issac Newton

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

8) Stamp collection is a hobby. This is known as ............................

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

9) The first aid to be given when dust enters your eyes

a) Pour hot water b) Rub well

c) close your eyes d) Pour pure water

Ans: ....................................................................................................................................

10) The head of Grama Panchayath is ......................................................................................

(Total Score 20)

Name : .....................................................................................................................................School : .....................................................................................................................................Phone : .....................................................................................................................................

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2

Activity - 1

A) India achieved a lot in space science. India also can stand proudly with Japan, Russia,China etc... Some of the phots of artificial satellites launched by India are shown below.Write their names. (Score - 1)

1) .............................. 2) ................................. 3) ...................................

B) The organisation which takes a lead in India's space science achievementsis ......................... (Score - 1)

C) What are the usefulness of these satellites? (Score - 3)

Weather Education Telecommunication

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a) Friends, Write the names of some organisms which are familiar to your. (Score - 1)

Ans :.................................................................................................................................

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b) What all basis you can classify them? (Score - 2)

c) Write a brief not on the basis on which you classified them?

Ans: ..................................................................................................................................

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LSS Examination 2016 - Model ExaminationPaper 2 Part B Mathematics

1) The sum and product of 3 natural numbers are same. Which are the numbers? (Score 1)Ans:....................................................................................................................................

2) A person buys a product for 7 Rs and sells for 8 Rs. Again it is bought for 9 Rs and sellsfor 10 Rs. What is the total profit? (Score 1

Ans:...............................................................................................................................3) 1

2 34 5 67 8 9 10Ans:...............................................................................................................................If this pattern continues how many numbers will be there for the 10th row?

4) A pen and pencil together cost 21 Rs. The cost of pen is 10 Rs, more than that of pencil.If so, what is the cost of pen? (Score 1)Ans:...............................................................................................................................

5) If a grain of rice weighs 100Mg, how many such grains are there in 1Kg of rice?(Score 1)

Ans:...............................................................................................................................6) 10 tonnes, 6 quintal, 1 kg means how much kg? (Score 1)

Ans:...............................................................................................................................7) If 1/3rd and 2/3 of a number when added we get 10. Which is the number? (Score 1)

Ans:...............................................................................................................................

8) (Score 1)

9) a = 10 a b = 90 a + b = ? (Score 1)Ans:...............................................................................................................................

10) A Pinapple Costs 7 Rs and apple 5 Rs. Pineapple and apple are bought for Rs.43. Thenhow many apples are there? How many pineapples? (Score 1)Ans:...............................................................................................................................

(Total Score 20)

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5

Acticity - 1a) The one day income of "Kannan" bus which runs in Aluva - Kolenchery route is given

below:-

Ticket Rate Sold Out Total7 180

9 149

10 130

12 120

13 84

15 90

18 47

20 54

a) What will be the total income of the bus one day? (Score - 2)

b) 820 Rs is given to driver, 650 Rs to conductor, 500 Rs to cleaner and 4500 Rs. fordiesel. If so how much amount the bus can keep back? (Score - 2)

c) How much income will the bus owner get in the month of January? (Score - 1)

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B) Activity 2 - Book BagUnder the leadership of PTA in Vamanapuram LP School, all classes started the schemeof Book Bag. According to this students of each class collected books. See the detailsbelow.

Selection Number Price Total

Literature 12 90

Novel 18 120

Children's Literature 38 20

Poems 30 29

Digest 18 12

Year book 4 100

Total

Find out the answers for the following questions based on the above table

1) How many books are collected? (Score - 1)

2) Which section collected the maximum number of books? (Score - 1)

3) Which section of books required maximum amount? (Score - 1)

4) How much Rupees have been collected? (Score - 1)

5) If the books are equally divided for all four classes, how many books will eachclass get? (Score - 1)

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LSS Examination 2016 - Model ExaminationPaper I Part C General Knowledge

1) "To test our spelling he gave us five words. One of them was "Kettle". I made a mis-take. Teacher came near and showed my mistake. But I did not care........'' These are thelines form an autobiography. Whose autobiography is that?............................................................................................................................................

2) United Nations declared 2015 as International Year of Soil. FAO (Food and AgriculturalOrganisation) of UN lead it. What was the message forwarded by UN in connectionwith this?............................................................................................................................................

3) Frogs are amphibians. They can breathe in water like fishes and can breathe in atmospherelike human beings. Which organ is used by frogs to breathe in atmospheric air.............................................................................................................................................

4) Which wild animal is conserved in Iravikulam national park?............................................................................................................................................

5) Identify the gas from the given indications. The gas is colourless and odourless. Itextinguishes fire. If egg shell is dropped in lemon juice this gas is liberated.............................................................................................................................................

6) India has launched a space telescope like the Hubble's telescope of America. Name it..............................................................................................................................................

7) You might have observed the birds around us and also their habitats. Around 500 typesof birds have been found out in Kerala. Birds make nests for laying eggs. Some birdsmake nests on trees and some others on soil. Name the bird which make nests on theburrows (holes) in soil..............................................................................................................................................

8) UN observed 2015 as international year of light and international year of soil. 2016 hasto be observed as International Year of pulses. What is the slogan for year of pulses.............................................................................................................................................

9) On what aim, 2016 is to be observed as International Year of pulses.............................................................................................................................................

10) "She did not wait for a day with this much desire till day". That was the Tomo Schoolwhich captivated the heart of the naughty girl Totochan. Who is the author of "Totochan"the best seller in Japan.............................................................................................................................................

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* \S∂ ÿ ew,XobXn

* efn-Xambhm°p-Iƒ

* thK-Ø n¬Imcywa\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xe-s° v

* ...........................................................................

* ...........................................................................

* ...........................................................................

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]T-\-t\ w:Poh-\p≈ L S-I-ß fpwPoh-\n-√mØ L S-I-ß fpw]c-kv]cw_‘-s∏-n-cn-°p∂pF∂v

DZm-l-c-W -k-lnXwhni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xn\v



CuB i-b-q-]-SsØ D]-tbm-Kn®vIpn]pXnbA dn-hp-Iƒcq]-s∏-Sp-Ø -W w.A ht\mp_p°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø p-I.

B i-b-q-]Sw

A cp-hn-Iƒ

h\w

ip≤-hm-bp

G sXms°

Pohn-Iƒ

P¥p-°ƒ

ani-p° v

amwk-p°v

kky-p°v

]£ n-Iƒ

\mnepwh\-Ø nepwXma-kn-°p∂Pohn-Iƒ

a\p-jy\vklmbw

Ipfn¿a

HmIvkn-P≥£ W whnd-Iv

]T-\-t\ w:Xs‚]tZ-isØ B hm-k-hy-h-ÿ -IsfIs≠ Ø n]d-bp-∂p.

B hm-k-hy-hÿ Ipn-Iƒ°v]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø p-∂-Xn\vth≠ nIpn-IsfkvIqfns‚]cn-k-cØ vIrjn-sN-bvXn-p≈ (F-t∏m-sg¶nepw)

ÿ eØ vsIm≠ p-t]m-Ip-∂p.\n¿_-‘-ambpwlm≥Uvse≥kvssIhiwD≠ m-h-W w.XpS¿∂v\nco£ n-°p-∂p.lm≥-Uvse≥kv

D]-tbm-Kn®vkq£ va\nco-£ W w\S-Ø p-∂p.

I≠ -Im-cy-ß ƒenÃpsNøp-∂p.....



h\-ß ƒ\in-∏n®v,Ip∂pIfmbIp∂p-I-sfms° CSn®p\ncØ n,hb-ep-I-sfm° aÆn-p-\n-I-Ø n,

henbhnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø -\-ß ƒ\S-Ø p-∂p....CtX-°p-dn®v\nß -fpsSA n-]mbwt\mp-_p-°n¬Fgp-Xp-I.

Fs‚kvIqƒ]cn-k-c-Ø p-I≠

Pohob,A Po-hnbL S-I-ß ƒh\-Ø n-\p-≈ nsePohob,

A Po-hnbL S-I-ß ƒ

hb-ense(s\¬∏m-S-sØ )

Pohob,A Po-hnbL S-I-ß ƒ

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CuA Sp-Ø nsS\ΩpsS\mnse]X-am-[y-a-ß -fn¬h∂ hm¿Ø -I-fpsSXe-s°-p-I-fm-W n-Xv.

Cuhm¿Ø -Iƒ\¬Ip∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏vImW msX t]mIp-∂XvA ]-I-S-at√?\nß -fpsSA n-]mbw]¶p-sh-bv°q.......

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]T-\-t\ w:kzmm-hnIhmk-ÿ -e-ß ƒXI¿° p∂ a\p-jys‚CS-s]-S-ep-IƒIs≠ Ø n]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

Ip∂-Ø p-\m-nseIp∂p-Iƒ

C√m-Xmbn

asÆ-Sp-°p∂Xns\-Xnsc

P\-IobIqmbva

Pe-£ mawcq£ w:

\mp-Im¿tdmUvD]-tcm-[n®p

aW ¬ am n-b-bpsSB I-aW w

Fkv.-sF.A ¤ p-X-I-c-ambvc£ -s] pPe-\n-c∏vIam-Xo-X-ambnXmgp-∂p,

ÿ nXnB i-¶m-P-\Iw



]T-\-t\ w:Poho-b-L -S-I-ß fpwA Po-hnbL S-I-ß fpwXΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzwa\- n-em-°p-I.

A [nIhnhcw

Poho-b-L-S-I-ß fpwA Po-hn-b-L-S-I-ß fpwXΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzwIqSp-X¬hy‡ -am-°p-∂-Xn\vNnekqN-\-Iƒ.

CukqN-\-IƒN¿®-bv°p-≈-Xm-W v.HmtcmkqN-\-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®vPoho-b,A Po-hnbL S-I-ß -fpsS

]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzwN¿®-sN-ø-W w.

KpW -ta-∑-bp≈

ta¬aÆv

Pemwiw

ta¬a-Æns‚

X\na\ne-\n¿Ø p∂p

]md-s]m-Sn™ v

aÆp-≠ m-Ip∂p

Pemwiw,hmbp]ImiwF∂nhaÆnse

Pohn-I-fpsS\ne-\n¬∏n\vB h-iy-am-W v.

NnX¬,aÆn-c,DdpºvXpS-ß nbPohn-Ifpwkq£ -va-Po-hn-IfpwssPhL S-I-ß sfta¬a-Æn¬

ebn-∏n-°p∂p.

hmbp

ta¬a-Æns\KpW -

ta-∑-bp-≈-Xm-°p-∂p

kky-ß -fpsShf¿®bv° v

aÆn¬ hmbp,Pemwiw

F∂nhB h-iy-am-W v

hmbp,PewF∂nh

hgnhnØ p-hn-X-cW w

\S-°p-∂p-≠ v

kky-ß -fpsS

hnØ p-hn-X-c-W -Ø n\vP¥p-°ƒ

klm-bn-°p-∂p

kky-ssh-hn[yw

P¥p-ssh-hn-[y-Ø n\v

B h-iy-am-W v

KpW -ta-∑-bp≈

ta¬a-Æn¬

kky-ß ƒ\∂mbnhf-cp-∂p.

kky-ß ƒ\∂mbn

hf-cp∂ aÆn¬

ssPhm-h-in-jvS-ß ƒIqSp-X-em-W v

]md-s]m-Sn-™ v

aÆp-≠ m-hp-∂-Xn-\v

kky-ß ƒklm-bn-°p-∂p

hmbp,PewF∂nh

]md-s]m-Snbp∂-Xn\v

Imc-W -am-Ip∂p

A [n-I-]-h¿Ø \w

\mnepwh\-Ø nepwXma-kn-°p∂ arK-ß -fpsSt]cv] n-I-bm-°p-I.-C-hsbkky-p-°v,-amw-k-p°v,ani-p°vF∂n-ß s\

aq∂mbnXncn-°p-I.XpS¿∂vCuPohn-I-fpsSIÆp-I-fpsSÿ m\hpwA h-bpsS £ -W -co-XnbpwFs¥∂vA t\z-jn®vIs≠ Ø pI.

DZmlcW w

Pohn-bpsSt]cv kky-p-°v amw-k-p°v ani-p° v IÆp-I-fpsSÿ m\hpw

]q® apJ-Ø n\vap≥hiw

knwl w apJ-Ø n\vap≥hiw

]ip apJ-Ø ns‚Ccp-h-i-ß -fnepw

am≥ apJ-Ø ns‚Ccp-h-i-ß -fnepw

................. .........................................................



Cß s\]c-am-h[narK-ß sf]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.Is≠-Ø ¬t\mv_p°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø p-I.

Ipdn∏v:c≠ p-XcwImgvNIfp-≠ v.a\p-jy≥,aqß ,Ipc-ß v,XpS-ß nbPohn-I-fpsSIÆp-Iƒc≠ pwXe-bpsSap∂n-em-W v.c≠ vIÆp-

IƒsIm≠ pwHcphkvXp-hns\HtckabwImW p∂ ImgvNsbss_t\m-°p-e¿ImgvN F∂p]d-bpw.A tX kabwtImgn,apb¬,

]ipF∂nhHmtcmhihpwHmtcmIÆp-sIm-≠mW vImW p-I.CXvtamtW m-°p-e-¿ImgvN.ss_t\m-°p-e¿ImgvN-bn¬ hkvXp-°-

fpsS\ofw,hoXn,Db-cw,B gw,F∂nhkw_-‘ n®vIqSp-X¬\√NnXwInpw.HcpIÆ-S®v]nSn®vt]\bv°vtSm∏n-Sm≥Hcpiaw

¢m n¬Ipn-I-tf-s°m≠ vsNøn-°p-tºmƒkwKXnhy‡ -am-hpw.

]T-\-t\ w:ImgvN-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ß ƒ,£ -W -co-XnbpwImgvNbpwXΩn-ep≈ _‘ wXncn-®-dn-b¬

d -d≥kv:

bpdo° ]Im-i-∏-Xn∏v2015

hoSn\pwhnZym-e-b-Ø n\pwNp‰p-ap≈ kky-ß -fpsSt]sc-gp-XpI

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Cukky-ß -fn¬ Hcph¿j-Ø n¬ XmsgB bp- p-≈-hbpwHcph¿jwapX¬]Ø ph¿j-Ø n¬ XmsgB bp- p-≈-hbpw

Zo¿L -Imew\ne-\n¬°p-∂-hbpw] n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø p-I.



]T-\-t\ w:Xs‚Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ß sfXncn-®-dn™ vhyXykvX coXn-bn¬ ] n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø p-∂-Xn-\v.

Hcph¿j-Ø n¬ Xmsg Hcph¿jwapX¬

]Ø ph¿j-Ø n¬ Xmsg

Zo¿L -Imew

\ne-\n¬°p-∂--h

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Hmj-[n-Iƒ:B bp vIpd-hm-W v.A h-bpsShep∏wIpd-hm-bn-cn-°pw.]c-am-h-[nc≠ p-h¿jwhsc-bmW vCh-bpsSB bp- v.

G ‰hpwhenbHmj[nbmW vhmg.

Ip‰n-s®Sn-Iƒ:c≠ p-h¿j-Ø n¬IqSp-X¬B bp- p-≈-h-bm-W vIp‰n-s®-Sn-Iƒ.F∂m¬ac-ß sfA t]-£ n®vChbv°vhep∏w

Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

ac-ß ƒ:A t\-I-h¿jwPohn-°p-Ibpwhfschep∏wIqSn-b-h-bp-amW vac-ß ƒ.

Hmj-[n-I-fmbkky-ß -fpsSthcns‚]tXyIX F¥m-W v...................................................................................................................................

\mcp-th-cp-IƒamX-am-bn-cn°pw Hmj-[n-Iß ƒ°p-≠m-hp-I.F∂m¬ Hcph¿jwapX¬ ]Ø ph¿jwhscPohn-°p∂

kky-ß -fpsSthcp-Iƒc≠ vcoXn-bn¬ImW p-∂p.-H-∂v\mcpthcv,c≠vXmbvthcv.......-Zo¿L-Imew\ne-\n¬°p∂ H‰-Ø Snhr£ -

Ø ns‚ thcp-I-sf√mw.......................................................................B W v.kwi-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬ \ap°v]cn-tim-[n®pt\m°mw.

sXß v,]\,A S-bv°m-a-cw.......Cß s\G Xvac-Ø n-t‚bpwthcp-Iƒ\mcvthcm-W v.C\nA h-bpsSCebv°pwHcp]tXy-I-X-bp-≠v

F-¥m-W Xv?.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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]T-\-t\ w:kky-ß sfaÆn¬ Dd-∏n®p\n¿Ø p-∂Xvthcp-I-fm-W v.

]cn-k-c-\-SØ w

Ipn-Isf¢m n-\p-sh-fn-bn-te°vsIm≠ p-t]m-Ip-∂p.Ipn-I-tfmSvA h¿°n-jvS-ap≈ kky-ß ƒaÆn¬\n∂pw]ngp-sX-Sp-

°m≥B h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]ngp-sX-SpØ kky-ß -fpsS t]cv.........................................................................................................................................................................

F¥p-sIm-≠mW vhenbhr£ -ß ƒ]ngp-sX-Sp-°m≥Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.N¿®--Im-cW wFgp-Xp-∂p.

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

] nI]q¿Ø n-bm-°pI:

CXp-t]mseaÆn¬hfscB g-Ø n-te°vthcp-IƒXmgv∂pt]mIp-∂XvImcW wacw]ngp-sX-Sp-°m≥_p≤n-ap-m-W v.F∂m¬

hfscFfp-∏-Ø n¬]ngp-sX-SpØ kky-ß -fpsS]tXy-IX F¥mW v?A h-bpsSthcns‚]tXy-I-Xtbm?\mcp-th-cp≈ sXß v

Ffp-∏-Ø n¬]ngp-sX-Sp-°m≥Ign-bm-Ø XvF¥p-sIm-≠mW v?\nß -fpsSA n-]mbwtcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø q.



]T-\-t\ w:kky-ß -fpsSthcp-]-S-e-Ø ns‚khn-ti-j-X-IƒIs≠ Ø n\mcp-th-cp-]-Sew,Xmbvthcp-]-SewF∂n-ß s\

XcwXncn-°p-∂p.] n-Is∏SpØ p-∂p.

\mcp-th-cp-]-S-ew Xmbvthcp-]-Sew

Pmen-Im-kn-cm-hn-\ym-khpw kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ym-k-hpw

Ipn-I-tfmSvhoSn-t‚bpwhnZym-e-b-Ø n-t‚bpwkao-]Ø p\n∂pwhnhn[kky-ß -fpsSCe-Iƒ tiJ-cn®vhcm≥]d-bp-∂p.

tiJ-cn®Ce-I-fpsS B Ir-Xn,hen-∏w,a‰p]tXy-I-X-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p.XpS¿∂vHmtcmCebpwA h-bpsSA K-m-K-Ø p-

\n∂pwXmtgmv\of-Ø n¬]eIj-W -ß -fmbnIodm≥B h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.Cß s\Iodn-sb-Sp-°m≥Ign™ Ce-IfpwIodn-sb-Sp-

°m≥Ign-bmØ Ce-Ifpwc≠ vmK-Ø mbnhbv°p-∂p.



]T-\-t\ w:Ce-I-fnsekncm-hn-\ymkw\nco-£ n®vPmenImkncm-hn-\ym-kw,kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ymkwF∂n-ß s\Xcw

Xncn®v] n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø p-∂p.

Iodm≥Ign™ Ce-bpsSt]cv Iodm≥Ign-bmØ Ce-bpsSt]cv

F¥p-sIm-≠mW vNneCe-Iƒ\of-Ø n¬Iodm≥Ign-™ Xv?F¥p-sIm-≠mW vNneCe-Iƒ\of-Ø n¬Iodm≥

Ign-bm-Ø Xv?;N¿® tImUo-I-c-W w.

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]T-\-t\ w:Ce-I-fnsekncm-hn-\ymkw\nco-£ n®vPmenImkncm-hn-\ym-kw,kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ymkw

F∂nhXncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

]mT-]p-kvXIwt]Pv24¬ImW p∂ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ c≠ n-e-Iƒ¢m n¬]Z¿in-∏n®vA h-bpsS]tXy-IX N¿®sNøp-∂p.

PmenIkncm-hn-\ymkw

Ce-I-fn¬he-°-Æn-Iƒt]mse

ImW p∂ kncm-hn-\ym-k-amW v

(R-c-ºp-I--fpsShym]-\w)

PmenImkncm-hn-\ymkw.

kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ymkw

Ce-I-fn¬kam-¥-c-ambn

knc-Iƒ(R-c-ºp-I-fpsS

hym]-\w)hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xns\

kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ymkw

F∂v]d-bp-∂p.

PmenImkncm-hn-\ym-kw kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\ymkw

kky-ß -fpsSt]cp-Iƒ kky-ß -fpsSt]cp-Iƒ



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]T-\-t\ w:Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ß fpsSCe-I-fnsekncm-hn-\ym-khpwthcp-]-S-ehpw\nco-£ n®v]c-kv]c_‘ w

Is≠ Ø n]d-bp-∂p.

\nß -fpsShoSns‚kao-]-Ø p≈ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kky-ß ƒ\nco-£ n-°p-I.

Ch-bpsSthcp-]-Sew,kncm-hn-\ymkwF∂nh] n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø q....Is≠-Ø -ep-IƒtcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø pI

Fs‚ Is≠ -Ø -ep-Iƒ ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

kky-Ø ns‚t]cvthcp-]-Sew kncm-hn-\ym-kw

Xmbvthcv \mcp-thcv PmenI kam-¥cw

1. sXß v

2. amhv

3. ]\

4. πmhv

5. Ihpß v(A -S-bv°m-a-cw)

6. hmg

7.

8.

9.

10.



]T-\-t\ w:G I-_o-P-]-X-k-ky-ß ƒ° pwZzn_oP-]-X-k-ky-ß ƒ° pw\n¿∆-N-\ß ƒ\¬Ip-∂p.

apf-∏n®]b¿a-W n,s\¬aW nF∂nh¢m n¬]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.]b¿a-W n-bpsSCe-Iƒ°vXmsgI n-bp≈ Ce-Iƒt]mse

ImW p∂ mK-amW v_oP-]-X-ß ƒ.Cu_oP-]-X-ß -fn-emW vhnØ papf-bv°p-hm≥B h-iy-ambB lmcw,kkywtiJ-cn®p

hbv°p-∂-Xv.sNSn-h-f-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v_oP-]-X-ß ƒNpcpß nhen∏wIpd™ vhcn-IbpwDW ß nXmtgbv°v]Xn-bv°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.kky-ß ƒkz¥-ambnB lmcw\n¿Ωn®vD]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xvhsc_oP-]-X-Ø nseB lm-c-amW vCukky-ß ƒD]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.CXp-t]mses\¬a-W n-bn¬ Hcp_oP-]-XsaImW p-∂p≈ p.HcpkkywG I-_o-P-]-X-amtW mZzn_o-P-]-X-

amtW mF∂vFfp-∏-Ø n¬ Xncn-®-dnbmw.Fß s\?

G I-_o-P-k-ky-ß -fpsSImW vU-Ø n\v(X-Sn)

]pdw mKw\√ISp-∏hpwDƒ mKwISp∏wIpd-hp-am-W v.

DZm-l-c-W w:sXß v,A S-bv°m-a-cw.

Zzn_oPkky-ß -fpsSImW vU-Ø n\v]pdtaISp∏wIpdhpw

A IØ v\√ISp-∏w(-Im-X¬)D≠ m-hp-IbpwsNøpw,

DZm-l-c-W w;tX°v,πmhv.

G I-_o-P-k-ky-ß ƒ Zzn_o-P-k-ky-ß ƒ

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s]mPIvSvdnt∏m¿vXøm-dm-°¬

s]mPIvSvL -ß ƒ s]mPIvSvdnt∏m¿vL S\

]iv\wIs≠ -Ø ¬ B apJw

N¿® ]iv\w

B kq-XW w Dulw

\n¿∆-lW w kma-K-ln-Iƒ

tiJ-cn®hnh-c-ß -fpsSIao-I-cW w A ]-K-Y\w

A ]-K-Y\w Is≠ -Ø -ep-Iƒ

\nK-a\cq]o-I-cW w \nK-a\w

s]mPIvSvdnt∏m¿vXøm-dm-°epwA h-X-cn-∏n-°epw

\ap-s°mcps]mPIvSvdnt∏m¿vXøm-dm-°n-bmtem?





]T-\-t\ w:kzmX-¥y-Ø n\vapºp≈ mc-X-Ø ns‚Zpc-h-ÿ -IƒXncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

Ipdn∏v: B i-b-q-]-S-Ø n¬ X∂n-p≈ N¿®m-kq-N-I-ß ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®vkzmX-¥y-Ø n\papºp≈C¥y-sb-°p-dn®vHcp[m-cW Ipn-Iƒ°v\¬Ip∂p

B i-b-q-]Sw

C¥y1947\vapºv

tcmK-ß ƒZmcn-Zyw,] n-W nsXmgn-en-√mbva

G I-tZiw 600¬ ]cw\mp-cm-Py-ß ƒ

sNdnb\mp-cm-Py-ß -fmbn

hnL -Sn®vIgn-™ p

sFIy-an-√m-bva-bpw,iXp-Xbpw

\mp-cm-Py-ß ƒXΩn¬

ÿ ncwIel w

A ‘-hn-izm-kw,A \m-Nmcw

PmXn-Nn-¥,hyXykvX aXm-Nm-c-ß ƒ

]ptcm-ln-X-cpsSta[m-hnXzw

h¿§o-b-I-em-]-ß ƒ,tZio-b-X-bpsSA mhw

hnhn[PmXn-Iƒ XΩn¬iXp-Xbpw

sIme-]m-X-I-hpw,hnhn[cmPy-ß -fmbnIgn-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬C¥y-sb∂t_m[ywC√.



]T-\-t\ w:C¥y≥kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ø nse][m-\-kw--h-ß ƒ,hy‡ n-Iƒ,ÿ e-ß ƒF∂nhIs≠ -Ø p∂p

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw

Km‘ nPn ][m\kw -h-ß ƒ

][m\ÿ e-ß ƒ][m-\-hy-‡ n-Iƒ

][m\Xob-Xn-Iƒ

C¥y-bpsSkzmX-¥y-k-acw HcpIpdn∏v

H∂mwkzmX-¥y-k-acw

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]Ø -\w-Xn ]S-bW n

B e-∏pg XIgninh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ h≈ w-I-fn,am¿§w-I-fn,

Nhn-p-\m-SIw

tImbw cma-]p-c-Ø p-hm-cy¿,tIc-f-h¿Ω

hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø -ºp-cm≥,_jo¿ IYIfn

CSp°n

Fd-W m-Ipfw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿,hn.-Sn.---Xn-cn-∏mSv tIcf]kvA °m-Z-an,PqX-∏-≈ n,ln¬∏m-ekv A Ø -®-a-bw,

Nhn-p-\m-SIw

Xriq¿ DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿ tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A -°m-Z-an,tIcfIem-a-W vU-ew, IpΩm-n,

tIc-f-kw-KoX \mSIA °m-Zan IY-I-fn,]pen-°-fn

]me°mSv Ip© ≥\-ºym¿ Ip© ≥\-ºym¿kvamcIw IpΩmn

ae-∏pdw FgpØ -—≥,]q¥m\w Xp© ≥kvam-cIw H∏-\,A d-_-\-apv

tImgn-t°mSv sNdp-t»-cn,Fw.Sn

hb-\mSv IpΩmn

IÆq¿ tIcft mIvtem¿A °m-Zan sXøw

Imk¿tImUv sXøw,b-£ -Km\w

d -d≥kv:

at\m-caCb¿_p°v2015



]T-\-t\ w:\mS≥I-fn-Iƒ] n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø p-∂p.

km‰vko‰pIfn

I√vIfn

C qfnπokv

kΩXwIfn

I_SnI_Sn

Nne-\m-S≥Ifn-Iƒ

Ifn Fß s\Ifn°mw

]nbA [ym-]-I-tc......hmbn°mwhcbv°mwF∂ ]mTmKw tIc-fsØ Npcp-ß nbhm°p-I-fn-eqsSamXta

A h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ian-®n-p-≈p.CuIpdhv]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vth≠ ntIc-f-sØ -°p-dn®vIqSp-X¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø n-bn-p-≠ v.



CuB i-b-q-]SwD]-tbm-Kn®vtIc-f-sØ -°p-dn®v]c-am-h[nhnh-c-ß ƒtiJ-cn-°q...Ipdn∏vXøm-dm-°q.

tI-cfw

kvamc-I-ß ƒ

hnt\m-Z-k-© mc

tIµ-ß ƒ

Pn√-Iƒ

Ncn-X-]m-[m-\y-ap≈

ÿ e-ß ƒ

mjA Xn¿Ø n

A b¬kw-ÿ m-\-ß ƒ

]T-\-t\ w:tIc-f-sØ -°p-dn-®p≈ A Sn-ÿ m\hnh-c-ß ƒIs≠ -Ø p-∂-Xn\v



]T-\-t\ w:a-W w,]cn-I-aW wF∂nhFs¥∂vXncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

]mT-]p-kvXIwt]Pv60¬NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ t]msekqcy≥,Nµ≥,qanF∂n-h-bmbnIpn-Isf\n¿Ø p-∂p.tNm°p-

sIm≠ vhc®hrØ -Ø n-eqsSIpn-Iƒk© -cn-°-W w.Cß s\k© -cn-°p-tºmƒ\n¬°p∂ mKØ vkzbwXncn-bp-Ibpw

apt∂mp\oß p-IbpwthW w.Cu]h¿Ø -\-Ø n-eqsSkqcy\pNp‰pw qankzbwId-ß p-∂p-s≠ ∂pwCß s\Id-ß p∂ ka-

bØ vqan-bpsSHcpmKØ vkqcy-]-ImiwA Sn-°p-∂p-s≠ ∂pwat‰ mKwCcp-m-sW ∂pwhni-Z-am-°p-∂p.qan-bpsSCukzbw

Id-ß -en\p]d-bp∂ t]cmW va-W w(Rotation). CuId°wcmXnbpw]IepwD≠ m-°p-∂p.Cß s\ qankzbwId-ß m-s\-Sp-

°p∂ kabw24aW n-°q-dm-W v.CXmW vHcpZnh-kw.qan-bn-ß s\kzbwId-ß p∂tXmsSm∏wkqcys\hebwhbv°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-≠ v.Cß s\kqcys\ qanNp‰p-∂XvHcpZo¿L -hr-Ø -]-Y-Ø n-em-W v.Cß s\ qanHcp]mhiywkqcys\Np‰p-∂-

Xn\v]cn-I-aW w(revolution)F∂v]d-bp-∂p.Cß s\ qanHcp]mhiywkqcys\Np‰p-∂-Xn\vth≠ kabwap∂q‰nA dp-]-

Ø n-b-t© -Im¬ Znh-k-am-W v.(1h¿jw).qankqcy\pNp‰pwkzbwId-ß p-∂-Xns‚ thKX 29.8Intem-ao-‰¿/sk°‚m-W v.

A Xm-bXvan\n-‰n¬1788Intem-ao-‰¿thK-X-bn¬ qanHmSp∂pF∂¿∞ w.A t∏mƒ\Ωtfm?

CXbpw hmbn®pIgn-™ -t∏mƒ F\n-°p-≠mb kwi-b-ß ƒ :..............................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

d -d≥kv:]]-© -tcJ KSSP



]T-\-t\ w:qan,Nµ≥,kqcy≥F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®vA [nIhnh-c-ß ƒa\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v

F\n° va\- n-em-bXv

qan Nµ≥ kqcy≥

Poh-\p≈ ]tZiw

B sI-bp≈ ]tZ-i-Ø ns‚aq∂n¬

c≠ vmKwPe-amW v

qanD≠ m-bnv1350tImSnh¿jw

kqcy-]-Im-i-Ø ns‚ 35%B W v

qan]Xn--en-∏n-°p-∂Xv

Nµ-\n¬ \n∂pw qan-bn-te°v

t\m°n-bm¬ qantim-\-amb

HcptKmf-ambntXm∂pw

kzbw]Im-in-°p-∂n√

qan-bn¬

D≈ Xns‚B dn¬ H∂v mcw

amXtaA \p--h-s∏Sp.

kqcy-]-Im-i-Ø ns‚7iX-am\wNµ≥

]Xn--en-∏n-°p∂pCß s\]Xn--en-∏n-

°p∂Xn\vB ¬_ntUmwF∂p]d-bp∂p

Nµs\°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

ske-t\m-Km n

qan-bpsS\ng¬

Nµ-\n¬ ]Xn-°p-tºmƒ

Nµ-K-l W wD≠ m-hp∂p

kzbw]Im-in-°p∂p

qan-bn¬ \n∂pw14.96tImSn

Intem-ao-‰¿Zqscÿ nXnsNøp∂p

kqcys‚]Im-i-amW vqan-bn¬

Pohs‚ XpSn-∏n\vImcW w

B Im-iØ vImW p∂ kwJy-b‰

\£ -X-ß -fn¬ H∂mW vkqcy≥

kqcys‚ A ¥-co-£ sØ

sImtdmW F∂vhnfn-°p∂p


F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pwkqcy-]-Im-i-Ø ns‚35iX-am\w qan]Xn--en-∏n-°m≥ImcW w? qan-bpsSaq∂n¬ c≠ vmKwPe-am-sW -∂-dn-bm-at√m?

CXp-X-Ωn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw_‘-apt≠ m?IqSp-X¬ kwi-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬ 9446762687F∂ t m \º-dn¬ hnfn-°q....



1.kuc-bqYwF∂m¬ F¥mW v?

kqcy≥,A Xn-\p-Np‰pwId-ß p∂ Kl-ß ƒ,A hbv°pNp‰pwId-ß p∂ D]-K-l-ß ƒ,kqcy\pNp‰pwId-ß p∂ £ pZ-K-l-ß ƒ A Yhm

eL p-K-l-ß ƒ,D¬°-Iƒ,[qa-tI-Xp-°ƒ,F∂n-h-bvs°√mwIqSn-bp≈ t]cmW vkuc-bq-Yw.

2.aW wF∂m¬ F¥v?

qanA Xns‚ A ®p-X-≠ n¬kzbwXncn-bm-s\-Sp-°p∂ ka-bsØ aW wF∂phnfn-°p∂p(23 aW n-°q¿56an\n‰v4.1sk°‚v)

3.]cn-I-aW wF∂m¬ F¥v?

qankqcys\Np‰m≥FSp-°p∂ ka-bsØ ]cn-I-aW ImewF∂p]d-bp-∂p.(365Znh-kw)94tImSnIntem-ao-‰¿Zqcwhcp∂

Hcpk© m-c-]-Y-Ø n-eqsSaW n-°q-dn¬ G Xm≠ vHcpe£ wIntem-ao-‰¿thK-Ø n¬ (107280)]m™ p-sIm≠ v365.25ZnhkwsIm≠ vqan

kqcy\pNp‰pw Hcp]cn-I-aW w]q¿Ø n-bm-°p-∂p.

4.Kl-ß fpwD]-K-l-ß -fpwXΩn-ep-≈ ][m\hyXymkw?

Kl-ß ƒkqcy\pNp‰pwId-ß p-∂p.D]-K-l-ß ƒ Kl-ß ƒ°pNp‰pwId-ß p∂p.

5.qan° vshfn-bn-embna\p-jy≥Imep-Ip-Ø nbB ZysØ temIw?

N-µ≥

6.1969apX¬ 1972hscbp≈ Ime-L --Ø n¬ samØ w12t]¿Nµ-\n¬ Cd-ß n.

7.\o¬ B wkvtSmß vH∂m-a-Xv,bqPn≥k¿Æm≥ ]¥-≠ m-a-Xv.

8.Nµ-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w ske-t\m-Km n

9.Nµ-K-lW wF∂m¬ ˛ qan-bpsS\ng¬ Nµ-\n¬ ]Xn-°p-tºmƒ Nµ-K-lW wD≠ mhpw

10.Kl-ß -fpsSt]cp-Iƒ :1._p[≥,2.ipI≥,3.qan,4.sNm∆,5.hymgw,6.i\n,7.bpdm-\-kv,8.s\]vSyq

]T-\-t\ w:_ln-cm-Im-i-hp-ambn_‘-s∏ A Sn-ÿ m\hnh-c-ß ƒa\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v

_ln-cm-Imi Iznkv


at\m-caCb¿_p°v_me-cassUPÃv



]T-\-t\ w:qan-bpsSG I]Ir-Xn-ZØ D]-K-l-ambNµ-s\-°p-dn®vIqSp-X¬a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

Kl-ß fpwD]-K-l-ß fpwXΩn-ep≈ hyXymkwXncn-®-dn-bp∂p

qan-bpsS D]-K-l-amW vNµ≥,Kl-ß sfNp‰n-Ø n-cn-bp∂ hkvXp-°-fmW vD]-K-l-ß ƒ.kqcys\Np‰p∂ hkvXp° sf√mw

Kl-a-√.F∂m¬kqcy\vNp‰pwId-ß p∂ F vKl-ß -fmW vCt∏m-gp-≈-Xv.

qan-bn¬ \n∂vNµ-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw3.9e£ wIntem-ao-‰-dmW v

qan° vshfn-bn-embna\p-jy≥Im¬Ip-Ø nbB ZysØ temIwNµ-\m-W v.

a\p-jy≥B Zy-ambnNµ-\n¬ Im¬Ip-Ø n-bXv1969Pqsse21\mW v.

A ta-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂p-≈ _ln-cm-Im-i-bm-Xn-I-cmW vB Zy-ambnNµ-\n¬ Cd-ß n-b-Xv.

\o¬ B wkvtSmß vapX¬ bqPn≥k¿Æm≥hsc-bp≈ 12t]cmW vCXp-hscNµ-\n¬ Cd-ß n-bXv(1969ap¬1972hsc)

qan-bpsS\ng¬ Nµ-\n¬ ]Xn-°p-tºm-gmW vNµ-K-l-W -ap-≠ m-Ip-∂-Xv.

Nµ-\n¬ Pe-an-√,hmbp-hn-√,Poh-\p≈ H∂p-an-√.

Nµs‚D]-cn-Xews]mSnbpwI√p-IfpwsIm≠ v\nd-™ n-cn-°p-∂p.

Nµ-\n¬ kap-Z-an-√.an\p-k-ambnI≠ ka-Xew\nc-h[nK¿Ø -ß ƒ \nd-™ -Xm-W v.CØ cwK¿Ø -ß sftI‰-dp-Iƒ

F∂vhnfn-°p-∂p.

Nµs‚ qan-im-kvXsØ ske-t\m-Km nF∂p]d-bp-∂p.

sSe-kvtIm-∏p-]-tbm-Kn®vB Zyw]Tn®tKmf-amW vNµ≥.

A ssk≥sa‚vXøm-dm-°mw:hnjbw˛Nµ-bm≥ 1

Nµs‚ A cn-In-te°v




]T-\-t\ w:IrXnaD]Kl ß -fpsSD]-tbmKwXncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v

IrXnaD]-K-l-ß ƒ

cmPy-Ø n\vhcp-am\w

a‰p-cm-Py-ß -fpsSB h-iy-ß ƒ°v

D]-K-l-ß ƒhmS-Ibv°v\¬In

kmº-Ø n-I-t\ w

C¥y≥_ln-cm-Imi ]cn-th-jW w

A ta-cn-°-bpsS_ln-cm-Imi

]cn-th-jW G P≥kn

Im‰v,ag,kp\manF∂nh

]h-Nn-°p∂phnam-\w,I∏¬,Zni-b-dn-bm≥

Imem-hÿ

hnZym-ym-kw

NnIn’

kzImcySn.-hn.Nm\-ep-Iƒ

hm¿Ø m-hn-\n-abw,KXm-KXw

samss_¬ t mW p-Iƒ

hnZym-ymkNm\-ep-Iƒ



]T-\-t\ w:_ln-cm-Im-i-hp-ambn_‘-s∏ IqSp-X¬ A dn-hp-IƒIs≠ -Ø ¬

_ln-cm-Im-i-]Z-]iv\w


hym1

gw

i2 \n

K7

eo

en

tbm

K

eo

en

bq3

dn

N5

Km

B4

µ

dn

cy

aw

K

ƒ

bm

≥

` ´

≥

µ

N8

6

he-tØ mv

1.G ‰hpwhenbKl w.

2.he-b-ß -fp≈ Kl w.

3 B Zy_ln-cm-Imik© mcn.

4.C¥y-bpsSIrXnaD]-Kl w.

5.Nµ-s\-°p-dn®v]Tn-°m≥C¥yA b®

]cy-th-jW ZuXyw.

Xmtgmv

6.sNm∆-sb-°p-dn®v]Tn-°m≥C¥yA b®

]cy-th-jW ZuXyw.

7.B Zy-ambnNµs\sSe-kvtIm∏vD]-tbm-Kn®v

\nco-£ n®hy‡ n.

8.qan-bpsSD]-Kl w.

DØ cw

1.-hymgw

2.i\n

3.-bq-dn-K-Km-dn≥

4.-B -cy-

5.-N-µ-bm≥

6.-aw-Kƒbm≥

7.Keo-entbmKeoen

8.Nµ≥



hetØ mv

1.qan-bpsSD]-K-l w.

4.C¥y-bpsSB ZysØ IrXnaD]-Kl w

6.cmhpw]IepwD≠ m-Im≥ImcW w

Xmtgmv

2.tIc-f-Ø nsetdm°‰vhnt£ -]-W -tIµw

3.qan-bpsSA Sp-Ø p≈ \£ Xw

5.kqcy\pwkqcys\Np‰p∂ Kl-ß fpw

D]-K-l-ß fpwtN¿∂Xv

7.D]-K-l-hn-t£ -]W hml\w

8.a-W -tØ m-sSm∏w qankqcys\

hewhbv°p-∂Xv

9.-N-µs\XoscImW mØ Znhkw

Iqp-Imsc.......

kz¥-ambn]Z-]iv\wXøm-dm-°m≥]cn-io-en-°p-I.he-tØ mpwXmtgmpw

DØ -c-ß ƒFgp-Xp-∂-Xn\vIgn-bp∂ hn[wsNdnbtNmZy-ß ƒXøm-dm-°p-

I.A h-bpsSDØ -c-ß ƒCutImf-ß -fn¬Fgp-X-W w.s]≥kn¬ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-XmW v\√-Xv.

Iqp-ImscCØ -c-Ø n¬ Hcp]Z-]iv\wkzbwXøm-dm-°mtam?

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

]T-\-t\ w:_ln-cm-Im-i-hp-ambn_‘-s∏ IqSp-X¬ A dn-hp-IƒIs≠ -Ø ¬

_ln-cm-Im-i-]Z-]iv\w

1

1. apØ-—≥ amhn\v Pohn-I-tfmSv Hcp-]mSv hm’-eyhpw kvt\l-hp-ap-s≠∂v At±-l-Øns‚

kwkm-c-Øn-eqsS Xncn-®-dn-bmw. AXn\v sXfnhv Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXv hm°v?

(a) Ipt™ (b) FSm (c) FtSm

2. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ ]g-s©m√v GXv?

(a) ImbwIpfw hmƒ (b) A¿[-cm-Xnbv°v IpS ]nSn-bv°pI

(c) an∂p-∂sX√mw s]m∂√

3. “-A£-c-⁄m\w Dt≠m F∂p t\m°m≥ At±lw Rßƒ°v A©p hm°p-Iƒ X∂p.

Ah-bn-sem∂v “-sI-‰n¬” Bbn-cp-∂p. Rm\Xv sX‰n-®p. A[ym-]-I≥ Fs‚ ASp-sØØn

_q vkns‚ A‰w sIm≠v AS-bmfw ImWn-®p. Fs‚ sX‰v Xncp-Øn-°p-hm≥ ian-®p.”

CXv BcpsS Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv?

(a) Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp (b) alm-flm-Km‘n (c) C.-Fw.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn--∏mSv

4. hmMvab NnX-ßƒ F∂m¬

(a) Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn∏v

(b) hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v hc-bv°p∂ at\m-l-c-amb NnX-ßƒ

(c) Ihn-bpsS a\-knse NnX-ßƒ

5. F√p-ap-dnsb ]Wn-Xm¬

]√p-ap-dnsbØn∂mw.

Cu sNm√ns‚ s]mcpƒ

(a) \∂mbn IjvS-s∏- m¬ \∂mbn Pohn°mw

(b) IqSp-X¬ tPmen sNbvXm¬ IqSp-X¬ kºm-Zn°mw

(c) \∂mbn A≤zm-\n-®m¬ \∂mbn `£n-°mw.

6. hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse Hcp ][m\ Iem-cq-]-amWv sXøw. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ sXø-hp-

ambn _‘-an-√m-ØXv.

(a) Acn-sb-dn-s™-Xn-tc‰p (b) AWn-b-d-tØm‰w (c) Xp≈¬

7. “D-Æn-°-Xn-tcms‚ s]m≥\p-I-∏m-tS‰v

hnÆn≥ hnf-∏mSw tNm∂n-X-t√m”

ChnsS s]m≥\p-I-∏m-tS‰v F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Sot®gvkv ¢∫v sadn‰v kvtImf¿jn∏v ˛ 2015

¢mkv ˛ IV

ae-bmfw

icn-bp-Ø-c-Øn\v t\sc sNøpI

]c-am-h[n kvtIm¿ ˛ 50

kabw 2 aWn-°q¿

2

(a) sh≈n-sh-fn®w (b) kz¿W-sh-fn®w (c) a™-sh-fn®w

8. Im¿jnI Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰-ßƒ \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ _m[n-®n- p-≠v. Cu ]kvXm-

h-\-tbmSv tbmPn-°p∂ sNm√v GXv?

(a) aÆv sXmSm-Ø-h≥ ]´n-Wn-bmhpw. (b) \mSp ad-∂mepw aqSp ad-°-cpXv.

(c) Ccn-°p∂ sImºv apdn-°-cp-Xv.

9. lrZ-b-Ønse ]qt¥m∏v F∂ IY-bp-ambn tbmPn-°mØ ]kvXm-h-\.

(a) Im´n-emWv IY \S-°p-∂Xv (b) ]Ir-Xn-kvt\lw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

(c) IYm-]m-X-ßƒ a\p-jy-cm-Wv.

10. Cu hcn-Iƒ Bcp-tSXv?

At∏m-tg°pw hmcn A—-s\s∂ ]p¬In

Np≠p-I-fm-ses‚ IÆp-\o¿ XpS®p

(a) A°nØw (b) sshtem-∏n≈n (c) kpK-X-Ip-amcn

Cw•ojv

1. Arrange these words to make questionswatch /to / films / you / like / do(a) Do watch films like to you ? (b) Can you watch films?(c) Do you like to watch films? (d) Do you watch films like to?

2. Choose the correct spelt word :(a) mountan (b) langage (c) thousnd (d) daughter

3. Turn the sentence into the past by changing the verb.Mr. Anil teaches us English(a) Mr. Anil is teached us English. (b) Mr. Anil has taught us English.(c) Mr. Anil taught us English. (d) Mr. Anil is teaching us English.

Use suitable collective nouns.

4. The police used teargas to disperse the ......................(a) servants (b) crew (c) crowd (d) thieves

5. Cheerful means the same as .........................

(a) good (b) high (c) pleasant (d) sad

6. Join the pair of sentences togetherI ran fast.I missed the train

3

(a) I ran fast when I missed the train (b) I ran fast because I missed the train(c) I ran fast or I missed the train (d) I ran fast but I missed the train

7 I met her ........................ the way(a) at (b) behind (c) on (d) in

8. Can you answer the riddle?I am made of thin paper.I have a string.I have a tail.I fly high in the sky.What am I ?(a) aeroplane (b) kite (c) candle (d) bird

9. Fill in the blanks using articles.................... Earth moves round ........................ Sun.(a) a, a (b) The, a (c) The, The (d) The, an

10. Rewrite the sentenceashok is teasing neena.(a) “Ashok” is teasing neena. (b) Ashok is teasing Neena.(c) Ashok is teasing neena. (d) ashok is teasing neena.

KWnXw

1. 10 sk.ao, 8 sk.ao hi-ß-fp≈ NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv 36 sk.-

ao. BWv. a[y-Øn¬ IpØp-I-fn´ mK-Øp-IqSn apdn-®p-In- p∂

Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv FX?

(a) 18 cm (b) 72 cm

(c) 365 cm (d) 26 cm

2. cmap hoSns‚ sSd- n¬ 3 ag-am-]n\n D≠m-°n-h-®p. Htc BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Ch-bn¬ H∂m-a-

tØ-Xn\v 20 sk.ao Np‰-fhpw (hm-h- w) c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v 10 sk.ao Np‰-fhpw aq∂m-a-tØ-Xn\v

80 sk.ao Np‰-fhpw D≠v. H∂m-asØ ag-am-]n\n ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ 4 sk.ao Db-c-Øn¬

sh≈-ap-≠v. aq∂m-asØ ag-am-]n-\n-bn¬ FX sk.ao sh≈-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw?

(a) 12 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 2 cm

3. cmPp-hns‚ IS-bn¬ 5 hoXw Bbn-c-Øn-t‚bpw A™q-dn-t‚bpw \qdn-t‚bpw Aº-Xn-t‚bpw

t\m´p-Iƒ D≠v. kPn IS-bn¬ \n∂v km[-\-ßƒ hmßn. Hcp Bbn-c-Øns‚ t\m´v \¬In.

10

8

4

km[-\-ß-fpsS hne Ign-®p≈ cq] cmPp Xncn-®p-\¬In. Ct∏mƒ IS-bn¬ Bbn-c-Øns‚ 6

Dw A™q-dns‚ 5 Dw \qdns‚ 3 Dw Aº-Xns‚ 4 Dw t\m´p-Iƒ D≠v. FX cq]-bpsS km[-

\-amWv kPn hmßn-bXv?

(a) 250 cq] (b) 300 cq] (c) 750 cq] (d) 550 cq]

4. APn-bpsS A—≥ Znhkhpw ]Wn°p t]mbm¬ 400 cq] In´pw. ]Wn-bp≈ Znhkw sNehv

300 cq]bpw C√mØ Znhkw sNehv 200 cq]-bp-am-Wv. P\p-h-cn-bn¬ 20 ]Wn-bmWv Inń-b-Xv.

an®tam IΩntbm? FX?

(a) an®hpw IΩnbpw C√ (b) 200 cq] an®w

(c) 200 cq] IΩn (d) 400 cq] an®w

5. 1, 8, 16, 25, ............................ ASpØ kwJy GXv?

(a) 34 (b) 35 (c) 36 (d) 37

6. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Kq∏n¬ s]Sm-ØXv GXv?

(a) apgw (b) tIm¬ (c) CS-ßgn (d) Nm¨

7. 2014 Unkw-_¿ 30 sNmΔm-gvN-bm-Wv. 2015 P\p-hcn 1 GXp Znhkw?

(a) hymgw (b) _p[≥ (c) sh≈n (d) i\n

8. H‰-bm≥ Bcv?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9. APn-X-bpsS kºm-Zy-°p-Sp° s]mń®v FÆn t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ 5 cq], 2 cq], 1 cq] F∂n-

ßs\ \mW-b-ßƒ I≠p. 65 cq]-bpsS 5 cq] \mW-b-ßfpw 45 cq]-bpsS Hcp cq] \mW-b-

ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BsI cq] 150 BsW-¶n¬ c≠p cq] \mWbw FX-bp≠v?

(a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 60

10. 4˛mw ¢mknse 10 Ipń-Iƒ tN¿∂v t]∏¿_mKv \n¿ΩmWw ]Tn®v _mKv \n¿Ωn®v hn¬°m≥

XpS-ßn. 6 amksØ BsI em`w 4800 cq] e`n-®p. Cu XpI Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw t]cn¬

_m¶n¬ \nt£-]n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Hcmƒ°v FX cq]-bpsS \nt£-]w D≠m-Ipw.

(a) 500 (b) 480 (c) 580 (d) 800

11. tjUv sNbvX `mK-Øn\v Xpey-amb `n∂-kwJy GXv?

31.a

12. 500, 100, 20 ...... XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ kwJy GXv?

(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 40 (d) 4

13. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ H∂v hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. GXmWv?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

51.b

61.c

71.d

5

14. Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂v Nne ÿe-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Zqc-amWv ]´n-I-bn¬ ImWn-®n- p-≈Xv

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 200 In.-ao.

tImgn-t°mSv 200 In.-ao.

Xriq¿ 80 In.-ao.

sIm√w 130 In.-ao.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSp hsc-bp≈ Zqcw FX?

(a) 0 In.ao (b) 400 In.ao (c) 200 In.ao (d) 280 In.ao

15. 3846 ¬ FX 10 Iƒ D≠v?

(a) 3846 (b) 384 (c) 4 (d) 46

]cn-k-c-]-T\w

1. InWdpw I°qkv Sm¶pw XΩn¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv FX ao‰¿ AIew thWw?

(a) 0 apX¬ 5 ao‰¿ (b) 5 apX¬ 10 ao‰¿ (c) 10 apX¬ 15 ao‰¿

2. H‰-bms\ Is≠-Øp.

(a) tIcfw (b) Xan-gv\mSv (c) a≤y-]-tZiv

3. Pe-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v \mS≥ coXn-Ifpw B[p-\nI am¿§ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Xmsg ]d-

bp-∂-h-bn¬ Pe ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp cmk-h-kvXp.

(a) s]m´mkyw s]¿amwK-t\‰v

(b) tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv

(c) Im¬kyw Im¿_-tW‰v

4. Iq -Øn¬ s]Sm-Ø-Xv.

(a) tX°Sn (b) aq∂m¿ (c) sske‚ vhmen

5. Im‰v hgn hnØv hnX-cWw \S-Øp∂ kky-ß-fn¬ s]Sm-Ø-Xv.

(a) A∏q-∏≥XmSn (b) alm-KWn (c) I≠¬

6. A¥m-cmjvS Alnw-kmZn\w F∂v?

(a) P\p-hcn 30 (b) HIvtSm-_¿ 2 (c) \hw-_¿ 14

7. IS¬Øo-c-an-√mØ Hcp C¥y≥ kwÿm\w

(a) a[y-]-tZiv (b) KpP-dmØv (c) Hdok

8. Akw Ak-ao-kv, Hdo Hdn-b, Xan-gv\mSv Xan-gv, \mKm-em‚ v ..........................

(a) lnμn (b) Xangv (c) Cw•ojv

6

9. hcnI hcnI kl-P-tc........ sI. tIf-∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tImgn-t°m- p-\n∂pw ]ø-∂q-cn-

te°v ]pd-s∏´ D∏p-k-Xym-K-l-Pm-Y-bn¬ D¿∂p-tI´ ]m´m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Cu Km\w cNn-®Xv

Bcv ?

(a) h≈-tØmƒ (b) Awin \mcm-b-W-]n≈

(c) aplΩZv CIv_m¬

10. lnam-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw D¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-I-fn¬ th\¬°m-eØpw [mcmfw sh≈-sam-gp-Ip-

∂-Xn\v ImcWw

(a) ]cn-ÿnXn ]iv\-ßƒ

(b) Hmtkm¨ ]mfnbnse hn≈¬

(c) a™p-cp-Ip-∂Xv

11. `qIm-WvU-ß-fn¬ s]Sm-ØXv

(a) tN\ (b) tNºv (c) ss]\m-∏nƒ

12. Unkw-_¿ apX¬ am¿®v hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ BIm-iØp ImWm-hp∂ \£-X-k-aqlw

(a) Hmdn-tbm¨ (b) entbm (c) Imkn-tbm-∏nb

13. Blm-c-_-‘-ßƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv Hcp Nße D≠m-°p-I.

]p√v ]p¬®mSn Xhf

(a) tImgn (b) Xmdmhv (c) ]mºv

14. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Po¿Æn-°m-ØXv

(a) t]∏¿ _mKv (b) ]cpØn k©n (c) XpI¬jq

15. ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øn-s\-Xnsc _n´o-jp-Im¿ ImWn® \njvTq-c-X-bpsS \Sp-°p∂ DZm-l-c-W-

amWv

(a) Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv (b) D∏p-k-Xym-Klw (c) hmK¨ SmPUn

kmaq-lym-h-t_m[w

1. \ΩpsS ]©m-bØv c-W-k-an-Xn-bpsS Imem-h[n FX-bmWv?

(a) 10 h¿jw (b) 4 h¿jw (c) 5 h¿jw

2. \mw ] -W-Ønse knKv\¬ sse‰v D≈ Ih-e-bn-eqsS hml-\-Øn¬ t]mIp-I-bm-sW∂v Icp-

Xp-I. Nph∏v knKv\¬ sse‰v I≠m¬ F¥p sNø-Ww?

a. hml\w thKX Ipdbv-°Ww b. hml\w \n¿ØWw

c. hml\w thKØn¬ IS-∂p-t]m-IWw

7

3. Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Zm\w sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ ico-c- mKw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXmWv?

(a) IÆv (b) hr° (c) Icƒ

4. \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-amb tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ icn-bmb ]kvXm-h\

GXv?

(a) tIcfw ]Sn-™m-tdm v Ncn-™p-In-S-°p∂p

(b) tIcfw ka-Xe ]tZ-i-amWv

(c) tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncnhv hS-t°m- mWv

5. \mb-Isf s]meokv tk\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-bpsS GXv Ignhv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-

\mWv?

(a) D®-Øn¬ Ipc®v b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbpw

(b) thK-Øn¬ Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v ta¬ NmSn-ho-gm≥ Ignbpw

(c) K‘w Xncn-®-dn™v Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw

6. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Kq∏n¬ s]Sm-ØXv?

(a) πmhv (b) amhv (c) hmg

7. tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-Øp≈ P\-ß-fpsS ][m\ D]-Po-h\w?

(a) Irjn (b) aW¬hm-c¬ (c) ao≥]n-SpØw

8. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ H‰-bm≥ Bcv?

(a) B\ (b) ]q® (c) ISph

9. Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂ tZiob sKbnw-kns‚ mKy-Nnlv\amb AΩp GXp Pohn-bmWv?

(a) sIm°v (b) abn¬ (c) thgm-º¬

10. C¥y-bpsS hnZym- ymk hIp∏v a¥n BcmWv?

(a) kvarXn Cdm\n (b) ]n.-sI. A_vZp-d∫v (c) Acp¨ Pbv‰ven

8

Sot®gvkv ¢_v sadn‰v kvtImf¿jn∏v ˛ 2015

DØ-c-kq-NnI ˛ L.P.

A. ae-bmfw

1. a2. c3. b4. b5. c6. c7. b8. a9. c10. a

B. Cw•ojv

1. c2. d3. c4. c5. c6. d7. c8. b9. c10. b

C. ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

1. c2. c3. a

4. c5. c6. b7. a8. c9. b10. c

11. c12. a13. c14. c15. c

D. KWnXw

1. d2. b3. c4. c5. b6. c7. a8. b9. b10. b

11. c12. d13. d

14. b15. b

F. kmaq-lym-h-t_m[w

1. c2. b3. a4. a5. c6. c7. c8. a9. c10. a

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv:dntkmgvkvSow,Sot®gvkv¢∫vtIme-t©cn 9446762687 1

dntkmgvkvSowSot®gvkv¢∫vtIme-t©cn

]h¿Ø \w1 kvtIm¿12

Irjn-bn¬ Xs∂ c≠ p-Xcw Irjn-bp-≠v.H∂vIpSpw-_-Ir-jn.as‰m∂vtXm-Ir-jn.CXn¬ tXm-Ir-

jn°vIpd-hn-√.]s£ IpSpw-_-IrjnXI¿®-bn-em-W v.hnj-a-Sn-°m-Ø ,hmSmØ ]®-°-dnbpwIng-ß p-

IfpwNocbpwHs° h√-t∏m-gp-sa-¶n-epwIgn-°-t≠ Iqp-Im-sc......

tIc-f-Ø nseImem-hÿ Irjn°vXnI®pw]‰n-b-Xm-W v.h¿jsØ 27Rm‰p-th-e-I-fmbnXncn-®-Xn¬

Hmtcm-∂nepwsNøm-hp∂ Irjn-I-sf-∏‰n\m-dnhv\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.CXn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿ m-\-Ø n¬ Xmsg

X∂n-cn-°p∂ ] n-I-bn¬ Hmtcmhnf-IfpwG sXms° amk-ß -fn¬Irjn-sNømwF∂vkqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

] n-Ii≤-tbmsShmbn-°p-I.

Ia\º¿

hnf-Iƒ kok

1 s\√v G ]n¬--sabv sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿ Unkw-_¿ P\p-hcn(hn-cn-∏v) (ap-≠-I≥) (]p-©)

2. Noc F√m-Im-eØpw F√m-Im-eØpw F√m-Im-eØpw

3. sh≠ s _p-h-cn--am¿®v Pq --Pqsse HIvtSm-_¿--\-hw-_¿

4. ]mh¬(ssI-∏) P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sabv--Pq sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

5. ]S-hew P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

6. sh≈cn P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

7. XÆn-a-Ø≥ Unkw-_-¿--P-\p-hcn

8. Npcbv° P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

9. aØ≥ P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

10. Ipºfw P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

11. hgp-X\ sabv--Pq sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

12. ]®-ap-fIv sabv--Pq sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

13. X°mfn HIvtSm-_¿--\-hw-_¿

14. Imt_Pv HmK-Ãv--\-hw-_¿

15. tImfn-vf-h¿ HmK-Ãv--\-hw-_¿

16. Imc‰v HmK-Ãv--\-hw-_¿

17. _o‰vdqv HmK-Ãv--\-hw-_¿

18. dmUnjv(ap-≈-¶n) HmK-Ãv--\-hw-_¿

19. tNmfw Pq --Pqsse P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn

20. ]b¿ sabvPq sk]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

21. tN\ s _p-h-cn--am¿®v

22. tNºv sabv--Pq

23. Im®n¬ am¿®v--G -]n¬

24. C©n G ]n¬--sabv

25. a™ ƒ G ]n¬--sabv

26. a[p-c-°n-gß v Pq --Pqsse HIvtSm-_¿--\-hw-_¿

27. ac-®o\n(I-∏) G ]n¬--sabv k]vXw-_¿--H-IvtSm-_¿

28. \ne-°-Se sabv--Pq P\p-h-cn--s -_p-hcn

1 2 3

F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ 2016-amXrItNmZy-t]-∏¿

kabw:2aW n-°q¿

B sIkvtIm¿:50

t]cv :...........................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ :...........................................................................................................................................................

F√mtNmZy-ß ƒ° pwDØ -c-sa-gp-tX-≠ -Xm-W v.

Reg.No : ................................

Sot®gvkv¢∫vtIme-t©cn

t m :9446762687



X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ß ƒkq£ va-ambn]cn-tim-[n®v] nI ]q¿Ø n-bm-°p-I.

[m\y-ß ƒG sXms°

Ing-ß p-h¿§-ß ƒG sXms°

]®-°-dn-IƒG sXms°

Ime-h¿jØvG sXms° Irjn-Iƒ

Xpem-h¿jØvG sXms° Irjn-Iƒ

ssiXy-Im-eØvG sXms° Irjn-Iƒ

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h\y-Pohnkt¶-X-ß ƒ Pn√ ][m-\-s∏ Pohn-Iƒ

]d-ºn-°pfw

Nn∂m¿

NnΩnW n

]o®n hmgm\n

sske‚vhmen

tX°Sn


cmaphpwthW phpwHcptl m-en¬ Ib-dn.cmapHcpNmbIpSn-®p.thW pHcpIm∏n-bpw.Ipd-®p-t\cw

tl m-en¬ h¿Ø -am-\-sams° ]d-™ n-cp-∂p.cmaphpw thW phpwkabw X≈ n\o°n._n√ph∂p.

Nmb°v10cq]bpwIm∏n°v15cq]pw.tlmF¥m-hn-e...c≠p-t]cpw]ndp-]n-dp-Ø p-sIm≠ vtl m-en\v

]pd-Ø ndß n.cmap-hn\vHcpkwibw.""Rm≥ IpSn® Nmb-bn¬ \n∂pw tl m¬ DS-a°vFX -cq]

emw Inn-°m-W pw.''?""icnbmRm≥ IpSn® Im∏n-bn¬ \n∂pwFX-cq] tl m-ep-S-a°vemw Inn-

°mW pw.''thW p-hn\pwkwi-bw.c≠ p-t]cpwCukwi-b-hp-ambncmPp-am-jns\kao-]n-®p.

cmap :""amtj......Rß sfH∂vklm-bn-°m-tam.''

cmPp-amjv:""F¥ma°sfkwibw''?

cmaphpwthW phpw]iv\wA h-X-cn-∏n-®p.

cmPp-amjv:icnRm≥ Nnehnh-c-ß ƒ Xcmw.

HcpNmb D≠ m-°m≥ 50ml ]m¬ thW w.25 Kmw ]© -km-c,10Kmw Nmb-s∏mSn/Im∏n-s∏mSn.50ss]k-bpsSC‘-\w.IqSmsX hne-hn-c-∏-n-Ibpw\¬Ip-∂p.

Nmb-s∏mSn = 200cq]/Kg

]m¬ = 40cq]/en‰¿

]© -kmc = 50cq]

Im∏n-s∏mSn = 300cq]/Intem


ssZh-Ø ns‚ kz¥w \mSmb tIcfw kµ¿in-°m≥ FØ nb hntZ-in-I-fmb hnt\mZk© m-cn-Isf

klm-bn-°m≥ \nß -tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-m¬ Fs¥ms° hnh-c-ß -fmhpw\nß ƒ hnt\mZk© m-cn-Iƒ°v

\¬Ip-I.

] n-I-bm°nhnh-c-ß ƒ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.

\nß -fpsSkz¥wPn√-sb-°p-dn®vFs¥ms° hnh-c-ß ƒ A h-cp-ambn]¶p-sh°pw?

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A ]-K-Y\] nI

F¥mW vI≠ p-]n-Sn-t°-≠ Xv?

Fs¥√mwX∂n-p≠ v?

Fs¥√mwIqSnInW w(A -f-hp-Iƒ

am‰-W tam?IqSp-X¬hnh-c-ß ƒX∂n-

p-≈ -h-bn¬ \n∂pw Is≠ -Ø -W -

tam.....?hy‡ -am-°pI

Fß s\Is≠ Ø pw?

(I-s≠-Ø p∂ hgnhy‡ -am-°pI)

F¶n¬ CXp-]-tbm-Kn®vHcpNmb°vFX cq]sNe-hm-Ip-sa∂vI≠ p-]n-Sn-°pI.




NphsS\¬In-bn-p≈ IhnX hmbn-°p-I.

sNfn-bn¬ hoW v,apfs]mm≥ImØ n-cn-°p∂ s\¬hn-Ø v........A cn-aW ns]dp-°n-sb-SpØ Ip™ p-dp-

ºp-Iƒ.....A h-cpsStNe-bmsIapjn-™ p.....Xfn¿°m≥t]mIp∂ Rmdns\kz]v\wI≠ v......\√

\msf-Isfkz]v\wImW p∂ Ip™ p-dp-ºp-Iƒ....]Xo-£ -bmW vIhnkΩm-\n-°p-∂-Xv.CØ -c-Ø n¬

Ihn-XsbhymJym-\n-°p-I.

hcn-Iƒ Fs‚hymJym\w

C.-Pn-\≥

NnXo-I-cW w:kXojv

c≠ p-dp-ºp-Iƒ

XΩnƒ

I≠ p-ap-p∂p

Np≠ n-\-‰sam

∂pc-kp∂p

kz]v\-ß ƒ

]Ip-°p∂p

tNmZn®p

A Xn-sem∂v

"C∂-se

sb¥p-≠mbo

\ns‚

tNe-bn-s∂t¥

CX

apjn-bm≥

sNfn-bm-Im≥

\S∂p

]mSsØ ms°

shbn-en≥

hnf-shm∂v

sImbvsX-Sp

°phm≥t]mbn

hnb¿Ø v

Ipfn-®-t∏mƒ

Ims‰m∂v

hoin,]mS

hc-ºn≥

s]mSn-]m-‰¬

tZl-Ø p

apSp-∏nepw

]‰nRm≥

apjn-™ t√m

B apjn-®n-en

s\s¥mcp

kpJw,tNdn≥

Ipfncm

W p≈ n¬,Xfn¿

s]mp∂p

Rmdmbvkz]v\w

\S∂p

]mSsØ ms°

shbn-en≥

hnf-shm∂v

sImbvsX-Sp

°phm≥t]mbn

hnb¿Ø v

Ipfn-®-t∏mƒ

c≠ p-dp-ºp-Iƒ

XΩnƒ

I≠ p-ap-p∂p

Np≠ n-\-‰sam

∂pc-kp∂p

kz]v\-ß ƒ

]Ip-°p∂p

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tNdvF∂ Ihn-Xbv° vB kzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏vXøm-dm-°p-I.

B apjn-®n-en

s\s¥mcp

kpJw,tNdn≥

Ipfncm

W p≈ n¬,Xfn¿

s]mp∂p

Rmdmbvkz]v\w

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Sot®gvkv ¢∫v tIme-t©cnF¬.-F-kv.-F-kv, bp.-F-kv.-Fkv samUyqƒ 2016- 2017

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv

dntkmgvkv Sow, Sot®gvkv ¢∫v, tIme-t©cn 94467626871

2016 A¥mcmjvS ]b¿ h¿jw [International year of pulses (IYP)]

2016 A¥m-cmjvS ]b¿ h¿jw [International year of pulses (IYP)] F∂mWv 68˛mw aXv bp.-F≥.

P\-d¬ Akw-ªn-bpsS BN-cW hnj-bw. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) \n¿t±-i-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu Xocp-am-\w. "kpÿn-c-amb mhn°v t]mj-I-Kp-W-ap≈ hnØp-Iƒ' F∂

apZm-hm-Iy-amWv ]b¿ h¿jm-N-cWw apt∂m v hbv°p∂-Xv.

(1) ]b¿hn-Øp-Iƒ°p≈ t]mj-I-Kp-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns‚ hym]-\w, (2) ]b¿h¿K-

ß-fpsS hym]m-chpw DXv]m-Z-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, (3) a\p-jy-cpsS Blm-c-Øns‚ ][m\ hn -h-ß-

fn-sem-∂mbn ]b¿ h¿K D¬∏-∂-ßsf am‰pI F∂n-h-bmWv h¿jm-N-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS e£y-

ßƒ. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv A¥m-cmjvS ]b¿ h¿jm-N-c-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn \n¿t±-

in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \mev ]Nmc-Wm-i-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv temIw

ian-°p-∂-Xv.

1) ]b-dns‚ t]mjI aqey-ßƒ

BtcmKy-Øn\pw Iao-Ir-X-amb `£Wsamcp-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]b¿ hn`-h-ßƒ°v Ign-bpw.

Iym≥k¿, ]ta-lw, lrZb kw_-‘-amb Akp-J-ßƒ F∂n-hsb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,

]b-dns‚ t]mj-I-aq-ey-Øn\v Ign-bpw. sImgp∏v Ipd™ amwkm-lmcw F∂ \ne-bnepw \mcv kar-≤-

amb £-W-sa∂\ne-bnepw Ch-bv°p≈ ]k‡n hep-Xm-Wv. sImf-kvtSmƒ, ]talw F∂n-hsb

\nb-¥n-°pw. s]m´m-kyw, kn¶v, a·o-jyw, hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS km∂n[yw ]b¿h¿K hnf-

Isf a\p-jy\v G‰hpw A\p-Iq-e-amb Blm-c-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

2) BtcmKy-ap≈, ]ńWncln-X-amb temI-Øn\v

]b¿hn- hßfpsS hym]\w Btcm-Ky-ap≈, ]ńWncln-X-amb temI-Øns‚ krjvSn-bn-te°v

\bn°pw. C\nbpw Xncn-®-dn-™n- n-√mØ Cu £y-h-kvXp-hns‚ ]m[m\yw temIsØ Adn-bn-°pI

F∂Xpw BN-c-WØns‚ e£y-am-Wv. D¬]m-Z-\w, Bh-iy-I-X, D]-t`mKw F∂nh h¿[n-∏n-°pI

hgn Btcm-Ky-ap≈, ]ń-Wn-c-ln-X-amb, kpÿn-c-amb temIsØ krjvSn-°mw.

3) KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn\v ]b¿

hnI-kn-Xhpw hnI-kz-c-hp-amb cmjvS-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cpsS kmº-ØnI tkmX- nse apJy-I-

Æn-bmWv ]b¿h¿K-ßƒ. GXm≠v Fgp-]Xp iX-am-\-tØmfw D¬]m-Z\w hnI-kzc cmjvS-ß-fp-tS-

Xm-Wv. ]b¿ D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Ccp-]-Øn-b©v iX-am-\hpw C¥y-bn-em-Wv. D]-t`m-Khpw IqSp-X¬

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øm-Wv. D¬]m-Z\ £a-X-bnse Ipdhv hnI-kzc cmPy-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂ henb sh√p-hn-

fn-bm-Wv. CXv ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ ]b¿ D¬]m-Z\w C∂p-≈-Xns‚ Cc- n-bm-hpw.

]bdpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kpÿn-c-Xbpw

]b-dn\v ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kpÿn-cX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. aÆns‚ hf-°qdv

\ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ]b¿ CS-hn-f-bmbn Irjn sNøp-∂p-≠v. aÆnse ss\S-Ps‚ Afhv kwc-£n-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]b¿ sNSn-I-fpsS Ign-hv, Ipd®v sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mó≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, Im¿_-

Wns‚ Ipd™ D¬]m-Z\w F∂nh ]b-dns\ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kpÿnc-Xbn¬ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p∂

Irjnbm°n am‰p-∂p-≠v.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


IqSp-X¬ ]b¿ hnti-j-ßƒ

t]m´o-\p-I-fpsS Ie-h-d-I-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ ]mh-s∏- -h-cpsS amwkw F∂mWv ]b-dns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

]b-dn-\-ßƒ ˛ P∑-tZ-i-ßƒ

h≥]-b¿ a[y B^n-°, sNdp-]-b¿ C¥y, apXnc Z£nW ]q¿tΔ-jy, Xphc B^n°,

tkmbm-_o≥ ˛ ssN\, Ko≥]okv ˛ djy.

]b-dn-\-ßƒ

]®∏b¿, apXn-c, IS-e, _o≥kv, sImØ-a-c, Aa-c]cn-∏v, tkmbm-_o≥, Dgp-∂p-]cn∏v, Xph-c,

I∏-e-≠n, hmf-cn-∏-b¿, NXp-c-∏-b¿.

Ign™ h¿jw ][m-\-ambpw c≠v hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv BN-cn®-Xv.

1. A¥m-cmjvS ]Im-i -h¿jw 2. A¥m-cmjvS aÆv h¿jw

]Im-i-h¿jw ˛ 2015

]Im-i-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-SpØv AXns‚ km[y-X-Isf temI-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-I, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z]c-amb kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\v D]-bp-‡-am-°pI XpS-ßnb e£y-ß-tfm-sS-

bmWv 2015 s\ sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S\ ]Im-i-h¿j-ambn ]Jym-]n-®-Xv.

2013 Unkw-_¿ 20 \v bp.-F≥ P\-d¬ Akw-ªn-bpsS 68-˛-m-aXv ktΩ-f\w 2015 s\ cmPym-¥c ]Im-i-˛-

]-Im-im-[n-jvTnX kmt¶-XnI hnZym-h¿j-ambn ]Jym-]n-®-Xv.

F¥p-sIm≠v 2015 ]Im-i-h¿jw?

1. A¬l-k≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ C_vƒ A¬lbvXmw F∂ Ad_v imkvX-⁄≥ cNn® ]Im-isØ

Ipdn-®p≈ BZysØ KŸ-Øns‚ 1000-˛mw h¿jw

2. AK-Ãn≥ Po≥ s^s\¬ 1815-˛¬ ]Im-i-X-cwK kn≤m¥w (diffraction) Bhn-jvI-cn-®n´v 200 h¿jw

XnI-bp-∂p.

3. amIvkvsh¬ ]Im-isØ kw_-‘n® hnZypXv Im¥nI kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-®n´v 150 h¿jw XnI-

bp∂p

4. sF≥ssÃ≥ kmam\y Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-®n´v 150 h¿jw XnI-bp-∂p.

5. Nmƒkv ImthmH]v‰nIv ss^_¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®n´v 50 h¿jw

XnI-bp-∂p.

IWnIm kn≤m¥w

1669-˛1672 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ k¿ sFkIv \yq´≥ ]Imiw t\¿tc-J-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂ AXn-kq£va

IWn-I-I-fm-sW∂ kn≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. CXp IWnIm kn≤m¥w (Particle/ Corpuscular Theory oflight) ]Xn-^-e-\w, [pho-I-cWw F∂o ]Xn-`m-k-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn\p Ign-™p.

F∂m¬ hn`w-K-\w, hyXn-I-cWw F∂n-hbv°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥ Ign-™n-√.

]]-©-Øn¬ km[y-amb G‰hpw IqSnb thKw ]Im-i-Øn-t‚-Xm-sW∂v Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øn-

eqsS (Special theory of relativity) sF≥ssÃ≥ ka¿∞n-®p. Sm°n-tbm¨, \yqSn-t\m F∂nh ]Im-i-th-

KsØ adn-I-S∂p F∂ hm¿Ø ]co-£W \nco-£-W-ß-fnse ]ng-hp-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m´n AXv Xncp-Ø-s∏- p.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


]Im-im-[n-jvTnX kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-bmWv t^mt´m-Wn-Ivkv. Ce-IvtSm-Wn-Ivkns\ t]mse Xs∂

kzX¥ imkvX-im-J-bmWv t^mt´m-Wn-Ivkv. 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy F∂mWv t^mt´m-Wn-

Ivkns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

t^mt´m-Wn-Ivknse ][m-\-s∏´ aq∂p I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fmWv tek¿, H]v‰n-°¬ ss^_¿ tI_nƒ,

skan I≠-IvS¿ H]v‰n-°¬ D]IcWßƒ.

1. tek¿ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

1960 ¬ Xntbm-U¿ sabvam≥ ]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-hp∂ BZy tek¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.

2. H]v‰n-°¬ ss^_¿ tI_nƒ

Nmƒkv Imthm F∂ imkvX-⁄≥ 1965 ¬ H]v‰n-°¬ ss^_¿ tI_nƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ

Bcw-`n-®p. 1970 ¬ knen° sIm≠p-≠m-°nb H]v‰n-°¬ ss^_¿ tI_n-fn-eqsS tU‰m knKv\-ep-Iƒ

]Im-inI cq]-Øn¬ (optical) hnP-b-I-c-ambn IS-Øn-hn- p. 2009 se nknIvkv s\mt_¬ kΩm\w Nmƒkv

sI. Imthmbv°v e`n-®p.

3. skan I≠-IvS¿ H]v‰n-°¬ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

sse‰v Fan-‰nMv UtbmUv (LED), tek¿ Utbm-Uv, t^mt´m Utbm-Uv XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS I≠p-

]n-SpØw Du¿÷-kw-c-£W cwKØv henb apt∂‰w D≠m-°n.

Nph∏v F¬-CUn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ (1962) \n°v slmsfm-\ymIv F∂ imkvX-⁄-\mWv F¬-CUn

bpsS ]nXm-hv.

aÆp-h¿jw

]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw a\p-jy-cm-in°pw aÆv \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v P\-ß-fn¬ Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-\mbn, aÆns‚ ]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ktμiw ]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xns‚ A¥-kØ Dƒs°m≠v

sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS P\-d¬ Akwªn 2015 cmPym-¥c aÆp-h¿j-ambn ]Jym-]n-®p. F√m h¿jhpw

Unkw-_¿ 5˛mw XobXn temI aÆp-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p. aÆp-h¿jm-N-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn sFIy-

cm-jvS-k` apt∂m-´p-h® ktμiw "Btcm-Ky-ap≈ aÆv Btcm-Ky-ap≈ Pohn-X-Øn\v' F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

hnhn-[-Xcw aÆp-Iƒ kq£n-°p-Ibpw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ temI-Ønse BZy aÆv ayqknbw

s\X¿e-≠n-emWv D≈-Xv. temI-Ønse c≠m-a-sØbpw G‰hpw hep-Xp-amb aÆp ayqknbw C¥y-bn-

emWv. Xncp-h\¥]pcw Pn√-bnse ]dm-´p-tIm-W-Øm-Wv. 2014 P\p-hcn 1 \v DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

C¥y≥ _ln-cm-Imi cwKw

1969 BKkvXv 15 \mWv sF.-F-kv.-B¿.H \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. tUm.-hnIw kmcm-`mbv Bbn-cp∂p

BZysØ sNb¿am≥. At±-l-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v s]m^.-Fw.-Pn.-sI.-ta-t\m≥, s]m^.-k-Xojv [hm≥, tUm.-

Pn.-am-[-h≥ \mb¿, tUm.-sI.-F-kv.-cm[mIrjvW≥ F∂n-h¿ sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bpsS sNb¿am≥ ÿm\w

Ae-¶-cn-®p. tUm.-Fkv Inc¨Ip-am-dmWv Ct∏m-gsØ sNb¿am≥.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


_ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-W-Øn\v C¥y-bn¬ ASn-Ød]mIn-b-Xv hnIw kmcm-`mbv BWv. C¥y-bnse

_ln-cm-Imi Kth-jWw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv 1961 emWv. XpS¿∂v 1963 \hw-_¿ 21 \v Xpº-

bnse C≥tIm-kv]¿ (C-¥y≥ \mj-W¬ IΩn‰n t^m¿ kvt]kv dnk¿®v) tIμ-Øn¬ \n∂v BZy

ku≠nßv tdm°‰v IpXn-®p-b¿∂p. 1969¬ ISRO °v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

C¥y-bpsS BZy IrXna D]-Klw Bcy-`-´-bm-Wv. Hcp tkmhn-b‰v tdm°‰v D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Cu

t]S-IsØ _ln-cm-Im-i-sØ-Øn-®-Xv. C¥y BZy-ambn hnt£-]n® kztZ-io-b-amb D]-Klw tcmlnWn

˛ 1 BWv. BZy-]-co-£W hm¿Øm hn\n-ab D]-K-l-amb B∏nƒ 1981 Pq¨ 19 \mWv hnt£-]n-®-Xv. 1982

G]n¬ 10 \v hm¿Øm hn\n-ab D]-K-l-ß-fmb C≥km‰v ]c-º-cbv°v XpS-°-an-´p. sF.-B¿.-Fkv ˛ 1 F

F∂ BZy hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ D]-K-lsØ 1988 am¿®v 17 \v `a-W-]-Y-Øn¬ FØn-®p. 1991 ˛ 2000 Ime-L-

´-Øn-emWv sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bpsS hnt£-]W hml-\-amb ]n.-F-kv.-F¬.-hn. (Polar Satellite Launch Ve-hicle - PSLV) hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv 2004 sk]vXw-_¿ 20 \v Pn.-F-kv.-F¬.-hn. (Geosychronous Satellite LaunchVehicle - GSLV) F∂ hnt£-]W hml-\hpw ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-bn. 2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 22 \v Nmμ ZuXy-

t]-S-I-amb Nmμ-bm≥ 1 hnt£-]n-®p. 2013 \hw-_¿ A©n\v sNmΔ ]cy-th-£W hml-\-amb awKƒbm≥

(Mars Orbiter Mission) hnt£-]n-®p. 2015 sk]vXw-_¿ 28 \v C¥y-bpsS kz¥w _ln-cm-Imi Zqc-Z¿in\n

BkvtSm-km‰pw hnP-b-I-c-ambn hnt£-]n-®p.

IrXna D]-K-l-ßƒ

C≥km‰v: Gjy ˛ ]k-^n°v taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw henb hm¿Øm hn\n-ab D]-Kl irwJ-e-bmWv 1983

¬ IΩo-j≥ sNbvX C≥km‰v ]c-ºc.

sF.-B¿.-F-kv.

`utam-]-cn-X-e-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ dntam´v sk≥knMv D]-K-l-ß-fmWv Cu irwJ-e-bn-ep-≈Xv.

sa‰vkm‰v / I¬∏\:

Imem-hÿ \n¿W-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-K-l-ß-fpsS ]c-º-c.

hnt£-]W tIμ-ßƒ

sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.bv°v aq∂v hnt£-]W tIμ-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

1) Xpº CIzn-t‰m-dn-b¬ tdm°‰v tem©nMv tÃj≥, Xncp-h-¥-]pcw (hnIw kmcm`mbv kvt]kv

sk‚¿)

2) kXojv [hm≥ kvt]kv sk‚¿, iol-cn-t°m- , B‘m-]-tZiv

3) _me-tkm¿ tdm°‰v tem©nMv tÃj≥, HUnj

Nmμ-bm≥ 1

Nμs\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn C¥y hnt£-]n® BZy _ln-cm-Imi t]S-I-amWv Nmμ-bm≥ ˛

1. _mw•q-cnse sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-km-‰-sse‰v sk‚-dn-emWv Nmμ-bm≥ 1 \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Nμs\ Adn-bm≥

CXp-hsc \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ 68 t]S-I-ß-fn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]co-£W D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv

Nmμ-bm≥ ˛ 1 BWv. Nmμ-bm-\n¬ BsI 11 ]co-£W D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬s∏´ aq¨


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


Cw]mIvSv t]m_v Nmμ-bm-\n¬ \n∂p th¿]n-cn™v Nμ-\n¬ CSn-®n-d-ßn. ]Xn-s\m∂v D]-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ A©pw

C¥y-bn¬Øs∂ \n¿Ωn-®p. aqs∂Æw bqtdm-]y≥ kvt]kv GP≥knbptSbpw (ESA) cs≠Æw NASA bpsSbpw

_ƒtK-dn-b≥ A°m-Zan Hm v kb≥kns‚ (BAS) H∂pw D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Nmμ-bm-\n-ep-≠v. Nmμ-bm≥ ˛ 1

hnt£-]n-®Xv iol-cn-t°m´ hnt£-]W tIμ-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. B‘m-]-tZ-inse s\√q¿ Pn√-bn-emWv iol-

cn-t°m- .

awKƒbm≥

C¥y-bpsS BZy Klm-¥-c-ZuXyw (Planetary Mission) BWv awKƒbm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ am¿kv Hm¿_n-‰¿ anj≥. Nmμ-bm≥ ZuXyw \S-Øp-∂-Xp-hsc C¥y ùa \nco-£W D]-K-l-ßfpw

(IRS tiWn) IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ D]-K-l-ßfpw (C≥km-‰v, Pn km‰v tiWn) \n¿Ωn-°m\pw hnt£]n®v

D]tbmKn°m\pw amXta ]mhoWyw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

awKƒbm≥ ZuXy-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw ]tXy-I-Xbpw

awKƒbm≥ Hcp Klm-¥c ZuXyam-Wv. AXmbXv Hcp Kl-Øn¬\n∂v as‰m-∂n-te°v t]mIp-∂-Xv.

Ch hfsc hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb ZuXy-ß-fm-Wv. `qan°v Np‰pw àWw sNøp-∂-h-sb-t∏mse A√. Kl-ßƒ

kqcys\ hew-h-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw ÿnc-a-√. Znibpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw.

At∏mƒ Nne ]tXyI Ime-ß-fnse Ahn-tS°v _ln-cm-Imi hml-\-ßsf Ab-°m≥ km[n-°p. DZm-

l-c-W-ambn `qan-bn¬\n∂v sNmΔ-bn-te°v hml-\-a-b-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb kabw c≠v h¿j-Øn¬

Hcn-°te hcp.

k©m-c-]-Yhpw bmXm ka-bhpw

Klm-¥-c-bm-X-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ _ln-cm-Imi hml-\-ßƒ°v t\¿tc-J-bn¬ k©-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

Ah kqcy\v Np‰p-ap≈ Hcp hI-]mX (kq-cy≥ tIμ-am-bp≈ Hcp à-W-]-Y-Øns‚ `mKw) bneq-sStb

k©-cn-°q. awKƒbm\pw CØcw Hcp ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv k©-cn-®-Xv.

awKƒbm≥ bmX°v aq∂v ][m-\-L-´ßfp≠v

1) `qan-bn¬\n∂v hnt£-]n®v ùa-k-ao-]-`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-se-Ø¬

2) ùa kao-]-Øp-\n∂pw sNmΔ-bn-te-°p≈ ]Y-Øn-te°v (h-I-]m-X-bn-te-°v) amdepw XpS¿∂p≈

bmXbpw. Cu bmX Bdv ˛ ]Øv amkw hsc FSp-°pw.

3) sNmΔ-°-Sp-sØ-Øepw sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-Itbm sNmΔ-bn-en-d-ß-tem.

awKƒbm-s\-t∏m-ep≈ _ln-cm-Imi hml-\-ßsf (DZm: Iyqtcym-kn‰n, Hmt∏m¿®p-\n‰n apX-em-bh)

X≈n-hn-Sp∂ tdm°-‰ns‚ i‡nbpw (X-Ãv) sNmΔ, `qan F∂n-h-bpsS Bt]-£nI ÿm\hpw A\p-

k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw bmX-bpsS Imew. CXv Bdp-ap-X¬ ]Øp-am-kw-h-sc-bm-Imw.

sNmΔ-bn-te-°p≈ bmXm-]Yw (h-I-]m-X) sNmΔ kqcys\ Np-‰p∂ à-W-]-YsØ Jfin-®m¬

amXta B ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p∂ hml-\-ßƒ (DZm: awKƒbm≥) sNmΔ-°-cn-In-se-Øq. sNmΔ

kqcys\ Np‰p∂ à-W-]-YsØ Jfin-°p∂ ÿeØv FØp-tºmƒ \Ωƒ Ab® hml-\hpw

AhnsS FØ-Ww. F¶nte sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ Ib-dm≥ km[n-°p. t\csØ FØn-

bmepw sshIn FØn-bmepw sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ Ib-dm≥ km[n-°msX kz¥w hI-]m-X-

bn-eqsS kqcys\ Np‰n-Øn-cn-™p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


awKƒbm-\p-am-bp≈ Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

awKƒbm≥ sNmΔ-bn-te°v k©-cn-®Xv GI-tZiw Ggp-tImSn Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-ap≈ Hcp ]mXbneqsS-

bm-Wv. Cu bmX-bn-ep-S-\ofw AXp-ambn Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ thWw. hymgw XpSßn a‰v Kl-ß-fpsS

BI¿jWw sIm≠pw a‰pw bmXm-]-Y-Øn-¬ πm≥ sNbvXhbn¬\n∂v Ipd®v am‰w hcp-tºmƒ AXv Xncp-

tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. B hnhcw awKƒbms\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

G‰hpw ASpØp-h-cp-tºmƒ sNmΔbpw qanbpw XΩn-ep≈ Zpcw 7.839 tImSn Intem-ao-‰-dm-Wv. F∂m¬

awKƒbm≥ sNmΔ-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ `qanbpw sNmΔbpw XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw 22.4 tImSn Intem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.

awKƒbm-\n-te°v ktμ-i-ßƒ Ab-°p-∂Xv tdUntbm Xcw-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv. awKƒbm≥

`qan-bn-te°v t^mt´m-Ifpw a‰pw Ab-°p-∂Xpw tdUntbm Xcw-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. ]Im-ihpw tdUntbm

Xcw-K-ß-fp-sa√mw sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI Xcw-K-ß-fmWv. Ch-bpsS thKw sk°‚n¬ 3 e£w Intem-ao-‰-

dmWv. At∏mƒ Hcp tdUntbm knKv\¬ `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw awKƒbm-\n-se-Øm≥ (AXv sNmΔ-bpsS ASp-

Øp-≈-t∏mƒ) FSp-°p∂ kabw 12 an\n-´m-Wv. (Nμ-\n-te°v ktμ-i-a-b-®m¬ 1.28 sk°‚ v sIm≠v

In´pw) Cu ka-b-ssZ¿Ly (12 an\n-´v) -Øns‚ ]iv\ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v sNmΔ-bpsS ASp-Øp-h®v awKƒbm≥

sNbvX-sX√mw AXnse Iw]yq-´-dns‚ \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

CXv awKƒbm≥ sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Øv Znhkw apºv ISRO bnse

F©n-\o-b¿am¿ Iw]yq- -dn¬ temUv sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn-sem∂pw

C¥y°v ]mho-Wy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Nmμ-bm≥ \s√mcp ]cn-[n-hscsb¶nepw CXn-s\ms° klm-bn-s®-

¶nepw Nmμ-bm≥ k©-cn® Zqcw 385000 km amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-semcp D]-K-lsØ D≠m-°p-I,

kuc-tI-μo-IrX à-W-]-Y-Øn-eqsS Ab®v sNmΔ-bn-se-Øn-°p-I, AXn-\m-bp≈ kwNm-e\w

(Navigation) \S-Øp-I, à-W-]Y Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-I, D]-K-l-hp-ambn IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ (Deep spacecommunication) \ne-\n¿ØpI XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° ]Tn-°epw ]co-£n-°-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p awKƒbms‚ ]Y-

a-Zu-Xyw. IqSmsX sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ k©-cn®v sNmΔ-bpsS t^mt´m FSp-°p-I, sNmΔ-bpsS

_mly-a-fiew hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, sNmΔ-bnse A¥-co-£-Øn-ep≈ Uyp‰o-cn-b-Øn-s‚bpw sslU-P-

s‚bpw A\p-]mXw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I, sNmΔ-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ C≥^m-sdUv tdUn-tb-js‚

Afhv I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I, sNmΔ-bnse A¥-co-£-Øn¬ aotY≥ Dt≠m F∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI XpS-ßnb

e£y-ßfpw awKƒbms‚ e£y-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. iol-cn-t°m-´-bn¬ \n∂v 2013 \hw-_¿ 5 sNmΔmgvN

]I¬ 2.38 \v ]n.-F-kv.-F¬.-hn.kn ˛ 25 hnt£-]n®p. 450 tImSn cq] sNe-hv. 1337 kg `mcw. 2014 sk]vXw-

_¿ 24 \v sNmΔ-bpsS à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ IS∂p. Cu ka-bsØ ISRO sNb¿am≥ ae-bm-fn-bmb tUm.-sI.-

cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥. Nmμ-bm≥ hnPbn-∏n® ka-bØv tUm.-Pn.-am-[-h≥ \mb¿ sNb¿am≥.

BkvtSm-km‰v

C¥y-bpsS BZysØ _ln-cm-Imi Zqc-Z¿in\n temI-Ønse G‰hpw ]i-kvX-amb _ln-cm-Imi

Zqc-Z¿in-\n-bmb l_nƒ kvt]kv sSen-kvtIm-∏ns‚ Hcp sNdnb ]Xn∏v.

Zriy-]-Imiw amX-a-√, AƒSm hb-e‰v apX¬ FIvkvtd hsc-bp≈ XcwK ssZ¿Ly-]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏-

Sp∂ hnZyp-XvIm-¥nI Xcw-K-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ ]m]-©n-I-h-kvXp-°-sf-tb-Xn-t\bpw \nco-£n-°m≥

BkvtSm-km-‰n\v Ign-bpw. l_nƒ sSen-kvtIm-∏n¬t∏mepw CXn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. \yqtSm¨


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


\£-X-ßƒ, ]ƒkm-dp-Iƒ, Izmkm-dp-Iƒ, sh≈-°p-≈≥am¿, Xtam-K¿Ø-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb Htc-k-

abw \nco-£n-°m≥ BkvtSm-km-‰n\v Ign-bpw. CØcw tijn-bp≈ Hcp-sS-e-kvtIm∏v NASA 2018 ¬l_n-fns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn hnt£-]n-°pw. t]cv sPbnwkv sh_v sSen-kvtIm-∏v.

tPymXn-imkvX ]cyth£-W-Øn\v amX-ambn cq]-I¬]\ sNbvX _ln-cm-Imi t]S-I-amb

BkvtSm-km‰v 2015 sk]vXw-_¿ 28 \mWv hnt£-]n-®-Xv. C¥y≥ l_nƒ F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

C≥km‰v 3 Un.-B¿

sF.-F-kv.-B¿.H °v A`n-am-\-ambn ]pXnb Imem-hÿm \nco£W D]-Klw C≥km‰v 3 Un.-B¿

à-W-]-Y-Øn¬. 2016 sk]vXw-_¿ 8 sshIn´v 4.50 \mWv 2211Kg `mcap≈ D]-K-l-hp-ambn "Pn.-F-kv.-

F¬.hn ˛ F^v 05 tdm°‰v iol-cn-t°m-´-bnse kXojv [hm≥ _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW tIμ-Øn¬

\n∂v IpXn®v 17 an\n-‰n-\p-tijw D]-Klw hnP-b-I-c-ambn `qÿn-c-`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-se-ØnbXv. Xt±-io-b-

ambn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ Itbm-P-\nIv F©n≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv C≥km‰v 3 Un.-B¿ à-W-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-

®-Xv. C¥y kz¥-ambn hnI-kn-∏n® aq∂m-asØ Imem-hÿ D]-K-l-amWv C≥km‰v 3 Un.-B¿.

Hmtkm¨]mfn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ, Npg-en-°m-‰-S-°-ap≈ ]IrXnZpc-¥-ßƒ ap≥Iqń Adn-bp-

∂-Xn\pw D]-Klw klm-bn-°pw. C¥y-bpsS NnX-ßƒ, C≥^m-sdUv Nm\-ep-Iƒ hgn cmXn-bnepw

hy‡-X-bm¿∂ hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-Ipw. taL-ß-fpsS k©mcw, Im‰v, A¥-co-£-Ønse aen-\o-I-c-W-

Øns‚ Afhv F∂nh IrXy-ambn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw D]-Klw klm-bn-°pw. Imem-h[n ]Øp-h¿jw.

Itbm-P-\nIvkv

hfsc Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb Dujvam-hn¬ hkvXp-°-fpsS kz`m-hhpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

ssa\kv 100 UnKn sk¬jykv apX¬ ssa\kv 273 UnKn sk¬jykv (0 sI¬hn≥) hsc-bp≈ hfsc

Xmgv∂ Dujvam-hn¬ Zhy-Øns‚ KpW-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-im-Jsb Itbm-P-\nIvkv F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

ZmhI sslU-P\pw ZmhI HmIvkn-P-\p-amWv s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Itbm-P-\nIv C‘-\-ßƒ.

Itbm-P-\nIv F©n-\n¬ Itbm-P-\nIv C‘-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

_ln-cm-Imi cwKØv C¥y Ncn-Xt\´w ssIh-cn-®p.

C¥y-bpsS Imem-hÿm ]T-\-Øn-\p≈ D]-K-l-amb kvIm-‰vkm‰v ˛1 Dƒs∏sS F´v D]-K-l-ßsf

Htc ZuXy-Øn¬ c≠v hyXykvX à-W-]-Y-ß-fn-se-Øn®v sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H. Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xn. ]n.-F-kv.-F¬.-

hn.-kn. hnt£-]W hml-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H,-bpsS G‰hpw ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb hnt£-]-W-amWv

hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-Xv. _ln-cm-Im-iØv doÃm¿´v kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ]co-£-W-hn-Pbw IqSn-

bmWv ZuXyw.

F¥mWv doÃm¿´v kmt¶-XnI hnZy

D]Kl-ßsf hyXykvX à-W-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ hnt£-]W hml-\sØ Ipd-®p-t\cw \n¿Øn

ho≠pw ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ ]Inb

2016 sk]vXw-_¿ 26 cmhnse 9.12 \v iol-cn-t°m-´-bnse kXojv [hm≥ _ln-cm-Imi tIμ-Øn¬

\n∂m-bn-cp∂p hnt£-]-Ww. CXv hnP-bn-®-tXmsS Cc´ à-W-]-Y-Øn¬ D]-K-l-hn-t£-]Ww F∂ C¥y-

bpsS kz]v\w bmYm¿Yy-am-bn.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


8 D]-K-l-ß-fmWv hnt£-]n-®Xv.

1) ]Yw ˛ apss_ sF.-sF.-Sn. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Ab-tWm-kv^n-b-dnse Ce-IvtSm-Wp-I-fpsS

FÆw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øpw. kp\man ap≥Iqń Adn-bm\pw kuI-cyw.

2) ]nkm‰v : s_wK-fqcp s]kv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v sSIvt\m-fPn \n¿an® dntam´v sk≥knwKv \mt\m D]-K-

lw. Imº-kp-I-fn¬ D]-K-l-ßfpsS amXrI Xøm-dm-°pI F∂-XmWv e£yw.

3) kvIm‰vkm‰v :- 1 `mcw 377 Intem. Imem-hÿ \nco-£-Ww, kapZ ]T-\w, Im‰ns‚ KXn, Npg-en-°m‰v

XpS-ßn-bh \nco-£n-°m\pw ssIam-dm\pw km[n-°pw. t\csØ hnt£-]n® Hmjy≥ km‰ns‚ XpS¿®.

Imem-h[n 5 h¿jw.

4) Aƒkm‰v ˛ 1 - F≥ : `mcw 7 Intem. _nójv AƒPo-cn-b≥ _ln-cm-Imi GP≥kn-Iƒ tN¿∂v

\n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Iyq_vkm‰v Iyma-d-bmWv CXn-\p-≈n¬. IqSp-X¬ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS NnX-ßƒ e`n-°pw.

5) Aƒkm‰v ˛ 2 _n: `mcw 117 Intem. am∏n-ßn-\m-bp≈ AƒPo-cn-b≥ D]-K-lw. Imem-h[n 5 h¿jw.

Im¿jnI, Pe Kth-j-W-Øn\pw ]IrXnZpc-¥-ß-fn¬ klm-b-sa-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

[mXp-°ƒ, FÆ F∂n-h-bpsS km∂n[yw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kuI-cyw.

6) A¬km‰v ˛ 1 _n: 103 Intem `mcw. ùa-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p≈ AƒPo-cn-b≥ D]-K-lw. Zpc-¥-ta-

JeIfn¬ klmbw e£yw.

7) F≥.-F¬.-F-kv. 19: 8 Intem `mcw. kmt¶-XnI ]co-£W ]Z¿i-\-Øn-\p≈ Im\-U-bsS D]-Klw

s]mfn™ I∏-en-s‚bpw hnam-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°pw.

8) ]mØv ss^≥U¿: 44 Intem `mcw. ùa \nco-£-W-Øn-\p≈ Ata-cn-°-bpsS hmWnPy D]-K-lw.

ae-bmfw

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ A£-c-ame Ia-Øn¬

CS-∏≈n cmL-h≥]n≈ ˛ 40

CS-t»cn tKmhn-μ≥ \mb¿ ˛ 42

DÆmbn hmcn-b¿ ˛ 52

D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿ ˛ 54

Ddq_v ˛ 56

Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈ ˛ 79

Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ 88

Ip´-aØv Ip∂n-bq¿ Ip™p-IrjvW Ipdp∏v ˛ 101

Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv ˛ 103

Ipam-c-\m-im≥ ˛ 111

Ip‰n-∏pg IrjvW-]n≈ ˛ 118

tIi-h-tZhv ]n. ˛ 141


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ sI.-]n. ˛ 147

sIm´m-c-Øn¬ i¶pÆn ˛ 160

Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n≈ ˛ 177

N¥p-ta-t\m≥.H. ˛ 182

sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn ˛ 201

XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ ˛ 227

Xnt°m-Sn-b≥ ˛ 232

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ˛ 235

tXm∏n¬ `mkn ˛ 287

\tc-μ-\mYv ]n. ˛ 258

\me-∏m´v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ ˛ 274

\nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn ˛ 276

]Wn-°¿ ]n.-F≥ ˛ 292

]¥fw tIc-f-h¿Ω ˛ 301

]md-∏p-dØv ˛ 312

]q¥m\w \ºq-Xncn ˛ 328

s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n ˛ 304

s]m‰-°mSv Fkv.-sI. ˛ 336

_me-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI. ˛ 354

_mem-a-Wn-bΩ ˛ 360

`´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.Sn ˛ 366

`mkvI-c-]-Wn-°¿ ]n.Sn ˛ 370

ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ ˛ 386

amen (am-[-h≥ \mb¿) ˛ 404

kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈ ˛ 410

ap´Øp h¿°n ˛ 413

cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿ ˛ 455

efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w ˛ 468

hb-em¿ cma-h¿Ω ˛ 479

h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ ˛ 482

hn.-sI.-F≥ ˛ 503

hnP-b≥ H.hn ˛ 505

hnem-kn\n ˛ 510

shÆn-°pfw tKm]m-e-°p-dp∏v ˛ 515

ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿ ˛ 527

sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥ ˛ 531

i¶-c-°p-dp∏v .Pn ˛ 536

(Un.-kn.-_pIvkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® al-®-cn-X-ame hmeyw 3 se d^-d≥kv t]Pp \º-dp-I-fmWv

kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cpsS t]cn\v t\sc tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.)


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


ae-bmf kmlnXy \mb-I-∑m¿

1. CS-∏≈n cmL-h≥]n≈

1909 Pq¨ 30 \v P\n-®p. Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n-≈bpw C-S-∏-≈n cm-L-h≥ ]n-≈bpw kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-bn-cp-

∂p. t]a-]-cm-Pn-X-\mbn 27-˛mw hb-kn¬ Bfl-lXy sNbvX CS-∏≈n Xs‚ lkz-Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬

ae-bm-f-Øn\v ad-°m-\m-hmØ Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn. lr-Z-b-kv-an-Xw, \-h-ku-c-`w F-∂o k-am-lm-c-ß-ƒ 1936

¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1946 ¬ Nß-ºp-g, "CS-∏≈n cmL-h≥]n-≈-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ aWn-\m-Zw,

Ahy-‡-k-tμ-iw F∂ t]cn¬ Ihn-X-Ifpw kp[, Nn√n-°miv F∂o sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw tN¿Øv Hcp ]pkvXIw

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1936 Pqsse 4 \v acn-®p.

2. CSt»cn tKmhn-μ≥\mb¿

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse Imev]-\nI hk-¥-Øn\v CS-ticn bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \¬In. sshtem-

∏n-≈nbpw CS-t»-cnbpw tN¿∂mWv B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-Xbv°p th≠ \ne-sam-cp-°n-b-Xv. I¿jI

tIc-f-Ønse hb-ep-I-fp-sSbpw \mS≥]m-ń-s‚bpw CuWhpw kv]¿ihpw CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-I-fpsS X\n-a-

bm-Wv. ]p-Ø≥I-e-hpw A-cn-hm-fpw, ]q-X-∏m-´v-, Ip-‰n-∏p-dw ]m-ew, s\-√p-Ip-Øp-Im-cn ]m-dp-hn-s‚ I-Y,

Im-hn-se- ]m-´v- XpS-ßn-bh ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.

3. DÆmbn hmcn-b¿

H‰ IrXn sIm≠p-Xs∂ DÆm-bn- hm-cn-b¿ aebmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcp kz¿Æ knwlm-k-\-amWv

t\Sn-b-Xv. \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bmWv B IrXn. DÆmbn hmcn-b-cpsS Pohn-X-Imew IrXy-ambn \n¿W-bn-

°-s∏-ń-ń-√.

4. D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿

B[p-\nI Ihn-X-Øn¬ Hcmƒ. 1877 ¬ P\-\w. I¿-Æ-`q-j-Ww, ]nwK-f, NnX-im-e, tI-c-f km-ln-Xy N-

cn-Xw F∂nh ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ. Zmcn-Zy-Øn¬ \n∂v XnI™ C—m-i-‡n-tbmsS Adn-hns‚ ]S-hp-Iƒ

Ibdn D÷ze i_vZm-Vy-s\∂ hnti-jWw t\Snb hy‡n-bmWv D≈q¿. 1949 Pq¨ 16 \v ac-Ww.

5. Ddq_v ˛ ]n.-kn. Ipń-Ir-jvW≥

1915 ¬ P\-\w. "kpμ-cn-Ifpw kpμ-c-∑mcpw' ˛ ae-bmf t\mh-¬ kmln-Xy-Ønse Hfn-a-ßmØ t]cp-I-

fn-sem-∂v. Cu H‰ t\mh-ens‚ \ma-Øn¬ hnip-X-\mb Ddq-_ns‚ a‰v IrXn-Iƒ D-Ωm-®p, A-Wn-b-d, an-≠m-

s∏-Æv, AΩnWn, B-an-\, cm-®n-b-Ω. 1979 ¬ ac-Ww.

6. Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-]n≈

1898 ¬ P\\w. hm[ym¿ IY-I-fn-eqsS ]i-kvX≥. tIm´bw Pn√-bm-bn-cp∂p ]h¿Ø\ tIμw. kmln-

Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwL-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. Im-cq-¿ IY-Iƒ, sIm-®-\p-P-

Øn, a-c-∏m-h-Iƒ. Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥ IqSn-bm-Wv.

7. Ip©≥ \ºym¿

1700 \v ASpØv P\-\w. Nncn-bpsS Xºp-cm≥. Xp≈¬ F∂ Zriy-I-em-cq-]sØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-

sIm≠v Iem-kzm-Z-\-sØbpw kmam\y P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-®p. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ Xs‚ Xp≈¬]m-´p-I-fn-eqsS

kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw ên-X-Øn-s‚bpw P\-Iob ]mX Xpd-∂p-hn-´p. Hm´≥, ]d-b≥, ioX-¶≥

F∂o aq∂p Xcw Xp≈-ep-I-fmWv \ºym¿ ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. kya-¥-Iw, tLmj-bm-X, Incm-Xw, cp‹nWokzbw-

hcw, IeymWkuK‘nIw, [phNcnXw, KW]Xn]mX¬, ]m©meo kzbw-hcw F∂nh ]kn-≤-amb

Xp≈-ep-I-fm-Wv.

8. ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

1906 ¬ Imk¿tImUv P\-\w. 1978 ¬ ac-Ww. tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS Ihn-bmWv ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿.

aebmf Ihn-X-bnse GIm-¥-]-Yn-I≥. I-fn-b-—≥, hmk-¥n-∏q-°ƒ, aWn-ho-W, ]qºm-‰-Iƒ, A¥n-Øn-cn,

Xm-a-c-tØm-Wn F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ. Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ, \nXy-I-\y-I-sb-

tØ-Sn, Fs∂ Xnc-bp∂ Rm≥ F∂n-h-bmWv Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


9. Ipam-c-\m-im≥

1873 ¬ P\-\w Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o\w krjvSn®

Ihn. kvt\l-Km-b-I≥, hnπ-h-Øns‚ ipI-\-£-Xw Fs∂ms° hnti-j-W-ap≈ Ihn. eo-e, \-fn-\n, ]-

tcm-Z-\w, Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, Zp-c-h-ÿ, N-fim-e-`n-£p-In-, aWn-am-e, h\-am-e, hoW-]q-hv, ]pjv]hmSn

F∂nh ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.

10. ]n. tIi-h-tZhv

1905 ¬ P\-\w. HmS-bn¬ \n∂v, `m¥m-e-bw, Ab¬°m¿, Rm\n∏ IΩyq-Wn-Ãmhpw F∂nh ][m\

IrXn-Iƒ. Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse sISm-aw-K-eØv 1905 ¬ P\-\w. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]nb-s∏´, t£m`n-

°p∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn amdn. sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw I¿j-Icpw sX≠n-Ifpw Zcn-Zcpw Ah-cpsS Zo\-Po-hn-

Xhpw kmln-Xy-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂p. tIi-h-tZ-hn-eq-sSbpw _jo-dn-eq-sSbpw XI-gn-bn-eq-sSbpw BWv

dnb-en-k-Øns‚ ktμ-i-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv. 1963 ¬ A¥-cn-®p.

11. Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n≈

1911 ¬ P\-\w. H≥]Xmw ¢mkn¬ h®v ]T\w \n¿Øn. tPmen tXSn Be-∏p-g-bn¬. Ib¿ sXmgn-em-fn-

bm-bn. ChnsS h®v tcmKw ]nSn-s]-´p. \meph¿j-tØmfw \o≠ tcmK-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬h®v Nß-ºpg

]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-®p. IpSmsX Pn, h≈-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. tIc-fob bph-Xz-sØ-

bmsI Nß-ºp-g-bpsS IhnX Cf-°n-a-dn-®p. ca-W≥ F∂ Imhyw tIc-f-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w hnh-

c-Wm-Xo-X-am-Wv. £b-tcmKw ]nSn-s]´v 1948 Pq¨ 17 \v 37-˛mw hb-kn¬ acn-®p.

12. XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈

1912 ¬ P\\w. Ip´-\m-Sns‚ IY-I-fmWv XIgn ]d-™-Xv. sNΩo≥ F∂ t\mh-en-eqsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS

a\kp Iog-S-°nb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥. tXm-´n-bp-sS a-I≥, c-≠n-S-ß-gn, G-Wn-∏-Sn-Iƒ, I-b¿ F∂nh ][m\

IrXn-Iƒ. "sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬' F∂ sNdp-IY hfsc ]i-kvX-am-Wv. \nc-h[n ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ t\Sn.

1984 ¬ ⁄m\-]o-Thpw XI-gnsb tXSn-sb-Øn.

13. Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

Pohn-X-Imew 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠v. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]nXm-hv. B[ymfl cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw F∂o Infn-

∏m-´p-Iƒ ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°v kΩm-\n-®p. Infn-∏m´p coXn-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse Xncq¿

F∂ ÿe-ØmWv P\-\w F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Xp©≥]-dºv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ B ÿew C∂v ]i-

kvX-amb kmwkvIm-cnI tIμ-am-Wv. Ahn-sS-bmWv Xp©≥ kvamc-I-Øns‚ Bÿm-\w.

14. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

1909 ¬ P\-\w. hmb-\bpw FgpØpw kvXo°v A\y-am-bn-cp∂ temIØp \n∂mWv efn-Xmw-_nI

A¥¿P\w Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-b-Xv. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ISpØ BNm-cm-\m-Nm-c-ßsf Bfl-ss[-cy-

Øm¬ adn-I-S-∂ A¥¿P\w ae-bmf kmlnXy temI-ØnSw t\Sn-bXv At\Iw sNdp-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

AKv\n-km£n F∂ H‰ t\mh-en-eq-sSbpw Ihn-X-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. BZysØ hb-em¿ Ahm¿Uv AKv\n-

km-£n°v e`n-®p.

15. hb-em¿ cma-h¿Ω

Ne-®n-X-ßƒ°pw \mS-I-ßƒ°p-ambn c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw Km\-ßƒ temI-sØ-hn-sS-bp-ap≈

aebmfnIƒ aqfn-\-S-°p∂ A\-izc kpμ-c-Km-\-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-hv. Bbncw ]mZ-k-c-ßƒ Inep-ßn-bpw,

IS-en-\-°sc t]mtWm-sc, ImWm-s∏m-∂n\p t]mtWm-sc..., k\ym-kn\n \n≥ ]pWym-i-a-Øn¬.... F∂o

Km\-ßƒ Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhp amX-a√ H∂mw-InS Ihn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p hb-em¿. k¿K-

kw-Ko-Xw, apf-¶m-Sv, cmh-W-]p-Xn, Bbn-j, Bflm-hn-semcp NnX F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


16. h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥

`mc-X-sa∂ t]¿ tI´m-e-`n-am-\˛

]qcnX amIW a¥cwKw

tIcfsa∂p tI´mtem Xnfbv°Ww

tNmc \ap°p RcºpIfn¬...

GXp ae-bm-fn-bp-tSbpw a\-kn¬ sISm-hn-f-°p-t]mse sXfn-™p-\n¬°p∂ hcn-Iƒ. alm-Ihn h≈-

tØm-fns‚ `mh-\-bn¬ hnS¿∂ hcn-Iƒ... 1878 ¬ ae-∏p-dØv P\-\w. A—\pw aIfpw, Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥,

\mKne F∂nh ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ. sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn¬ ÿm]n® Iem-a-WvUew hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°n-bXv

h≈-tØm-fm-Wv.

17. H.-hn. hnP-b≥

1930 ¬ P\-\w. ]me-°m-Sv. ae-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw P\-]o-Xn-bp≈ t\mh-ep-I-fn-sem-∂ns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hv.

t\mh-ense IY \S-°p∂ km¶-ev]nI Kmaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp B[p-\nI anØm-bn-Øo¿∂p. H.-hn. hnP-

bs‚ Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw F∂ t\mh-emWv ae-bmf `mh-\-bn¬ Cu taml-h-ebw Xo¿Ø-Xv.

[¿Ω]pcmWw, KpcpkmKcw, IS¬ØocØv, a[pcw KmbXn, ]hmNIs‚ hgn, XeapdIƒ F∂nh ][m\

IrXn-Iƒ.

18. hnem-kn\n

1928 ¬ Xriq-¿ Pn√-bn¬ P\-\w. \mep hmey-ßƒ, \mem-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw t]Pp-Iƒ ˛ \nc-h[n IYm-]m-

X-ßƒ ˛ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnse G‰hpw henb t\mh-emb "Ah-Im-in-Iƒ' hnem-kn\n F∂ Xqen-Im-\m-

a-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Fw.-sI. tat\ms‚ al-Ømb krjvSn. \nd-ap≈ \ng-ep-Iƒ, CW-ßmØ IÆn-

Iƒ, Nps≠-en, bmXm-apJw F∂nh Ct±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

19. ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

1906 ¬ Xe-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn¬ P\-\w. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ Hcmƒ. BZy

IrXn t]a-te-J-\w. kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Pbn¬hmkw A\p-`-hn-®p. C¥y-bnepw hntZ-i-ß-

fn-ep-ambn \nc-h[n bmX-Iƒ \S-Øn. Pbn-e-\p-`-h-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb ""aXn-ep-Iƒ''°v Imc-W-am-

bn. k©m-cn-bmbn \S-∂-t∏mƒ I¬°-Ø-bn¬ h®v Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv _mey-Im-e-k-Jn. _mey-Im-e-kJn-

bpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-tØmsS _jo¿ ae-bm-f-Ønse k¿§m-flI kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ap≥\n-c-bn-se-

Øn. IYm-_o-Pw, P∑-Zn-\w, Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏v, A\¿L-\n-an-jw, i_vZ-ßƒ, ÿesØ ][m-\ Znhy≥, B\-

hm-cnbpw s]m≥Ip-cnipw, PohnX \ng¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ, hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb aq°v, ]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv, ‚p∏p-∏m-

s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂v, hnUvVn-I-fpsS kz¿Kw, ap®o- p-I-fn-°m-cs‚ aIƒ, Hm¿Ω-bpsS AdIƒ F∂nh ][m\

IrXn-Iƒ. 1994 Pqsse 4 \v A¥-cn-®p.

20. sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥

""A¶-W-ssØ-am-hn¬

\n∂mZysØ ]gw hogvsI

AΩX≥ t\XØn¬

\n∂pXn¿∂q NpSp IÆo¿.''

ae-bm-fn-Isf apgp-h≥ IÆo-c-Wn-bn® amºgw F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS cN-bn-Xm-hv. Im®n-°p-dp-°nb IhnX

F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ sshtem-∏n-≈n-°-hnX-Iƒ B[p-\n-I-amb Pohn-X-t_m-[-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tIc-fo-bm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Bghpw k¶o¿W-Xbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. IÆo¿∏m-Sw, IpSn-sbm-gn--°¬, klys‚

aI≥, Bkmw ]Wn-°m¿, ]¥-ßƒ, ae-Xp-c-°¬ XpS-ßnb sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-

Ønse F°m-e-sØbpw anI® Ihn-XI-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. I∂n-s°m-bvØv F∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-

lm-cw, aI-c-s°mbvØv XpS-ßnbh a‰v Imhy-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ.

21. Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ Ime-Sn-bn¬ 1901˛¬ P\-\w. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmlnXy ]pc-kvIm-

c-amb ⁄m\-]oTw ]pc-kvImcw G‰hpw BZyw e`n® hy‡n. alm-Ihn Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ HmS°p-g¬

F∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lmcw kΩm-\m¿l-am-b-t∏mƒ tIcfw A`n-am\w sIm≠p. Cu kΩm-\-ØpI D]-tbm-

Kn®v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp ]pc-kvIm-chpw G¿s∏-SpØn ˛ HmS-°p-g¬ Ahm¿Uv. kqcy-Im-¥n, sN¶-Xn-cp-Iƒ,

h\-Km-b-I≥, ]Yn-Is‚ ]m´v, HmS-°p-g¬, hniz-Z¿i\w, a[pcw kuayw Zo]vXw, Pn bpsS Xnc-s™-SpØ

Ihn-X-Iƒ, Hm¿Ω-bpsS Hmf-ßfn¬ F∂ Bfl-I-Ybpw At±-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-I-fm-Wv.

Xqen-Im-\m-a-ßƒ

Bim≥ ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥

tIkcn-- ˛ F. _meIrjvW]n≈

kRvP-b≥ ˛ amWn-t°mØv cmapÆn \mb¿

]md-∏pdw ˛ sI.-C. aØmbn

A°nØw ˛ ANypX≥ \ºqXncn

ISΩ\n´-- ˛ cmaIrjvW ]Wn-°¿

CSt»cn-- ˛ CS-t»cn tKmhnμ≥ \mb¿

shÆn-°pfw ˛ shÆn-°pfw tKm]m-e-°p-dp∏v

H.-F≥.hn ˛ H.-F≥. thep-°p-dp∏v

\¥\m¿-- ˛ ]n.kn. tKm]me≥

B\μv ˛ --]n. k®nZm\μ≥

Ddq_v-- ˛ ]n.kn Ip´nIrjvW≥

hn.Sn ˛ sh≈p-Øn-cp-Øn-Øm-gØv cma≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

Hf∏-aÆ ˛ kp_-lva-Wy≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

]n ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

hnemkn\n-- ˛ Fw.sI tat\m≥

Bjm tat\m≥ ˛ --sI ioIpam¿

Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv ˛ i¶-c≥Ip´n s]m‰-°mSv

Pn-- ˛ Pn i¶c°pdp∏v

D≈q¿-- ˛ D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizc Aø¿

h≈tØmƒ-- ˛ h≈-tØmƒ \mcmbWtat\m≥


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


]h-\≥ ˛ ]n.-hn. \mcm-b-W≥

tImhne≥-- ˛ hn.hn Aø∏≥

am[-hn-°p´n ˛ Ia-e-Zmkv, Iae kpcø

kpawKe ˛ --eoem \ºqXncn∏mSv

sshim-J≥ ˛ Fw.-sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿

sshtem∏n≈n-- ˛ io[ctat\m≥

Im°\mS≥-- ˛ tPm¿Pv h¿Kokv Im°-\m-S≥

amen ˛ amen am[-h≥ \mb¿

kmlnXy ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ

C¥y-bnse ]c-tam-∂X kmlnXy ]pc-kvImcw

⁄m\-]oTw ˛ 11 e£w cq]-bmWv kΩm-\-Øp-I.

BZy ⁄m\-]oTw tPXmhv ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

1965 ¬ HmS-°p-g¬ F∂ IrXn°v

ae-bmf `mjbv°v A©p XhW ⁄m\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw e`n-®p. Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v (1965 HmS-°p-g¬)

Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv ˛ Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IY (1980),

XIgn inh-i-¶-c-]n≈ ˛ ka-K-kw-`m-h\ (1984)

Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿ ˛ kaK kw`m-h\ ˛ 1995

H.-F≥.hn Ipdp∏v ˛ kaK kw`m-h\ ˛ 2007

ae-bm-f-Ønse kmlnXy Ahm¿Up-Iƒ

h≈-tØmƒ Ahm¿Uv ˛ 111111 cq]

hb-em¿ Ahm¿Uv ˛ 25000 cq]

HmS-°p-g¬ Ahm¿Uv ˛ 10000 cq]

Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]pc-kvImcw ˛ 150000 cq]

amXr-`qan kmlnXy ]pc-kvImcw

kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bÿm\w

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan Xriq¿

efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan Xriq¿

tIcf Iem-a-WvUew sNdp-Xp-cpØn (Xr-iq¿ Pn√)

kwKoX \mSI A°m-Zan Xriq¿

tIcf t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Zan IÆq¿

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tIcf kwÿm\ Ne-®nX A°m-Zan Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


ae-bmf kmlnXyw ˛ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-tØXv ˛

BZy t\mh¬ ˛ Ipμ-eX ˛ 1887 ˛ A∏p s\Sp-ßmSn

e£-W-samØ t\mh¬ ˛ Cμp-teJ ˛ 1889 ˛ H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥

h\nXm t\mh¬ ˛ ioi-‡n-abn AYhm B]¬°-c-amb ame ˛ 1914 ˛ sP. ]mdp-°p´n AΩ

BZy Ncn-X-t\m-h¬ ˛ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿a ˛ 1891 ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnXw BJym\w sNøp∂ BZy ae-bmf t\mh¬

˛ c≠n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn

][m\ Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ

Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-Ø¬ ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n

sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ ap≠-t»cn

Hm¿Ω-bpsS Hmf-ßƒ ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

Rm≥ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]n≈

Bfl-I-Y-bvs°m-cm-apJw ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

hgn-b-º-e-ßƒ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv

XpSn-°p∂ Xmf-ßƒ ˛ Nß-ºpg

Pohn-X-∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv

Fgp-Øp-Imcpw ][m\ IrXn-Ifpw

D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-izc Aø¿

I¿Æ-`q-j-Ww, ]nwK-f, `‡n-Zo-]n-I, NnX-im-e, Inc-Wm-h-en, Dam-tI-cfw

h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-bW tat\m≥

_[n-c-hn-em-]w, injy\pw aI-\pw, aKvZ-e-\-a-dn-bw, A—\pw aI-fpw, _m∏pPn

Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

kmln-Xy-Iu-Xp-Iw, ]Yn-Is‚ ]m´v, hniz-Z¿i-\w, HmS-°p-g¬ (⁄m-\-]o-Tw)


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥

I∂n-s°m-bvØv, HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿, Ibv]-h-√cn, hnS, aI-c-s°mbvØv (h-bem¿ Ahm¿Uv)

H.-F≥.hn Ipdp∏v

`qan°v Hcp Nc-a-Ko-Xw, Hcp Xp≈n shfn-®w, IdpØ ]£n-bpsS ]m´v, D∏v, arK-b, ss`c-hs‚ XpSn,

D÷bn\n

kpK-X-Ip-amcn

]mXn-cm-∏q°ƒ, apØp-®n-∏n, ]mhw am\-h-lr-Z-bw, Aº-e-a-Wn, cmXn-a-g, cm[-sb-hn-sS, IrjvW-I-hn-X-

Iƒ, Imhp Xo≠-t√.

IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥

ISn-™q¬ s]m´≥, ani-Xm-fw, IS-Ω-\n-´-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, ag s]øp∂p a±fw sIm´p∂p

_me-N-μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

Kk¬, Aam-hm-kn, am\-km-¥-cw, Um°p-f, ]Xn-s\´p Ihn-X-Iƒ

t\mh¬ cN-bn-Xm-°fpw cN-\-Ifpw

XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈

c≠n-S-ß-gn, sNΩo≥, GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ, Ib¿, tXm´n-bpsS aI≥

]n. tIi-h-tZhv

HmS-bn¬\n∂v, Ab¬°m¿, IÆmSn

Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv

hnj-I-\y-I, \mS≥t]-aw, Hcp sXcp-hns‚ IY, Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IY

ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

_mey-Im-e-k-Jn, ]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv, aXn-ep-Iƒ, t]a-te-J-\w, ‚p∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂v

Ddq_v

DΩm-®p, kpμ-cn-Ifpw kpμ-c-∑mcpw

Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

\mep-sI-´v, a™v, Imew c≠m-aq-gw, hmcm-Wkn

s]cp-º-Shw io[-c≥

Hcp k¶o¿Ø\w t]mse, A`-bw, AjvS-]Zn

]n. h’e

s\√v, Nmth¿, \ng-ep-d-ßp∂ hgn-Iƒ

H.-hn. hnP-b≥

Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-kw, Kpcp-km-K-cw, [¿a-]p-cm-Ww, a[pcw Kmb-Xn, ]hm-N-Is‚ hgn.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


B\-hm-cnbpw s]m≥Ip-cnipw B\-hmcn cma≥ \mb¿, s]m≥Ip-cniv tXma _jo¿

t]a-te-J\w tIih≥ \mb¿, kmdmΩ _jo¿

_mey-Im-e-kJn aPo-Zv, kplvd _jo¿

Cμp-teJ Cμp-te-J, am[-h≥, kqcy\ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv H. Nμp-ta-t\m≥

Ab¬°m¿ ]fl-\m-`-]n-≈, Ip™≥ ]n. tIi-h-tZhv

HmS-bn¬ \n∂v ]∏p, e£van ]n. tIi-h-tZhv

imcZ Ieym-Wn-b-Ω, imc-Z, sshØn-∏-´¿ H. Nμp-ta-t\m≥

tXmń-bpsS aI≥ NpSe apØp, taml-\≥ XIgn

GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ tIi-h-]n-≈, X¶-Ω, Im¿Xym-b\nbΩ XIgn

c≠n-S-ßgn tImc≥, Nncp-X, NmØ≥, shfpØ XIgn

sNΩo≥ sNº≥Ip-™v, Idp-Ø-Ω, ]co-°pń]f-\n,

N°n, I≠≥tIm-c≥, ]©an XIgn

Ib¿ ¢mkn-t∏¿, Ip™Ω, tIi-h≥ XIgn

‚p∏p-°m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂v \nkm¿ Al-Ω-Zv, Ip™p-]m-Øp-Ω, Abnj _jo¿

]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv A_vZp¬Jm-Z¿, ]mØp-Ω, ]mØp-°pń _jo¿

A_q-t_-°¿

aXn-ep-Iƒ \mcm-bWn _jo¿

kpμ-cn-Ifpw kpμ-c-∑mcpw Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-μ≥ \mb¿, thepΩm-a≥ Ddq_v

e£van-°pń

Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw chn, ]mØp-Ω, tImS-®n, tIin, A∏p-°nfn

]qimcn, A≈m-]n® sam√m° H.-hn. hnP-b≥

thcp-Iƒ cLp, AΩnWn ae-bm-‰q¿

b¥w _me-N-μ≥, sF.-F.-F-kv i¶-c-∏n≈ ae-bm-‰q¿

Imew tkXp, kpan-X, efnX Fw.Sn

BSp-Po-hn-Xw \Po-_v, kn±oJv s_\ym-an≥

a™v hna-e, Aa¿knw-Kv, _p±p Fw.Sn

aø-gn-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬ Zmk≥, _nμp Fw. apIp-μ≥

s\√v a√≥, amc, NmØ≥ ]n. h’e

IrXn-Iƒ IYm-]m-X-ßƒ I¿Ømhv


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tIcfw ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ

tIcf kwÿm\w \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv: 1956 \hw-_¿ 1, Xe-ÿm\w ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw. tIc-f-

Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-S¬. hS°v Ing°v I¿Wm-S-Iw, Ing°v sX°v Xan-gv\mSv. Xoc-tZi

\ofw 585 In.-ao.. Xmeq-°p-Iƒ ˛ 75, hnt√-Pp-Iƒ 1572, Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ˛ 14, tªm°v ]©m-b-

Øp-Iƒ 152, Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ 941, \K-c-k-`-Iƒ 87, ap\n-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ ˛ 6, \nb-a-

k`m afi-e-ßƒ 140, temI-k`m afi-e-ßƒ 20, cmPy-k`m ko‰p-Iƒ ˛ 9.

kwÿm\ hr£w sXßv, kwÿm\ ]pjv]w IWn-s°m-∂, kwÿm\ arKw B\, kwÿm\

]£n ae-ap-g°n thgm-º¬, kwÿm\ a¬kyw ˛ Icn-ao≥, tIc-f-Ønse \mev `qhn-`m-K-ßƒ (1)

ae\m-Sv (2) CS-\mSv (3) Xmgvhm-c-ßƒ (4) Xoc-k-a-X-ew. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb

]¿hXw ˛ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse 2817 ao‰¿ Db-ap≈ B\-ap-Sn. temI-Ønse 34 AXn ssPh PmKX

]tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv (Biological Hot Spot) ]›n-a-L´w.

tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw sX°p- m-K-Øp≈ ]pg s\øm¿. hS-°p- m-K-Øp-≈Xv at©-izcw ]pg. Ingt°m-

s´m-gp-Ip∂ ]pg-Iƒ I_-\n, `hm-\n, ]mºm¿.

tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb ip≤-Pe XSmIw ˛ sIm√w Pn√-bnse imkvXmw-tIm-´ Imb¬.

tIc-f-Ønse tZio-tbm-Zym-\-ßƒ ˛

sske‚ v hmen ˛ ]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb BZy _tbm-

kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hns‚ `mK-amb \oe-Kncn _tbm-kv^n-b¿' dnk¿hn-emWv sske‚ v hmen-bpsS

ÿm\w. h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬ km[m-cW tIƒ°m-dp≈ Noho-Sp-I-fpsS i_vZ-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ BWv

Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Cu h\-ta-J-esb sske‚ vhmen F∂mZyw hnfn-®-Xv. 1984 \hw-_¿ 15 \v tZio-tbm-

Zym-\-am-bn. sske‚ vhmenbn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bmWv Ip¥n-∏pg.

Cc-hn-Ipfw tZio-tbm-Zym\w CSp°n Pn√-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw DbcØn¬

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ tZio-tbm-Zym-\-amWv Cc-hn-Ip-fw. Chn-sS-bmWv sXt°-C-¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db¿∂

sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb B\-ap-Sn-bpsS ÿm\w. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse GI- Im-´m-Smb \oe-Kncn Xm¿ AYhm

hc-bm-Sn-s\-bmWv Cc-hn-Ip-fØv kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

s]cn-bm¿ ISphm kwc-£W tIμw ˛ tIcfØnse BZy ISphm kwc-£-W-tI-μw. CSp°n

]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-I-fn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

aXn-sI-´m≥ tNme ˛ CSp°n

]mºmSpw tNme ˛ CSp°n, t]∏md ˛ Xncp-h-¥-]pcw

B\-ap-Sn-t®me ˛ CSp°n, ]o®n, hmg-bm-\n, Xr»q¿

]d-ºn-°pfw ˛ ]me-°m-Sv, Nn∂m¿, CSp-°n.

NnΩn\n ˛ Xr»q¿, Xt´-°mSv ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw

awK-f-h\w ˛ Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,s\øm¿ ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Ipdn™n kmMvNzdn ˛ CSp-°n, Bdfw ˛ IÆq¿

tIc-fob Ie-Iƒ

GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw G‰hpw henb ]Xo-I-ßƒ X\-Xp-I-e-I-fmWv. IY-I-fn, IqSn-bm-´w,

sXøw, tamln-\n-bm-´w, IqØv, Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ F∂n-h-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse X\-Xp-I-e-Iƒ.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


IY-Ifn

tIcfØn\v temI ]ikvXn t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø, `mc-X-Ønse G‰hpw anI® ¢mknIv cq]-ß-fn-sem-

∂mb IY-I-fn-bpsS ]q¿h-cq]w 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Bhn¿`-hn® IrjvW-\m-´-am-Wv. Xriq¿ Pn√-

bnse sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n- p≈ tIcf Iem-a-fi-e-amWv IY-Ifn ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂ G‰hpw

][m-\-s∏´ ÿm]-\w. alm-Ihn h≈-tØm-fmWv Iem-a-fiew ÿm]n-®-Xv.

IqSn-bm´w

tIc-fo-b-cpsS \mS-Im-`n-\-b-amWv IqSn-bm-´w. c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw h¿jsØ ]g-°-ap-≈-XmWv Cu

Iem-cq-]w. NmIym≥am-cmWv IqSn-bm´w ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IqSn-bm-´-Ønse

kvXothjw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-hsc \ßym¿ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. IqSn-bm-´-Øn\v angmhv F∂ hmZyw

]°-ta-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

tamln-\n-bm´w

tIcfØns‚ kz¥-amb \rØ-I-em-cq-]w. Xan-gv\m-ńse tZh-Zmkn \rØ-am-bn-cp∂ `c-X-\m-Sy-hp-

ambn CXn\p _‘-ap-≠v. BZy-Im-eØv tamln\nbm´w Zmkn-bm´w F∂pw Adn-bs∏ń-cp-∂p.

Hm´≥ Xp≈¬

]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse In≈n-°p-dp»n awK-eØv Ie-°Øv hoń¬ P\n® Ip©≥ \ºym¿ Aº-e-

∏pg cmPm-hns‚ Bin-X-\mbn Ign-™n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv Xp≈¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Xp≈-en\v

aq∂v hI-t`-Z-ß-fp-≠v. ]d-b≥, ioX-¶≥, Hm´≥ F∂n-h-bmWv Ah.

sXøw

tIc-f-Ønse hS-°≥ ae-_m-dn¬ (D-Øc tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ A\p-jvTm\ Ie-I-fn¬

H∂mWv sXøw. \rØw sNøp∂ tZh-Xm-k-¶-ev]-amWv sXøw. sXø-Øns‚ \¿Ø\w sXøm´w

F∂pw sXø-Øns‚ thjw sXø-t°mew F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ][m-\-ambpw AΩ ssZh-ßƒ

BWv sXø-ßƒ (D-Zm-l-cWw ap®n-tem´v `K-h-Xn) IqSmsX hoc≥am-scbpw sXø-ßƒ Bbn

Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. (D-Zm-l-cWw IXn-h-∂q¿ hoc≥)

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ hSt° ae-_m-dns‚ X\Xp Iem-cq-]-amWv sXøw. Imk¿tKm-Uv, IÆq¿

Pn√-I-fn-emWv Cu A\p-jvTm\ Ie sIń-bm-Sp-∂-Xv.

IqØv

tIc-f-Ønse AXn-]m-No-\-amb Hcp cwK-I-e-bmWv NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqØv ]c-º-cm-KX-ambn NmIym¿

kap-Zm-b-Ønse AwK-ß-fmWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. AXp-sIm≠v NmIym-∑m-cpsS IqØv F∂ A¿∞-

Øn-emWv Cu t]cv \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. CXv Hcp GImwK Iem-cq-]-am-Wv. amWn am[h NmIym¿

]kn-≤-\mb IqØv Iem-Im-c-\m-Wv.

tijvT `mjm-]-Zhn e`n® `mc-Xob `mj-Iƒ

1. -X-angv ˛ 2004

2. kwkvIrXw ˛ 2005

3. -I-∂S ˛ 2008

4. sXep¶v ˛ 2008

5. ae-bmfw ˛ 2012

6. HUnb ˛ 2014


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


Kma-]-©m-bØv

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hm¿Up-Iƒ icm-icn 400 hoSp-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ 1000 thm´¿am¿

tN¿∂v Hcp hm¿Uv. hm¿Un¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂bmsf saº¿ (Iu¨kn-e¿-˛-\-K-c-k-`) F∂v

hnfn-°p-∂p. saº¿am¿ IqSn Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ A[y-£≥ ˛ ]kn-U‚ns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

tªm°v ]©m-bØv

Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ tN¿∂v tªm°v ]©m-b-Øv. GXn\pw hm¿Up-Iƒ tN¿∂v Hcp Unhn-j≥.

CXpw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. tªm°v saº¿am¿ tN¿∂v tªm°v ]kn-U‚ns\ Xnc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

Pn√m ]©m-bØv

tªm°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ tN¿∂v Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv. H∂pw c≠pw ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS Hcp \n›nX

P\-kwJy Dƒs°m-≈p∂ `mKw Hcp Unhn-j≥. Pn√m ]©m-bØv saº¿am¿ Pn√m ]©m-bØv ]kn-

U‚ns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°pw.

FwF¬F

Hcp \n›nX ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ tN¿∂v Hcp \ntbm-P-I-a-WvUew. ChnsS \n∂pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°s∏´

hy‡n Fw.F¬.F (Member of Legislative Assembly). Cßs\ 140 FwF¬F am¿ \ap-°p-≠v. IqSmsX

Hcp Bwt•m C¥y≥ ]Xn-\n[n FwF¬F bpw ˛ Aßs\ tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ 141 FwF¬F am¿.

Fw.]n

\n›nX \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-ßƒ tN¿∂v Hcp temIvk`m aWvUew D≠m-hp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Ccp-

]Xv temIvk`m aWvU-e-ß-fp-≠v. CXp-Iq-SmsX 9 cmPy-k`m AwK-ßfpw D≠v. CXn¬ temIvk`m

AwK-ßsf P\-ßƒ thm´v sNbvXv Is≠-Øp-∂p. cmPy-k`m AwK-ßsf FwF¬F am¿ thm´v

sNbvXv Is≠-Øp-∂p. Sn.hn C∂-sk‚ v temIvk`m AwK-am-Wv. hb-em¿ chn cmPy-k-`mw-K-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Ønse Pn√-Iƒ

1. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-Øns‚ sXt° A‰-Øp≈ Pn√. s\øm¿, hngn-™w, tImh-fw, h¿°-e,

t]∏m-d, s]m∑p-Sn F∂o hnt\m-Z-k-©mc tIμ-ßƒ Chn-sS-bm-Wv. skI-t´-dn-b-‰v, cmPv`-h≥,

Xpº tdm°‰v hnt£-]W tIμw, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS Bÿm\w F∂nh Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

c-Øm-Wv.

2. sIm√w: Iip-h≠n ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ Pn√. imkvXmw-tIm´ Imb¬ ˛ tIc-f-

Ønse G‰hpw henb ip≤-Pe XSm-Iw, tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-bmb

I√S Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn, si¥p-cp-Wn, AjvS-ap-Sn-°m-b¬, ]me-cp-hn, sX∑e F∂nh hnt\m-Z-k-

©mc tIμ-ß-fmWv.

3. ]Ø-\w-Xn´: i_-cn-ae Chn-sS-bm-Wv. kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ Pn√. G‰hpw

Db¿∂ km£-cXm \nc-°p≈ Pn√-I-fn¬ H∂v. Bd-∑pf IÆmSn ]kn-≤w.

4. Be-∏pg: s\lvdp-tSm^n h≈w-Ifn \S-°p∂ Pn√. thº-\m´v Imb¬, ]p∂-]-˛-h-b-em¿, Aº-e-

∏p-g, ]mXn-cm-a-W¬ F∂n-ßs\ ]kn-≤-amb kvY-e-ßƒ, G‰hpw sNdnb Pn√.

5. tIm´bw: tIc-fØns‚ A£-c-\-K-cw, kºq¿Æ km£-cX ssIh-cn® BZy ]´-Ww. Ipa-c-Iw,

hmK-a¨ F∂o hnt\m-Z-k-©mc tIμ-ßƒ.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


6. CSp°n: tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb `qK¿` Pe-ssh-ZypX \nebw ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv Chn-sS. Nμ-

\-a-c-ß-fpsS \mSmb ad-bq¿, tX°-Sn, aq∂m¿, B\-apSn, Cc-hn-Ipfw, Nn∂m¿ XpS-ßnb hnt\m-Z-k-

©mc tIμ-ßfpw CSp-°n-bn-em-Wv. tXbn-e, Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv F∂nh ][m\ Irjn.

7. Fd-Wm-Ipfw: Ad-_n-°-S-ens‚ dmWn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sIm®n, tIc-f-Øns‚ hyh-kmb Xe-ÿm-

\w, kºq¿W km£-cX ssIh-cn® BZy Pn√, t^m¿´p-sIm-®n, Xt´-°m-Sv XpS-ßnb hnt\m-Z-k-

©mc tIμ-ßƒ.

8. Xriq¿: kmwkvIm-cnI \K-cw. ]qc-ß-fpsS \mSv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-ÿm-\w. tIcf

Iem-a-WvUew ÿnXn sNøp-∂ sNdp-Xp-cpØn Xriq¿ Pn√-bn-em-Wv. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£Xw, C¥y-

bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb ap…ow ]≈n ÿnXn sNøp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿, AXn-c-∏n-≈n, hmg-®m¬,

]o®n, hmgm\n F∂o ÿe-ßfpw Xriq¿ Pn√-bn-em-Wv.

9. ]me-°mSv: tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Pn√. tIc-f-Ønse hrμm-h≥ ae-ºpg DZym-\w, kapZ Xoc-

an-√. Ip©≥ \ºym-cpsS P∑-ÿ-ew. A´-∏m-Sn, s\√n-bm-º-Xn, ]d-ºn-°p-fw, Im‰m-Sn-∏m-S-ßƒ,

sske‚ vhmen XpS-ßnb hnt\m-Z-k-©mc tIμ-ßƒ.

10. ae-∏pdw: ae-bmf k¿h-I-em-ime Cu Pn√-bn-em-Wv. kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n ka-

c-ßƒ \S∂ ÿew. hmK¨ SmP-Un, ae-_m¿ Iem]w XpSßn \nc-h[n kw`-h-ßƒ. amam¶w \S-

∂Xv Xncp-\m-hmb ˛ mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-Øv. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ Xpd-apJw s]m∂m-

\n. mjm-]n-Xm-hmb Xp©Øv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ P∑-ÿ-ew, Xp©≥ kvarXn-a-WvU-]w. temI-Ønse G‰hpw

]pcm-X\ tX°p-tXm- -amb It\men tπm v \ne-ºq-cn¬. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ P\-kw-Jy.

11. tImgn-t°mSv: ]pcm-X\ tIc-f-Øns‚ ][m\ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn-sem-∂v. t_m´p-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ˛ Dcp ˛

]kn-≤w. hS-°≥]m- nse hoc-\m-b-I≥ Xt®mfn HtX-\s‚ P∑-ÿ-e-amb hS-I-c, hmkvtIm-U-Kma

I∏-en-d-ßnb Im∏mSv IS¬Øocw F∂nh Cu Pn√-bn¬. ]kn-≤-amb anTm-bn-sØ-cphv tImgn-t°m-Sm-

Wv.

12. hb-\mSv: G‰hpw P\-kwJy Ipd™ Pn√. C¥y-bnse aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an® G‰hpw henb AW-

s°-´v ˛ _mWm-kpc kmK¿ Umw hb-\mSv Pn√-bn-em-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ BZn-hm-kn-I-

fp≈ Pn√ hb-\m-Sm-Wv. apØß h\y-Pohn tIμw, FS-bv°¬ Kpl, tXm¬s∏-´n, kqNn-∏m-d, ao≥ap-

´n, Ipdphm Zzo]v, ]qt°mSv XSmIw, ]g»n kvamcIw F∂nh Cu Pn√-bn-em-Wv.

13. IÆq¿: G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ IS¬Øo-c-ap≈ Pn√. sXø-ß-fpsS \mSv, tI°v, k¿°-kv, In°‰v F∂n-h-

bpsS \mSv. ]øm-º-ew, apgp-∏n-e-ßm-Sv, Bd-fw, Ggn-a-e, IÆ-hw, Xe-t»-cn-tIm´ F∂nh ][m\ ÿe-

ßƒ. tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Htc-sbmcp ap…nw cmP-hw-i-amb Ad-bv°¬ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚

]n¬°me Bÿm-\w.

14. Imk¿tImSv: Ah-km-\-ambn cq]o-Ir-X-amb Pn√. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ \Zn-I-sfm-gp-Ip∂

Pn√. tIc-f-Øns‚ hSt° A‰-Øp≈ Pn√. t_°¬ tIm´ Imk¿tIm-Sm-Wv.

C¥y ˛ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

Xe-ÿm\w ˛ \yqU¬ln

kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ 29

tIμ-`-cW ]tZ-i-ßƒ ˛ 7

HutZym-KnI `mj ˛ lnμn, Cw•o-jv

\ofw IqSnb \Zn ˛ KwK

Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-apSn ˛ au≠v sI˛2

tZiob arKw ˛ ISph

tZiob ]£n ˛ abn¬


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tZiob ]pjv]w ˛ Xmac

tZiob hr£w ˛ B¬

tZiob hnt\mZw ˛ tlm°n

tZiob \Zn ˛ KwK

tZiob ^ew ˛ amß

tZiob ss]XrI arKw ˛ B\

temI-cm-Py-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hen-∏-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 7˛mw ÿm\w

tZiob Km\w ˛ P\-K-W-a\ ˛ cho-μ-\mY SmtKm¿

tZiob KoXw ˛ htμ-am-Xcw ˛ _¶nw-Nμ Nm‰¿Pn

tZiob ]XmI ˛ \ofw hoXn 3:2 F∂ A\p-]mXw

]n¶fn sh¶ø C¥y≥ tZio-b-]-XmI cq]-I¬∏\ \S-Øn.

C¥ybpsS Ab¬cm-Py-ßƒ

Ing°v : aym≥a¿, _w•m-tZiv

]Sn-™mdv : ]m°n-ÿm≥, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥

hS°v : ssN\, `q´m≥, t\∏mƒ

sX°v : ioe-¶, amen Zzo]v, Ct¥m-t\jy

C¥ybv°v Ggp cmPy-ß-fp-ambn Ic AXn¿Øn-bp-≠v. 1. ]m°n-ÿm≥, 2. A vKm-\n-ÿm≥, 3. ssN\,

4. t\∏mƒ, 5. _w•m-tZ-iv, 6. aym∑¿, 7. `q´m≥.

C¥y-bpsS G‰hpw henb Ab¬cmPyw: ssN\

C¥y-bpsS G‰hpw sNdnb Ab¬cmPyw: `q´m≥

C¥ybv°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AXn¿Øn-bp-≈Xv _w•m-tZ-ip-am-bmWv. Ipd®v AXn¿Øn-bp-≈Xv A vKm-

\n-ÿm-\p-am-bm-Wv. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn AXn¿Øn-bp-≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm\w ˛ PΩp-˛-Im-

ivao¿ ˛ A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, ]m°n-ÿm≥, ssN\.

C¥y ˛ ssN\ AXn¿Øn-tcJ ˛ aIvtam-l≥ tcJ

C¥y ˛ ]m°n-ÿm≥ AXn¿Øn-tcJ ˛ dmUv¢n^v tcJ

C¥y-bnse \Zn-Iƒ

KwK: lnam-e-b-Ønse tKmap-Jn¬ \n∂pw DZv -hn-°p-∂p. tKmap-Jn¬ \n∂pw 2525 Intem-ao-‰¿

Xm≠n KwK _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ tNcp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-≈Xv

KwK-bv°m-Wv. th\¬°m-eØpw ag-°m-eØpw KwK Pe-k-ar-≤-am-Wv. th\¬°m-eØv lnam-e-

b-Ønse a™p-cp-Ip-∂-XmWv Pe-k-ar-≤n°p Imc-Ww. Ipw -ta-f-Iƒ KwKm-Xo-c-ß-fn-emWv \S-

°p-∂-Xv. hmcm-W-kn, Ae-l-_m-Zv, sIm¬°-Ø, F∂n-h-bmWv KwKm-Xo-csØ ][m\ \K-c-

ßƒ. DØ-cm-©¬, DØ-¿-]-tZ-iv, _olm¿, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ a[y-]-tZ-iv, cmP-ÿm≥, OØn-

kvK-Uv, Pm¿J-fiv XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS KwK Hgp-Ip-∂p. C¥y-bn-eq-sSbpw ]m°n-

ÿm-\n-eq-sSbpw Hgp-Ip-∂p.

kn‘p

C¥y F∂ t]cn\v Cu alm-cmPyw IS-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp \Zn-tbm-Sm-Wv. kn‘p \Zn-bpsS

t]cn¬ \n∂mWv C¥y-sb∂ t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. kn‘p F∂m¬ kapZw F∂¿∞w. G‰hpw Pe-


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


]-hm-l-ap≈ \Zn-bmWv kn‘p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb ss\¬\-Zn-bnse Pe-]-

hml-Øns‚ Cc- n-bmWv kn‘p-hn-te-Xv. kn‘p-hns‚ Xoc-ßƒ Gsd at\m-l-c-am-Wv. PΩp- -I-

ivao¿, ]©m_v F∂nh kn‘p-hns‚ Xoc-Øm-Wv. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb \Zn 3180 Intem-

ao-‰¿ \ofw. _“-]pX temI-Ønse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-I-fn-sem-∂v. C¥y, _w•m-tZ-iv,

Sn_‰v F∂o cmPy-ß-fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-∂p.

bap\

temIm-¤pXßfn-sem-∂mb XmPva-l¬ bap-\-bpsS Xoc-ØmWv. U¬ln bap-\-bpsS Xoc-Øm-

Wv. ]pcm-W-Øn¬ Imfnμn F∂mWv bap-\sb hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Imthcn

Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse ][m\ \Zn-I-fn-sem-∂mWv Imth-cn. ]pcm-W-]-kn-≤-amb Imthcn Ct∏mƒ

hm¿Ø-I-fnepw \nd-™p-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. I¿Wm-S-Ihpw Xan-gv\mSpw XΩn¬ Imth-cn-bnse Pew

]¶n-Sp-∂-Xn-ep≈ X¿°w aqe-amWv Imthcn hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®-Xv. I¿Wm-S-I-bnse

Iq¿Kv Pn√-bn-ep≈ IpS-In¬ \n∂mWv Imth-cn-bpsS DZv -hw. _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p.

IrjvW

Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse ][m\ \Zn-Ifnsem∂v. 1400 In.-ao-‰¿ \ofw. alm-cm-jvS, I¿Wm-S-I, B‘m-

]-tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu \Zn Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. IrjvW-\-Zn-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-

bmWv XpwK- -Z. XpwK- -Z-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-bmb kdm-h-Xn-bn-emWv C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db-c-

ap≈ sh≈-®m- -amb tPmKv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-Iƒ

\Zn-Iƒ \nd™ \mSmWv tIc-fw. hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb 44 \Zn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. CXn¬ 41

\Zn-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw 3 \Zn-Iƒ Ing-t°m´pw Hgp-Ip-∂p. 160 Intem-ao-‰-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ \of-

ap≈ \mep-h-enb \Zn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. s]cn-bm¿, mc-X-∏p-g, ]º, Nmen-bm¿ F∂n-h-bmWv

Ah. tIc-f-Ønse aq∂v ]pg-Iƒ°v shdpw Ccp-]Xp Intem-ao-‰-¿ Xmsg-bmWv \ofw. cma-]pcw

]pg, Abn-cq¿ ]pg, at©-izcw ]pg F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. AXn¬Øs∂ G‰hpw \ofw Ipd™

]pg at©-izcw ]pg-bm-Wv. 16 Intem-ao-‰¿ \ofw.

tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-bmb s]cn-bm¿ tZhn-Ip-f-Øn\v sX°v inh-Kncn ae-\n-

c-I-fn-emWv s]cn-bm-dns‚ DZv hw. \nc-h[n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ s]cn-bm-dn-ep-≠v. Ad-_n-

°-S-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse c≠m-asØ henb \Zn-bmb mc-X-∏pg DZv -hn-°p-∂Xv Xan-gv\m- nse B\-a-e-bn-

em-Wv. `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS Ic-bn¬ Ht´sd ]kn-≤-amb ÿe-ß-fp-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]nb-¶-c-

\mb alm-Ihn Ip©≥ \ºym-cpsS P∑-ÿ-e-amb In≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-ew, Iem-a-fi-ew, NcnX

]kn-≤-amb amam-¶-Øn\v thZn-bm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-\m-hmb F∂nh mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-Øm-Wv.

a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ][m\ \Zn-bmWv ]º. tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-I-fn¬ h®v \of-Øn¬ aq∂mw

ÿm\w. ]ocp-ta- nse \oscm-gp-°n¬ \n∂mWv ]º DZv -hn-°p-∂-Xv. i_-cn-ae ]º-bpsS Xoc-

Øm-Wv. Bd≥apf DXr- mXn h≈w-Ifn ]º-bnse ]kn-≤-amb Ptem¬k-h-am-Wv.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-I-fn¬ \of-Øn¬ \memw ÿm\w Nmen-bm-dn-\m-Wv. Xan-gv\m- nse KqU-√q-

cnse DZK afi-e-Øp≈ Cew-_-emcn ae-I-fn-emWv Nmen-bm-dns‚ DZv`hw. 169 Intem-ao-‰¿

\of-ap≈ Nmen-bm¿ Hcp-Im-eØv Nc°p KXm-K-X-Øn\v ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.

I√-S-bm¿, CØn-°-c-bm¿, ]≈n-®-em¿, amaw-]p-g, Abn-cq¿ ]pg, hma-\-]p-c-am-dv, Ic-a-\-bm-dv,

s\øm¿ F∂n-h-bmWv Z£nW tIc-f-Ønse a‰p ][m\ \Zn-Iƒ. Nme-°p-Sn-∏p-g, aqhm-‰p-]p-g-

bm-dv, ao\-®n-em-dv, aWn-a-e-bm-dv, A®≥ tImhn-emdv F∂n-h-bmWv a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse a‰p ][m\

\Zn-Iƒ. D∏-f-bm-dv, Nμ-Kn-cn-∏p-g, ]n‰m-cn-∏p-g, I®m-bn-∏p-g, cma-]pcw ]pg, hf-∏- Ww ]pg, \ote-

izcw ]pg, aøgn ]pg, Ip‰ym-Sn-∏pg, tImc-∏pg, IS-ep-≠n-∏p-g, tIt®-cn-∏pg XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv

DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse a‰p ][m\ \Zn-Iƒ.

I_-\n, hm-\n, ]mºm¿ F∂o aq∂p-\-Zn-I-fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Ing-t°m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂Xv. Imthcn

\Zn-bpsS imJ-I-fm-bmWv Chsb IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Imthco \Zo-Pe X¿°-Øn¬ tIc-fsØ

]¶m-fn-bm-°p-∂Xpw Cu \Zn-I-fm-Wv. ]mºmdpw hm-\nbpw Xan-gv\m- n-te°pw I_\n I¿Wm-

S-I-Øn-te-°p-amWv Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv.

hniz-km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥am¿ ˛ krjvSn-Iƒ

cmam-bWw ˛ hmevaoIn

alm`mcXw ˛ hymk≥

imIp-¥fw ˛ Imfn-Zm-k≥

Cen-b-Uv, HUokn ˛ tlma¿

amIv_-Øv, HY-t√m, lmwe-‰v, sh\o-kose hym]mcn ˛ tjIvkv]n-b¿

bp≤hpw kam-[m-\-hpw, A∂-I-tc-\n\ ˛ entbm tSmƒtÃmbv

Hen-h¿ SznÃv, tUhnUv tIm∏¿ o¬Uv ˛ Nmƒkv Un°≥kv

t\mX-Zm-anse Iq\≥, ]mh-ßƒ ˛ hnIvS¿ lyqtKm

Unssh≥ tImaUn ˛ Zmt¥

Kfn-h-dpsS bmX-Iƒ ˛ sPm\m-Y≥ kzn v‰v

Ip‰hpw in£bpw ˛ ^b-tZm¿ ZkvX-tbhvkvIn

tdm_n≥k¨ Iqtkm ˛ Um\n-b¬ Unt^m

tSmwtkm-b¿, l°nƒ_dn n≥ ˛ am¿Iv Szbn≥

PwKnƒ _p°v, Inw, _mcIvdqw _emUv ˛ dpUvbm¿Uv InπnwKv

ssSwsa-jo≥ ˛ F®v.-Pn. sh¬kv.

Ing-h\pw ISepw ˛ slanwKvth

KoXm-⁄en ˛ cho-μ-\mY SmtKm¿

Beokv C≥ h≠¿em‚ v ˛ eqbokv Imcƒ


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠ BZy-kw-kvYm\w (1953) C¥y-

bpsS s\√-d, C¥y-bpsS ap´-∏mXw F∂n-ßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-

∂p. D]Kl hnt£-]W tIμ-amb iol-cn-t°m´ Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

1. B-‘-]-tZiv

sslZ-cm-_mZv

C¥y-bpsS G‰hpw Ingt° A‰Øv ÿnXn sNøp∂ kwÿm-\w.

]`mX Inc-W-ßƒ ]Xn-°p∂ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS \mSv, DZ-b-kq-cys‚

\mSv, Ipdhv P\-km-μ-X, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ iX-am\w h\-ta-J-e-

bp≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm\w

2. Acp-Wm-N¬]-tZiv

C‰m-\-K¿

T BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ kwÿm\w. hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS

Ihm-S-amWv Akw. C¥y-bpsS tXbn-e-tØm´w3. Akw

Znkv]q¿

C¥y-bn¬ km£-c-X-bn¬ G‰hpw ]n∂n-ep≈ kwÿm-\w. P\-

km-μ-X-bn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n-ep≈ kwÿm-\w. ]gb \fμ k¿h-I-

em-ime _olm-dn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

4. _olm¿

]m‰v\

Z£nW tImkew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ at[y-¥y-bpsS s\¬∏m-Xw.

a[y-]-tZ-ins\ hn`-Pn®v cq]o-I-cn® kwÿm-\w. `nembv Dcp°p

\n¿am-W-ime Chn-sS.

5. OØo-kvKVv

dmbv]q¿

G‰hpw sNdnb kwÿm-\w. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬ \n∂pw ap‡-

am-bXv 1961 ¬. C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Hujy-t\m-Km^n tKmh-

bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw Ipdhv kap-Z-Xo-c-ap≈ kwÿm-\w.

6. tKmh

]\mPn

C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™mtd A‰Øv ÿnXn sNøp∂ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-

bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ IS¬Øo-c-ap≈ kwÿm-\w. kwÿm\w

\ne-hn¬ h∂-Xp-ap-X¬ kºq¿W aZy-\n-tcm-[\w \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS P∑-ÿew. k_¿aXn Biaw Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

7. KpP-dmØv

Km‘n-\-K¿

C¥y-bpsS ]m¬sØm- n. h\-hn-kvXrXn G‰hpw Ipd™ kwÿm-

\w. C¥y-bn¬ kvXo]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw G‰hpw Ipd™ kwÿm-\w.8. lcn-bm\

NWvUo-KVv

kwÿm\w ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

$ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ km£-c-X-bp≈ kwÿm\w tIc-fw. G‰hpw Ipdhv ˛ _olm¿

$ G‰hpw P\-km-μ-X-bp≈ kwÿm\w ˛ _olm¿. Ipd-™Xv ˛ Acp-Wm-N¬]-tZiv

$ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm\w ˛ DØ¿]-tZ-iv. Ipdhv P\-kwJy ˛ kn°nw

$ C¥y≥ tZiob ]Xm-I-bnse \nd-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv: Ip¶pa \ndw ˛ cmPy-Øns‚ i‡nbpw

ss[cy-hpw, sh≈ \ndw ˛ kXyhpw kam-[m-\hpw; ]®-\ndw ˛ D¬]m-Z\ £a-Xbpw hf¿®bpw

$ tZio-b-]-Xm-I-bnse Atim-I-N-I-Øn¬ 24 Bc-°m-ep-Iƒ

$ C¥y-bp-tSbpw _w•m-tZ-in-s‚bpw tZio-b-Km\w cNn-®Xv SmtKm-dm-Wv

$ C¥y°p ]pdta Xmac tZiob ]pjv]-amb cmPy-amWv hnb-‰v\mw


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


B∏nƒ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-bnse ]¿hX kwÿm\w F∂n-ßs\

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]g-h¿K-ßƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂

C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. cmPysØ BZy kºq¿W _m¶nMv kwÿm-

\w. Zsse-em-a-bpsS hmk-ÿ-e-amb [¿a-ime lnam-N¬]-tZ-in¬.

C¥y-bpsS ]g-°qS, F√m EXp-°-fp-tSbpw kwÿm-\w.

9. lnam-N¬]-tZiv

knwe

10. PΩp- -Im-ivao¿

io\-K¿ ˛ th\¬°mew

PΩp ˛ a™p-Imew

_olm¿ hn`-Pn®v cq]o-I-cn® kwÿm-\w. BZn-hmkn kwÿm-\w,

[mXp kwÿm\w F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-

bn¬ G‰hpw kº-∂-amb [mXp-\n-t£]w D≈ kwÿm-\-am-Wv.

11. Pm¿JWvUv

dm©n

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Im∏n, ]´v, Nμ-\w, kz¿Ww F∂nh D¬]m-Zn-∏n-

°p∂ kwÿm-\w. I¿Wm-S-I-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb _mw•q¿ Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ]qt¥m´ \K-cw, C¥y-bpsS knen-°¨ Xmgvh-c, Ce-

IvtSm-WnIv \Kcw F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. b£-Km-\-amWv ][m\ \rØ-

cq-]w.

12. I¿Wm-SI

_mw•q¿

C¥y-bpsS lrZ-bw, ssSK¿ tÃ‰v F∂n-ßs\ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. h\-

hn-kvXr-Xn-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-Øv. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ BZn-hm-kn-I-fp≈

C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. JPp-cmtlm t£X-ßƒ, km©n kvXq]w a[y-

]-tZ-in¬. t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥w a[y-]-tZ-in¬.

13. a[y-]-tZiv

t`m∏m¬

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sshZypXn D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\w. hyh-

kmbh¬°-c-W-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-Øv. C¥y-bpsS hymh-km-bnI

Xe-ÿm-\w. C¥y-bpsS Ihm-Sw, Ggp Zo]p-I-fpsS \Kcw F∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ apwss_ Chn-sS-bm-Wv. AP-¥- -F-t√m-d, Fe- ‚m Kpl-Iƒ,

tK‰vth Hm v C¥y F∂nh alm-cm-jvS-bn-em-Wv.

14. alm-cmjvS

apwss_

C¥y-bpsS cXv\w F∂v s\lvdp hnti-jn-∏n® kwÿm-\w. Hgp-Ip∂

DZym-\-amb sIbv _pƒew Pmthm Chn-sS. aWn-∏q-cnse \rØ-cq]w

˛ aWn-∏q-cn. aWn-∏q-cns‚ Dcp-°p-h-\nX ˛ Ctdmw j¿Ωn-f. C¥y-

bnse Bdv ¢mkn-°¬ \rØ-cq-]-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv aWn-∏q-cn.

15. aWn-∏q¿

Cw^m¬

c≠vXe-ÿm\w D≈ GI C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. ]tXyI c-W-L-S\

]Z-hn-bp≈ kwÿm-\w. kz¥-ambn ]Xm-Ibpw `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ap≈

GI C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ip¶p-a-]qhv

D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\w.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]tZiw h\-\n-_n-U-amb C¥y≥ kwÿm\w

antkmdmw BWv. hyh-km-b-ß-fn-√mØ \mSv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.16. antkmdmw

sFtkmƒ

"KmaoW dn∏-ªn-°p-I-fpsS Iq´w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\w.

\mKm-em‚n¬ HutZym-KnI mj Cw•o-jv. Ing-°ns‚ kzn‰vk¿em≥Uv

F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. \mKm\rØw ]kn-≤-am-Wv.

17. \mKm-em≥Uv

sImlna


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


]mNo-\-Im-eØv IenwK F∂-dn-b-s∏´ ]tZ-iw. sImWm¿°nse

kqcy-t£-Xw. ]pcn-bnse PK-∂mY t£Xw ctYm-’-hw. HUoj

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ X\Xv \rØ cq]w ˛ HUo-kn. tIμ s\√p

Kth-jW tIμw ˛ I´°v

18. HUoj

`ph-t\-iz¿

A©p \Zn-I-fpsS \mSv. C¥y-bn¬ lcnX hnπhw Bcw-`n®

kwÿm-\w. C¥y-bpsS [m\y-I-e-h-d. kph¿Æ t£Xw ˛ Aar-

X-k¿, ]©m-_nse ]i-kvX-amb \rØ-amWv `wK. Pmen-b≥hm-

em-_mKv kw`hw ]©m-_n¬. `Im-\w-K¬ Umw.

19. ]©m_v

NWvUn-KVv

C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb kwÿm-\w. ]n¶v kn‰n. s]mJvdm≥,

Xm¿ acp-`qan F∂nh cmP-ÿm-\n¬. am¿_nƒ, sh≈n Bkv_-

t‰mkv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w. ]m°n-ÿm-\p-

ambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-

bnse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb I\m-emb Cμn-cm-Km‘n I\m¬ cmP-

ÿm-\n¬ BZy-ambn ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv \S-∏m-°nb kwÿm-\w.

20. cmP-ÿm≥

Pbv]q¿

G‰hpw Ipdhv P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw

hen∏w Ipd™ c≠m-asØ kwÿm-\w. Im©≥PwK \mj-W¬

]m¿°v kn°n-an-em-Wp-≈-Xv.

21. kn°nw

KmMvtSm°v

C¥y-bpsS G‰hpw sXt°-b-‰-Øp≈ kwÿm-\w. `c-X-\m-Sy-

Øns‚ \mSv. Xangv G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ ZmhnU `mj. ¢mkn-

°¬ ]Zhn e`n® BZy C¥y≥ `mj Xan-gv. I¬∏m-°w, IqSw-Ip-

fw BW-h-\n-e-b-ßƒ Chn-sS-bm-Wv. alm-_-en-]p-cw, ado\ _o®v,

a[pc ao\m£n t£Xw, NnZw-_-cw, sImssS-°-\m¬, X©m-hq¿

F∂o ÿe-ßƒ Xan-gv\m-´n-em-Wv.

22. Xan-gv\mSv

sNss∂

_w•m-tZ-in-\m¬ Np‰-s∏´p InS-°p∂ kwÿm\w. G‰hpw IqSp-

X¬ km£-c-cp≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂v.23. Xn]pc

AK¿Øe

C¥y-bpsS ]©-km-c-°n-Æw, C¥y-bn¬ Pn√-Iƒ, \nb-a-k-`,

temIvk`m aWvU-e-ßƒ, cmPy-k- mw-K-ßƒ F∂nh G‰hpw IqSp-

X-ep≈ kwÿm-\w. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ `mj-I-fn¬ ]X-ßƒ A®-

Sn-°p∂ kwÿm-\w. temI-Øn-em-Zy-ambn hnI-emw-K¿°p≈ k¿h-

I-em-ime \ne-hn¬ h∂ kwÿm-\w. Icn-ºv, tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

F∂n-h-bpsS D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm-\w, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-

ambn (8) AXn¿Øn ]¶p-h-bv°p∂ kwÿm-\w. _\m-dkv lnμp

k¿h-I-em-im-e, XmPva-l¬, Atbm-≤y, ^tØ-∏q¿ knIn, kmc-

\m-Yv Ch-sb√mw DØ¿]-tZ-in-em-Wv. 1857 se Iem]w XpS-ßnb

aod‰v bp.]n bnem-Wv.

24. DØ¿]-tZiv

eIv\u


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


tZh- qan F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ipw -taf Chn-sS-bm-Wv. NXp¿[m-a-ßƒ

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ bap-t\m-Xn, KwtKm-Xn, tIZm¿\m-Yv, _Z-co-\mYv

F∂nh DØ-cm-J-WvUn-em-Wv. lcn-Zzm¿, Ejn-tI-iv, ss\\n-‰mƒ,

akqdn F∂nh DØ-cm-J-WvUn-em-Wv.

25. DØ-cm-JWvUv

sUdm-Uq¨

C¥y-bnse BZy kb≥kv kn‰n sIm¬°Ø. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

Acn, NWw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. BZy satSm sdbn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-

bXv sIm¬°-Ø. lq•n \Zn-bpsS XocØv sIm¬°Ø \Kcw.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ I≠¬ h\-ß-fp≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. C¥y-

bnse BZy saUn-°¬ tImf-Pv, BZysØ k¿h-I-em-ime F∂nh

sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬.

26. ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ

sIm¬°Ø

km£-cX IqSnb C¥y≥ kwÿm-\w. ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \mSv

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ d_¿ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ C¥y≥

kwÿm-\w.

27. tIcfw

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂ ÿew aukn‚w

taLm-e-b-bn-em-Wv. Nndm-]p-©n, jnt√mMv Chn-sS-bm-Wv.28. taLm-eb

jnt√mMv

2014 Pq¨ 2 \v C¥y-bpsS 29-˛-m-aXv kwÿm\w sXe-¶m\ \ne-

hn¬ h∂p. B‘m-]-tZiv hn`-Pn®v sXe-¶m\ cq]-s∏-´p.29. sXe-¶m\

sslZ-cm-_mZv

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw

$ B[p-\nI C¥y-bpsS NcnXw Ipdn® kw`hw ˛ bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS hchv

$ C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ ˛ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿, U®p-Im¿, Cw•o-jp-Im¿

$ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v apºv tIc-f-hp-ambn hym]mcw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hntZ-in-Iƒ Ad-_n-Iƒ, ssN\m-

°m¿.

$ hmkvtImU Kma C¥y-bn-se-Ønb h¿jw ˛ 1498 sabv 20 ˛ tImgn-t°mSv ˛ Im∏mSv _o®n¬

$ C¥y-bpsS H∂mw kzmX-¥y-k-acw ˛ 1857 se hnπhw

$ 1857 se hnπhw Bcw-`n® ÿew ˛ DØ¿]-tZ-inse aod-‰n¬.

$ 1857 se hnπ-h-Ønse BZy c‡-km£n ˛ awKƒ ]mWvsU.

$ tlmw dqƒ ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ÿm]I t\Xm-°ƒ ˛ B\n _k‚ v, _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥

$ Pmen-b-≥-hm-em-_mKv Iq´-s°me ˛ 1919 G]n¬ 13. tUm. kXy-]m¬, tUm. ssk^p-±o≥ In®vep

F∂o t\Xm-°-fpsS Ad-Ãn¬ ]Xn-tj[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tN¿∂ tbmKw

$ \n -l-I-cW ]ÿm\w ˛ 1920. t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv alm-flm-Km-‘n.

$ Nucn-Nucm kw`hw 1922 s^_p-hcn 5 t]meokv tÃj≥ BI-a-Ww. 22 t]meo-kp-Im¿ acn-®p.

CtXXpS¿∂v Km‘nPn \n -l-I-cW ]ÿm\w ]n≥h-en-®p.

$ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\ ]ÿm\w ˛ CXns‚ `mK-ambn D∏p-k-Xym-Klw ˛ ZWvUnbmX 1930 am¿®v 12

apX¬ G]n¬ 6 hsc.

$ Izn‰v C¥ym ˛ 1942 BKÃv 9 ˛ ]h¿Øn-°pI As√-¶n¬ acn-°p-I.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


$ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp ˛ 1889 \hw-_¿ 14 \v tamØn-em¬ ˛ kzcq]v dmWn aI-\mbn P\n-®p. `mcy:

Iae Iuƒ. aIƒ Cμnc ]nb-Z¿in-\n. Glimpses of World History Fgp-Xn. A—≥ aIƒ°-b® IØp-

Iƒ ]kn-≤w. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw Fgp-Xn-bXv s\lvdp. s\lvdp-hns‚ kam-[n-ÿew

˛ im¥n-h-\w.

$ tUm. _n.-B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ ˛ B[p-\nI a\p F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\bpsS inev]n.

C¥y-bpsS BZy \nb-a-a-¥n.

$ kp`mjv Nμ-t_mkv ˛ t^m¿thUv tªm°v cmjvSo-b-]m¿ń, sFF≥F F∂nh cq]o-I-cn®p. ""F\n°v

c‡w Xcq, Rm≥ \nßƒ°v kzmX¥yw Xcmw'', ""Zn√n Ntem'', ""Pbv lnμv'' F∂o ]ikvX apZm-

hm-Iy-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. Zn C¥y≥ kvSKnƒ F∂ IrXn t\Xm-Pn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.

$ _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥ ˛ C¥y-bnse tZiob Xoh-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]nXm-hv. "temI-am\y' F∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. ""kzcmPyw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-am-Wv. AXv Rm≥ t\SpI Xs∂ sNøpw'' ˛ Xne-Is‚ ]kn-≤-

amb hm°p-Iƒ.

kzmX¥y ka-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰v ][m\ hy‡n-Iƒ

tKm]m-e-IrjvW tKmJ-se, ZmZm- mbv \h-tdm-Pn, A_vZpƒ Iemw BkmZv, KXv knMv, kpJ-tZ-hv, cmPvKpcp,

ktcm-Pn\n \mbn-Up, cho-μ-\mY SmtKm¿.

s\mt_¬ ]pc-kvImcw ˛ 2016

sshZy-imkvX s\mt_¬ ˛ 2016

]ń-Wn-sIm≠v s]mdp-Xn-ap-´p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ico-c-tIm-i-ßƒ Fßs\ AXns\ AXn-Po-hn°pw?

]Xn-Zn\w icmicn 200 apX¬ 300 Kmw hsc t]mó≥ icoc ]p\¿am-W-Øn\v a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-ap-

s≠∂mWv IW-°v. CXn¬ 70 Kmtamfw amX-amWv `£-W-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂-Xv. _m°n t]mó≥

icocw Fhn-sS-\n∂v Is≠Øpw? tImi-ß-fpsS Dƒhiw hrØn-bm°n hbv°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A\-h[n tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠-Øm-≥ \sΩ ]m]vX-cm-°nb imkvX-⁄-

\mWv 2016 se sshZy-imkvX t\mt_¬ ]pc-kvImc tPXmhv tbm jnt\mcn Hkq-an.

tImi-ßƒ ]ń-Wn-t]m-ep≈ kΩ¿Z-ß-ƒ t\cn-Sp-tºmƒ kz¥w `mK-ßsf hnL-Sn-∏n®v t]mjIw

Is≠-Øpw. Ah Xs∂-Øms\ Xo\n-I-fmbn amdp-sa∂v Npcp-°w. tImi-ß-fpsS Cu kzbw t`mP-\sØ

Hmt´m-^Pn F∂mWv imkvX-temIw hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmt´m-^-Pn-bpsS cl-ky-ßƒ shfn-hm-°p∂ ]T-\-

ßƒ°mWv CØ-h-WsØ s\mt_-¬ kΩm-\w. Hmt´m Pn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e cl-ky-ßfpw temI

ka-£-Øn¬ FØn-®Xv tbmjn-t\mcn Hkq-an-bmWv. 1990 Ifn¬ boÃp-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ßƒ

Hmt´m-^-Pn°v ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-te°v Hkq-ansb \bn-®p. tImi-ßƒ Fß-s\-

bmWv kz¥w LS-I-ßsf ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn hnL-Sn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-sX∂ kp]-[m\ hnhcw ]e

imco-cnI ]In-b-I-sfbpw ]pXn-sbmcp Dƒ°m-gvN-tbmsS kao-]n-°m≥ CS-bm-°n. ]ń-Wn-tbm-Sp≈ A\p-

Iq-e-\w, AWp-_m-[-tbm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-cWw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Hmt´m-^-Pn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv kp]-

[m-\-am-Wv. `qW-hn-I-k-\-Øn-epw, tImi-ßƒ Ie-I-fmbn sshhn-[y-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xnepw Hmt´m-^-

Pn°v ]¶p-≠v. ]pØ≥ tImi-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xnepw tImi-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ A\m-h-iy-L-S-I-

ßsf Zln-∏n-®p-I-f™v tImi-ß-fpsS Dƒhiw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xnepw Hmt´m- -Pn°v ]¶p≠v. Hmt´m^Pnsb

\nb-¥n-°p∂ Po\p-Iƒ°v D≠m-Ip∂ D¬]-cn-h¿Ø\w AYhm ayqt´-j≥ Iym≥k-dn-\pw, ssS∏v ˛ 2

]ta-l-Øn\pw, ]m¿°n≥k¨ t]mep≈ akvXnjvI tcmK-ßƒ°pw CS-bm°pw.

^nknIvkv s\mt_¬ ˛ 2016

Zhy-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Nne Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ahÿm am‰ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \S-Ønb

Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv CØ-hW ^nknIvkv s\mt_¬ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-am-b-Xv.


Xøm-dm-°n-bXv


_n´-\n¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂v, ]n∂oSv Ata-cn-°≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn-te°v tNt°-dnb aq∂p-t]-cmWv

2016 se ^nknIvkv s\mt_¬ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-cm-b-Xv. kΩm-\-Øp-I-bpsS ]IpXn e`n-°pI

tUhnUv sP Xuekv F∂ hmjn-MvS¨ k¿h-I-em-ime s]m^-k¿°m-Wv. at‰ ]IpXn U¶≥ Fw

lm¬sU-bv≥, sP ssa°nƒ tImÃ¿en‰vkv F∂o c≠pt]¿ ]¶n-Spw. Ch¿ bYm-Iaw ]n≥kv S¨

k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn-sebpw _u¨ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn-tebpw A[ym-]-I-cm-Wv. Ch-cp-sS-sb√mw Kth-jW

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 30˛40 h¿jw apºv Bcw-`n-®-Xm-Wv.

CØ-h-WsØ s\mt_¬ ]pc-kvImc tPXm-°ƒ aqhcpw Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bXv Zznam-\-Z-hy-ßsf

kw_-‘n-®m-Wv. Ipd-®p-IqSn hni-Z-am-°n-bm¬ Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmX-Iw, πmkva XpS-ßnb Zhy-Øns‚ Ah-

ÿ-I-fpsS enÃn-te°v ]pXnb \nc-h[n t]cp-Iƒ FØn-®-h-cmWv Ch¿.

ck-X¥ s\mt_¬ ˛ 2016

\mt\m-en-^v‰v, GXm\pw \mt\m-ao-‰¿ hep-∏-ap≈ Im¿ XpSßn CØcw Ht´sd X∑mX D]-I-c-W-

ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ klm-bn® Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Ønb aq∂v imkvX-⁄-

cmWv Cu h¿jsØ ck-X¥ s\mt_¬ ]pc-kv°mcw ]¶n-´-Xv. ^m≥knse kvSmkv_¿Kv k¿Δ-I-em-

im-e-bnse gmßv ]nbdn tkmth-Pv, Ata-cn-°-bnse Fh≥Ãm≥ t\m¿Øv shtÃ¨ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-

bnse sP.-t -k¿ sÃmU¿ v, s\X¿e≥Uvknse tKmWn-sK≥ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse _¿WmUv F¬s -

cnß F∂n-h-cmWv Cuh¿jsØ ]pc-kv°mcw t\Sn-b-Xv. ]pc-kv°m-c-Øp-I-bmb 8 e£w tUmf¿ aqhcpw

]¶n-Spw.

Du¿÷w \¬Ip-tºmƒ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Nen-∏n-°m\pw ]h¿Øn-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp∂ Ip™≥

b¥-ß-fmWv Ch¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. AƒSm-h-b-e‰v ]Imiw ]Xn-∏n®v Htc Zni-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn

Id-°m-hp∂ X∑mXm tam´¿ Bbn-cp∂p s^cn-ß-bpsS kw`m-h-\. ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn CXns‚ Id-°-Øns‚

thKw Iq´m\pw XpS¿∂v 10000 aSßv hep-∏-ap≈ Hcp •mkv Ipg-ens\ X∑mXm tamt´m¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Htc

Zni-bn¬ Id-°m\pw Ign-™p. XpS¿∂v \n¿Ωn-®Xv \mev NI-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb \mt\m ao‰¿ hep-∏-ap≈

Im¿ BWv. Cßs\ ]ndtI hcp-∂-h¿°v Ht´sd XpS¿®-Iƒ km[y-am-Ipw-hn[w Ip™≥ b¥-ß-fpsS

temI-tØ°v hgn-Xp-d-∂-XmWv aqh-tcbpw ]pc-kv°m-c-Øn\v A¿l-cm-°n-b-Xv. ]Imiw ]Xn-∏n®v \nb-

¥n®v ico-c-Øn¬ FhnsSbp-saØn acp-∂p-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøp∂ X∑m-X-Iƒ, t]md-ep-Iƒ kzbw

C√m-Xm°n ]g-b-cq-]-Øn-te°p aS-ßp∂ t]mfn-a¿]m-fn-Iƒ, ]Imiw ]Xn-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Npcp-ßp-

Ibpw hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ, sk≥k-dp-Iƒ, amen\y ip≤o-I-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ F∂n-

h-sb√mw hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ Ch-cpsS Is≠-Ø¬ klm-b-I-am-hpw. kq£va-X-e-Øn-ep≈ ck-X-¥-Øns‚

]tbmK km[y-X-Iƒ°v XpS-°-an´p F∂-XmWv Ch-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ens‚ ]k-‡n.

kmlnXy s\mt_¬

Ata-cn-°≥ Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhpw Kmb-I-\p-amb t_m_vUn-e\v Cu h¿jsØ kmlnXy s\mt_¬

]pc-kv°m-cw. Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hn\v kmlnXy s\mt_¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv CXm-Zy-am-bm-Wv. 1993 ¬ t\mh-enÃv

tSmWn tamdn-k-\p-tijw kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Sp∂ Ata-cn-°-Im-c-\mWv Une≥. Ata-cn-°≥ Km\-]m-

c-º-cy-Øn¬ \ho\ Imhym-\p-`hw krjvSn-®-Xn-\mWv Fgp-]-Ø-©p-Im-c-\mb tdm°v CXn-lm-k-Øn\v

]pc-kv°mcw \¬Ip-∂-sX∂v s\mt_¬ kanXn hy‡-am°n. Cw•ojv `mjm ]mc-º-cy-Ønse alm-\mb

Ihn-bmWv Une≥. 54 h¿j-ambn kzbw \ho-I-cn-°m\pw ]pXnb kzXzw krjvSn-°m\pw \nc-¥cw ian-°p-

I-bmWv Une≥.

]T-\-Im-eØp Xs∂ ]m´p-I-fpsS temI-sØ-Ønb Une≥ an\-tkm-´-bnse tIm^n lukp-I-fn¬

]mSn-s°m≠v 1959 emWv kwKoX PohnXw kPo-h-am-°n-b-Xv. tªmhn≥ C≥ Z hn≥Upw Z ssSwkv sZ B¿

F sNbv©v XpS-ßnb krjvSn-Iƒ Ata-cn-°-bnse a\p-jym-h-Imi ]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw bp≤-hn-cp≤

]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Km\-ß-fmbn Db¿∂p-h-∂p. sslth 61 dn hnkn-‰Uv (1965), tªm≥Uv Hm≥ tªm≥Uv

(1966), Z ªUv Hm¨ Z SmIvkv (1975) XpS-ßnb B¬_-ßƒ Unes\ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]i-kvX-\m-°n.

Hmkv°m¿, Kman, tKmƒU¨ t•m_v XpS-ßnb ]pc-kv°m-c-ßƒ Une\v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

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Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ˛ dntkmgvkv SowSot®gvk ¢∫v tIme-t©cn ˛ 9446762687


t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687

F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016

amXrI ]co£ ˛ 2amXrI ]co£ ˛ 2amXrI ]co£ ˛ 2amXrI ]co£ ˛ 2amXrI ]co£ ˛ 2

t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwhni-Z-ambn DØcw Fgp-tX-≠h.

Cu IhnX hmbn-°pI

1. aI-t\mSv

\n\°p hogvN h∂mepw

\n≥ \∑ shSn-sbm√ \o.

ae¿ Imt‰‰p hoWmepw

aW-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Iptam?

A\y-∂p-b¿® ImWp-tºm˛

fm\-μn-t°-≠-XmWp \o,

ag-°m¿ hm\n-te-dp-tºmƒ

abn-em-Sp∂p IuXp-Im¬.

Xm≥ sImSpw-sh-bn¬ sIm≠n´p

XW-te-Ip∂p ssXa-cw,

\n\°p ZpxJw h∂mepw

\ob-\y\p XpW-bv°-Ww.

Ben≥Xøn-s∂m-cmƒ sh≈˛

aen-thm-sS-sbm-gn-°-bm¬

hf-cp-tºm-f-tX-Ip∂p

hcp-thm¿s°m-s°bpw XW¬.

Ibv°pw ]g-ßtf In´q

Im™n-c-°pcp ]mIn-bm¬;

Xn∑ sNbvXm¬ \n\-s°∂pw

XnIbpw ZpxJta hcq.

]d∂pt]mb Infn-sb˛

∏t£, ho≠pw ]nSn-®nSmw;

Imetam t]mhp-In¬t∏m-bo,

Icp-Xn-t÷m-en-sNbvI \o.

(Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v)

(F) IhnX \¬Ip∂ ][m-\-s∏´ D]-tZiw F¥mWv? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

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(_n) "Icp-Xn-t÷men sNbvI \o' F∂p-]-d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

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(kn) "aI-t\mSv' F∂ Ihn-Xbv°v Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI (3 kvtIm¿)

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2. IY hmbn-°pI.

Hcn-°¬ c≠p n£p-°ƒ tXmWn-bn¬ ]pg IS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcmƒ hfsc ]mb-

ap-≈-h\pw CX-c≥ hfsc sNdp-∏-hpw. ""kqcym-kvX-a-b-Øn-\p-ap≥]v Rßƒ°v \Kc Ihm-

S-Øn¬ FØm-\m-hptam?'' Ah¿ tXmWn-°m-c-t\mSp tNmZn-®p. Imc-Ww, k©m-c-tbm-Ky-

a-√mØ Hcp ae-º-tZiw Ah¿°p ]n∂n-Sm-\p-≠v. kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p-I-bm-Wv. IqSn-

bm¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ Ah¿°p In´pw. AXn\p ap≥]v Ah¿ Ahn-sS-sb-Ø-Ww. Imc-Ww.

\K-c-I-hm-S-a-S-®m¬ cmXn apgp-h≥ h\-]-tZ-iØp Ign-b-Ww. AX-]-I-S-amWv. h\y-ar-K-

ßƒ Gsd-bp≈ Hcp h\-am-W-Xv.

anX`m-jn-bmb tXmWn-°m-c≥ ]d™p: ""\nßƒ hfsc sas√ t]mIWw; F∂m-e-

hnsS FØm≥ Ign-bpw.'' hr≤\v AXv \∂mbn a\- n-em-bn. bphmhv hfsc thK-Øn-em-

bn-cp-∂p. hr≤≥ bphm-hn-t\mSv samgn-™p. ""AsX, ]Xps° t]mI-Ww...! F\n-°Xp a\-

n-embn!'' bphmhv Xncn-®-Sn-®-Xp-t]mse ]d-™p: ""\nß-fn-cp-hcpw hnUvVn-I-fm-Wv. ]Xps°

t]mbm¬ Fßs\ thKw Ahn-sS-sbØpw?'' hr≤s\ X\n-®m°n Abmƒ HmSm≥ XpSßn.

sN¶p-Ømb Ncn-hp-Ifpw Xncn-hp-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp ae-©-cn-hm-bn-cp∂p ap∂n¬, ka-b-

sa-SpØv Zp¿K-a-amb Hcp- m-KØv hr≤-s\-Øn. hfsc ]Xp-s°-bm-W-t±lw h∂-Xv. AhnsS

bphmhv ASn-]-X-dn, t\ms°-ØmØ AXbpw Xmsg hoWv tZl-amsI apdn™v ssIbn-

ep-≈-sXms° Nn∂n-®n-Xdn hne-]n-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hr≤≥ bphm-hn\p t\sc ZbtbmsS

H∂p t\m°pI amXw sNbvXp. Hcmƒ°pw c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ \ne-bn-ep≈ Abmsf

t\m°n hr≤-≥ kzbw samgn™p: ""thK-Øn-se-Øm-\mbn ian-®p. HSp-hn¬ Hcn-°-ep-a-

hnsS FØm-sX-bp-am-b-t√m....!'' bphmhv Im´parK-ß-fm¬ £n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hr≤≥ kqcy-

\-kvX-an°pw ap≥]v \K-c-I-hm-S-Øn-seØn c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(Po-hn-X-Km\w ˛ ]n.-F≥.-Zm-kv)

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(F) hr≤≥ e£y-Øn-se-Øm\pw bphmhv A]-I-S-Øn¬ s]Sm\pw CS-bmb kml-

Ncyw GXv? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

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(_n) Aan-X-thKw sIm≠p≈ A]-I-S-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Znh-tk\ \mw tIƒ°m-dp-≠-t√m.

Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp eLp D]-\ymkw Xøm-dm-°p-I. (4 kvtIm¿)

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H‰-hm-°n¬ DØcw Fgp-tX-≠-h.

1) ]ikvX _me-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mb amen-sb-°p-dn®v \nßƒ tI´n-cn-°p-a-t√m. At±-

l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ t]sc-¥mWv? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

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2) ""Iqcn-cp- ns‚ InSm-Øn,-sb-∂m¬ (1 kvtIm¿)

kqcy-]-Im-i-Øn-\p‰ tXmgn'' ˛ Cu hcn-Iƒ Bcp-tS-XmWv?

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

3) "am¨]v' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w Fgp-XpI? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

4) "tNsemØ' ˛ ]ncn-s®-gp-XpI? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

5) "sh≈-]q-ipI' - F∂ ssien-bpsS A¿Yw F¥mWv? (1 kvtIm¿)

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

6) "Acn-sbX? ]b-d-™mgn' - F∂ ]g-s©m-√ns‚ A¿Yw Xnc-s™-SpØv Fgp-XpI?

(1 kvtIm¿)

(F) tI´n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-I. (_n) Akw-_‘w ]d-bpI

(kn) [n°mcw ImWn-°pI (Un) X¿°p-Øcw ]d-bp-I.

DØcw: ........................................................................................................................................................

7) Iq -Øn¬s∏-Sm-ØXv GXv? (1 kvtIm¿)

(F) Aw_cw (_n) KK\w

(kn) `ph\w (Un) hm\w

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

8) DNn-X-amb Nn”w tN¿°pI. ]T-\-bmX D√m-k-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p hn⁄m-\-]-Zhpw.

(1 kvtIm¿)

(F) - (_n) ,

(kn) ; (Un) !

DØcw: ........................................................................................................................................................

9) icn-bmb ]Z-taXv? (1 kvtIm¿)

(F) irwLw (_n) AXnYn

(kn) BXn-tY-b≥ (Un) hnRvPm\w

DØcw: ........................................................................................................................................................

10) IYm-]m-X-ßƒ ]mSn A`n-\-bn-°p∂ Iem-cq]w GXmWv? (1 kvtIm¿)

(F) IY-Ifn (_n) Hm´≥Xp-≈¬

(kn) tamln-\n-bm´w (Un) `-]-X-\mSyw

DØcw: .......................................................................................................................................................

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

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t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687



t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n. Cw•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n. Cw•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n. Cw•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n. Cw•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n. Cw•ojv

I. (a) Answer the riddle given below (1 Score)I am the biggest bird. I can't fly.

I have a long neck, I live in desert.

Who am I?

(b) Choose appropriate word from the bracket.I am Penguin. I can't fly. I like to swim and dive in water. I live in .................place.(sunny, snowy, rainy, cloudy)

(c) Write a description about any bird that you see around your house. (3 Score)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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II. (a) Make a meaningful word from the letters given. (1 Score)

(b) Choose the odd one (1 Score)(snake charmer, nihtingale, hawker, giant wheel)

(c) Read the following poem and add more lines. (3 Score)

Summer FairToday I saw a snake charmer

Sitting under a big treePlaying on his cute flute

What a lovely music!Then I saw a sweet seller

standing near the gardenselling his tasty sweets

What a lovely tast!

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I I II I II I II I II I I

A R D G N A L

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t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w

icn-bmb DØ-c-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ hc-bv°p-I.

1. "s]se' GXp Ifn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Xmc-amWv?

(F) In°‰v (_n) ^pSvt_mƒ (kn) tlm°n (Un) sS∂okv

2. 2015 h¿j-Øns‚ A¥m-cmjvSm ]m[m\yw NphsS sImSp-Ø-h-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠-

Øp-I.

(F) ck-X-¥-h¿jw (_n) hΔm¬ h¿jw

(kn) ]Im-i-h¿jw (Un) ssPh-ssh-hn[y h¿jw

3. Fen-∏\n ]I-cp-∂Xv GXp hgn-°mWv?

(F) hmbp-hn-eqsS (_n) Pe-Øn-eqsS

(kn) `£-W-Øn-eqsS (Un) sImXp-Ip-Iƒ hgn

4. ]Ya ipiq-j-s∏- n-bn¬ (First Aid Box) AXym-h-iy-a-√m-ØXv NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-

°p-∂-h-bn¬ GXmWv?

(F) XntImW _mt‚Pv (_n) kvπn‚ v

(kn) XpWn (Un) thZ-\-kw-lmcn

5. sshZypXn em`n-°m≥ \mw LED D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠t√m F¬.-C.-Un. (LED) bpsS

]q¿W-cq]w F¥v? .................................................................................................................................

6. "Hdn-Kman' F∂Xv IS-emkv aS°n cq]-ßƒ D≠m-°pI F∂-Xm-W-t√m. Hdn-Kman

F∂ ]Zw GXv `mj-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- -XmWv?

(F) ssN\okv (_n) Pm∏-\okv

(kn) ^©v (Un) Ko°v

7. B.M.I (-_n.-Fw.-sF) bpsS ]q¿Æ-cq]w GsX∂v NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬

\n∂v Is≠-ØpI?

(F) t_mUn an\naw C≥UIvkv (_n) t_mUn saj-dnwKv C≥UIvkv

(kn) t_mUn amkv C≥UIvkv (Un) t_mUn amIvknaw C≥UIvkv

8. 2015 \hw-_-dn¬ C¥y ^©v Kbm-\-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp D]-Klw hnt£-]n-®p. hm¿Øm-

hn-\n-abw Dƒs∏sS hnhn[ Dt±-iy-ß-fmWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv. D]-K-l-Øns‚ t]sc¥v?

9. "tIc-f-Ønse ]£n-Iƒ' F∂ ]pkvXIw cNn-®Xv BcmWv?

10. tIcf Iem-a-fiew ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿew GXmWv?


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1.

(F) NnX-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp Ip∏n-bpsS apI-fn¬ Hcp W¬ (tNm¿∏v)

Dd-∏n® tijw sh≈-sam-gn-®p. ^W-en¬ \n∂v A¬∏w Pew Ip∏n-bn-te°v

hoWp. _m°n Pew ^W-en¬ Ah-ti-jn-®p. ^W-ense _m°n Pew apgp-

h≥ Ip∏n-°-IØv hogvØm≥ aq∂v hyXykvX am¿K-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

(3 kvtIm¿)

DØcw 1. ..........................................................................................................................................................

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(_n) ^W-ense sh≈w Ip∏n-bn¬ hogm-Xn-cn-°m-≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? (2 kvtIm¿)

DØcw ...................................................................................................................................................................

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2. c≠v Pohn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-Iƒ GsX∂v

Is≠Øn Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI? (BsI 5 kvtIm¿)

(1) D-`-b-Po-hn-bmWv

(2) acp-`q-an-bnse I∏¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p

(3) -sh≈w IpSn-°msX Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p

(4) -sh-≈-Ønepw izkn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p

(5) -ap-Xp-Inse ]q™-bn¬ sImgp∏v kw`-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p

(6) -hn-c-ep-I-fn¬ N¿Ω _‘-ap-≠v

(7) -H‰ Ipf-ºp≈ Pohn-bmWv

(8) Ic-bnepw sh≈-Øn-ep-ambn Pohn-X-NIw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂p

(9) -]n≥Im-¬ \ofw IqSn-b-XmWv


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t]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

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icn-bmb DØcØn\v ASn-bn¬ hc-bv°p-I.

1. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS C¥y-bnse BZysØ kXym-Kl kac ]co-£Ww GXv?

(a) D∏v kXym-Klw (b) Nºm-c≥ kXym-Klw (c) Izn‰v C¥ym kacw (d) tJUmkacw

2. G‰hpw henb ]£n-°qSv Hcp-°p-∂Xv

(a) abn¬ (b) ]cp¥v (c) hoh¿ (d) Im°

3. ""Hma-\-Xn-¶ƒ°n-Smthm'' F∂ Xmcm-´p-]m´v cNn-®Xv

(a) h≈-tØmƒ (b) Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn (c) Ip©≥ \ºym¿ (d) Fgp-Ø-—≥

4. IrXna D]-K-l-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ klm-b-ß-fn¬ s]Sm-ØXv

(a) Imem-hÿ ]h-N\w (b) hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw

(c) hnZym-`ymk Bh-iy-ßƒ (d) sshZypXn \n¿ΩmWw

5. Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-Øn-te°v \qdv Kmw ]©-kmc tN¿Øv Cf°n Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS mcw

(a) Ipdbpw (b) IqSpw (c) am‰-an√ (d) CsXm-∂p-a√

6. C¥y-bn¬ tijvT-`mj ]Zhn BZyw e`n-®Xv

(a) Xangv (b) kwkvIrXw (c) I∂U (d) sXep¶v

7. a[y-]-tZiv F∂ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Ab¬kw-ÿm-\-a-√m-ØXv

(a) KpP-dmØv (b) cmP-ÿm≥ (c) _olm¿ (d) DØ¿]-tZiv

8. C∂v \ne-hn-en-√mØ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m\w

(a) sSenKmw (b) ^mIvkv (c) C˛-sa-bn¬ (d) hm°n tSm°n

9. ]Ya ipiq-jm-s∏-´n-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb hkvXp-°-fn¬ s]Sm-ØXv

(a) AWp-\m-in\n (b) tIm´¨ (c) _m≥tUPv (d) NqSp-sh≈w

10. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]\w A√m-ØXv GXv.

(a) Kma-]-©m-bØv (b) ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n (c) tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (d) IpSpw-_io


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t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687



t]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n ˛KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n ˛KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n ˛KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n ˛KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n ˛KWnXwhni-Z-ambn DØcw Fgp-tX-≠h

1. enkn-bpsS kvIqfn¬ \n∂v 45 Ipń-Ifpw 8 A[ym-]-Icpw ]T-\-bm-Xbv°v t]mbn.

_ n\v BZysØ 100 In.-ao-‰-dn\v 5500 cq]bpw XpS¿∂p≈ Hmtcm In.-ao-‰-dn\pw 25

cq]-bp-amWv Nm¿Pv. _kv BsI 152 In.-ao.-Hm-Sn. `£-W-Øn\v Hmtcm Ipń°pw 118

cq]bpw ]th-i\ Sn°-‰p-Iƒ°v Hmtcm Ipń°pw 42 cq]bpw sNe-hm-bn.

(F) _kv Nm¿Pv C\Øn¬ BsI FX-cq] sImSp-°Ww?

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(_n) Ipń-Iƒ°v `£-W-Øn\v BsI FX cq]-bmbn?

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(kn) Sn°-‰n\v F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw IqSn FX cq] sImSp-°Ww?

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(Un) A[ym-]-I¿°v `£-W-Øn\v BsI 1096 cq]-bmWv sNe-hm-b-Xv. Hcp

A[ym]-I-\v Cu C\-Øn¬ FX cq] sNe-hmbn

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2. A\ojv 8 sk.-ao. \ofhpw 6 sk.ao hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp NXp-chpw kpa 10 sk.ao \ofhpw

6 sk.ao hoXn-bp-ap≈ as‰mcp NXp-chpw Im¿Uv t_m¿Un¬ shń-sb-SpØp.

(F) 2 t]cpw shń-sb-SpØ NXp-c-ß-fpsS Np‰-f-hns‚ hyXymkw FX?

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(_n) 2 t]cpw shń-sb-SpØ NXp-c-ßƒ tN¿Øp-h®v Hcp NXpcw D≠m-°n-bm¬

In´p∂ henb NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-f-shX?

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(kn) c≠p-t]cpw D≠m-°nb NXp-c-ßƒ tN¿Øp-h®v Xmsg-sIm-SpØ cq]w

D≠m°n. Cu cq]-Øns‚ Np‰-f-shX?

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lzkz-ambn Fgp-tX-≠-h.

1. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Ø-h-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmb c≠v FÆ¬ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI GXmWv?

(F) 4832 (_n) 3574 (kn) 4365 (Un) 4444

2. 159 s\ 12 sIm≠v KpWn-°m≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ A\ojv I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv 159 x 21 BWv.

DØ-c-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw FX?

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3. 16 S¨ 5 Izn‚¬ 7 In.Kmw F∂Xv FX In.-Km-amWv?

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4. 02.20 pm \v tImgn-t°m´p \n∂p ]pd-s∏´ Hcp _kv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ-Øn-bXv

ASpØ Znhkw 01.05 am \mWv. F¶n¬ bmX-bvs°-SpØ kabw FX?

..........................................................................................................................................................................

5. Hcp t]\bv°pw s]≥k-en\pw IqSn 36 cq]-bmWv hne. t]\bv°v s]≥kn-en-t\-

°mƒ 20 cq] IqSp-X-em-Wv. s]≥kn-ens‚ hne-sbX?

..........................................................................................................................................................................

6. 2 tXß sImSp-Øm¬ 9 ASbv° In´pw. 99 ASbv° In´m≥ FX tXß sImSp-°Ww?

..........................................................................................................................................................................

7. 46 F∂Xv tdma≥ A°-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bm¬.

(F) XXXXVI (_n) XLVI (kn) XXXXIIIIII (Un) XLIIIIII8. amXrI t\m°n 4˛m-asØ NnX-Ønse ? Nn”w C´n-cn-°p∂ ÿesØ kwJy

Fgp-Xp-I.

9. 1

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14

CXv XpS¿s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ ]Øm-asØ hcn-bn¬ BZy kwJy GXm-bn-cn°pw?

..........................................................................................................................................................................

10. Hcp XpI 8 t]¿°v Xpey-ambn hoXn-®-t∏mƒ 6 cq] _m°n h∂p. hoXn® kwJy 4

t]¿°v Xpey-ambn hoXn-®m¬ FX cq] _m°n hcpw?

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1 6

4 3

2 24

5 2

3 30

4 1

3 ?

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Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ˛ dntkmgvkv SowSot®gvk ¢∫v tIme-t©cn ˛ 9446762687 1


F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£t]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ]cn-kc ]T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ]cn-kc ]T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ]cn-kc ]T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ]cn-kc ]T\wt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v F ]cn-kc ]T\w

1) ]I¿®-hym[n A√m-ØXv. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) Pe-tZmjw (_n) £bw (kn) tImfd (Un) sh≈-∏m≠v

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

2) apØß h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw GXv Pn√-bn¬. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) tIm´bw (_n) tImgn-t°mSv (kn) CSp°n (Un) hb-\mSv

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

3) Imb s]m´n-sØ-dn®v hnØp-hn-X-cWw \S-Øp∂ sNSn. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) πmhv (_n) Iip-amhv (kn) ]b¿ (Un) Ce™n

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

4) Hcp `q]-S-Øns‚ apIƒ`mKw GXp Zn°n-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) hS°v (_n) sX°v (kn) ]Sn-™mdv (Un) Ing°v

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

5) Ad-_n-°-S-en-t\mSv tN¿∂v InS-°p∂ kwÿm-\w. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) tKmh (_n) sXe-¶m\ (kn) HUoj (Un) B‘]-tZiv

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

6) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-I-cn® ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS FÆw. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) 20 (_n) 21 (kn) 22 (Un) 23

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

7) tdUntbm I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) FUn-k¨ (_n) Klmw-s_¬

(kn) am¿t°mWn (Un) sFk°v \yq´¨

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

8) X]m¬ Ãmºv tiJ-cWw Cs∂mcp hnt\m-Z-am-Wv. Cu hnt\m-Z-Øn\v ]d-bp∂

t]cv. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

9) IÆn¬ s]mSn hoWm¬ sNtø≠ ]Ya ipiq-j-bmWv. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) IÆn¬ NqSp-sh≈w Hgn-°pI (_n) \∂mbn Xncp-apI

(kn) IÆ-S-®n-cn-°pI (Un) ip≤-Pew IÆn-sem-gn-°pI

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

10) H‰-bms\ Is≠-ØpI. (kvtIm¿ 1)

(F) sXßns‚ thcv (_n) apf-bpsS thcv

(kn) amhns‚ thcv (Un) Ihp-ßns‚ thcv

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvtIm¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)

t]cv : .................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ : .................................................................................................................................................

t^m¨ : .................................................................................................................................................

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]h¿Ø\w 1

(F) C¥y _ln-cm-Im-i-cw-KØv \nc-h[n t\ -ßƒ ssIh-cn® cmPy-am-Wv. Ata-cn°,

P∏m≥, d£y, ssN\ XpS-ßnb kº∂ cmPy-ß-fp-sS-sbm∏w C¥ybpw A`n-am-\-

tØmsS \n¬°p-∂p. \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬ \ap°v A`n-am-\n-

°mw. Iq´p-Im-sc..... C¥y Ign™ Ipd®p h¿j-ß-fmbn hnt£-]n®v IrXna D]-K-

l-ß-fpsS NnX-ß-fmWv Xmsg. Ch-bpsS t]cp-I-sf-gp-Xp-I. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw 1) .............................................. 2) ........................................... 3) ..................................................

_n) C¥y-bpsS _ln-cm-Imi t\ -ßƒ°v Np°m≥ ]nSn-°p-∂- ÿm]-\w. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ...................................................................................................................................................................................

kn) Cu D]-K-l-ßƒ \ap°v sNøp∂ klm-b-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? (kvtIm¿ 3)

Imem-hÿ hnZym-`ymkw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw

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]h¿Ø\w 2

(F) Iq´p-Im-sc... \nßƒ°v ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Ipd®v Pohn-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

(kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................

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(_n) Chsb F¥ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-sems° Xcw-Xn-cn°mw? (kvtIm¿ 2)

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(kn) Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb am\-Z-fi-ßƒ hni-Z-am°n Hcp Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 2)

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1) 3 FÆ¬ kwJy-I-fpsS XpIbpw KpW-\-^-ehpw Htc kwJy-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

F¶n¬ kwJy-Iƒ Gh.

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

2) Hcmƒ Hcp km[\w 7 cq]bv°v hmßn 8 cq]bv°v hn‰p. CXv ho≠pw 9 cq]bv°v

Xncn-®p-hmßn 10 cq]bv°v hn¬°p-∂p. BsI em`w FX.?

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

3) 1

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

Cu ]mt‰-Wn¬ ]Ømwhcn-bn¬ FX kwJy-bp≠v =

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

4) Hcp t]\bv°pw s]≥kn-en\pw IqSn 21 cq] hne-bp-≠v. t]\bv°v s]≥k-en-t\-

°mƒ 10 cq] IqSp-X¬ Bbm¬ s]≥kn-ens‚ hne FX?

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

5) Hcp Acn-a-Wn°v 100 an√nKmw `mc-ap-s≠-¶n¬ 1 Intem Acn-bn¬ FX Acn-aWn =

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

6) 10 S¨, 6 Izn‚¬, 1kg FX kg =DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

7) Hcp kwJy-bpsS 1/3 `mKhpw 2/3 `mKhpw Iq´n-bm¬ 10 In´pw. F¶n¬ kwJy

GXv.?

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

8)

9) A = 10 a b = 90 Bbm¬ a + b = FX?

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

10) Hcp ss]\m-∏n-fn\v 7 cq]bpw B∏n-fn\v 5 cq]bpw hne. 43 cq]bv°v B∏nfpw ss]\m-

∏nfpw hmßn. B∏nƒ FX. ss]\m-∏nƒ FX?

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................


F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 ˛ amXrI ]co£

t]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n KWnXwt]∏¿ 2 ]m¿´v _n KWnXw (BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvtIm¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)

.................................................

t]cv : .................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ : .................................................................................................................................................

t^m¨ : .................................................................................................................................................

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]h¿Ø\w 1

Beph tIme-t©cn _kv dq´n¬ k¿hokv \S-Øp∂ IÆ≥ _kns‚ Hcp Znh-ksØ

hcp-am-\Øns‚ hnh-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

Sn°‰v \nc°v sNe-hm-bXv BsI

7 460

9 240

10 130

12 120

13 45

15 50

17 47

18 40

20 30

F) _ ns‚ Hcp-Zn-h-ksØ hcp-am\w FX? ..............................................................(kvtIm¿ 2)

_n) 820 ssUh-dn\pw 650 cq] I≠-IvS-dn\pw 500 cq] ¢o\-dn\pw 4500 cq] Uok-en\pw

sNehmIpw. F¶n¬ Cu _kn\v HcpZnhkw FX-cq] an®w e`n-°pw. (kvtIm¿ 2)

DØcw:

kn) P\p-hcn amkw _kns‚ DS-a-ÿ\v BsI e`n-°p∂ hcp-am\w FX? (kvtIm¿ 1)

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]h¿Ø\w : 2 ]pkvX-I-k©n

hma-\-]pcw F¬.-]n.-kvIq-fnse ]n.-Sn.-F. bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m ¢mkv apdn-I-fnepw

]pkvX-I-k©n ]≤Xn Bcw-`n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. CX-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm ¢mkn-sebpw

Ip´n-Iƒ ]e-Xcw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®p. Ah-bpsS hnhcw Xmsg-]-d-bp∂p

hn`mKw FÆw hne BsI

kmlnXy hn`mKw 12 90

t\mh¬ 18 120

_me-km-lnXyw 38 20

IhnX 30 29

ssUPÃv 18 12

Cb¿_p°v 4 100

BsI

Cu ]´n-Isb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.

1) FX ]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv ]pkvX-I-k©n ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn kam-l-cn-®-Xv.

(kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

2) GXp-hn- mKw ]pkvX-I-amWv IqSp-X¬ e`n-®-Xv. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

3) GXp-hn- mKw ]pkvX-I-Øn-\mWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ XpI sNe-hm-bXv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

4) BsI FX cq]-bpsS ]pkvXIw kam-l-cn-®p. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................

5) \mep ¢mkp-Iƒ°pw ]pkvXIw Xpey-ambn hoXn-®m¬ Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw FX

]pkvXIw hoXw e`n°pw? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: .........................................................................................................................................................


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1

1) B[p-\nI Ihn-X-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an-bpsS BZy D]m-

[y-£-\mb aebmf-Øns‚ ]nb Ihn. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

2) IY-I-fn-bpsS kmlnXy cq]w. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

3) Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IYbpw Hcp sXcp-hns‚ IYbpw ae-bm-fn°v kΩm-\n®v tImgn-

t°m-Sns‚ ]nb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥. `mc-Xob ⁄m\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw e`n-®p. Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥ Bcv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

4) ASn-h-c-bn´ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥-ambn Hcp hmIyw \n¿Ωn-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 1)

Ah¿ kmh-Imiw tPmen-I-sf√mw sNbvXpXo¿Øp.

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

5) tlm°n-bn¬ C¥y BZy Hfn-ºnIvkv kz¿Ww t\Sn. Cu a’-c-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS

FXn-cmfn GXv cmPyambn-cp-∂p. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

6) \mgn-bq-cn-∏m-ep-sIm≠v

\mSmsI IeymWw

\me©p Xpº-sIm≠v

am\-sØmcp s]mt∂mWw

CXv BcpsS hcn-Iƒ (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

7) C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ tKm]pcw GXv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

8) \√-X-s√m-cp-h≥ sNbvX

\√-Imcyw ad-∏-Xv..... Cu hcn-I-fpsS A∞w. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

9) AIte DgpXv ]Ite t]mcpI F∂ ssien-bpsS \n¿h-N\w. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................

10) ""Bcm-®m¿'' GXv kmlnXy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw:.........................................................................................................................................................


F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - ˛ amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - ˛ amXrI ]co£t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfw (BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvtIm¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)Im¿ : 20)

t]cv : .................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ : .................................................................................................................................................

t^m¨ : .................................................................................................................................................

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2

]h¿Ø\w 1

IhnX i≤-tbmsS hmbn-°pI

Fs‚ IÆp-I-fn¬ HmW-shbvepw

a™-∏q-ºm-‰-Ifpw

\nd-]q-°-f-hp-am-bn,

ImXn¬ ]qhn-fnbpw Du™m¬ ]m´p-am-bn,

\mhn¬ ]qt]m-ep≈ ]qh-Sbpw

hnf-°Øv hnf-ºnb

Du¨h-´-hp-am-bn,

tImSn-∏m-hm-S-bpsS ]S-]-S-∏m-bn,

aW-ambn Ifn-bmbn Hcp-ß-embn

a[p-c-ambn amXr-hm-’-ey-ambn

IpSpw-_-°q´pw Ip™p-ß-fpsS

Xna¿∏p-ambn ˛ Hm¿a-bn¬ HmWw

h∂p-\n-d-bp-∂p. AtΩ AtΩ

F∂v s]‰-Ωsb amX-a√

a¨a-d™ Fs‚ AΩ-am-sc-sb√mw

hnfn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. ]qap-JØv

Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn¬ InS∂v

knwl-]- m-h-tØm-sS, F∂m¬

\nem-®n-cn-tbmsS Rß-fpsS

HmW-ta-f-ßƒ t\m°n-°m-Wp∂

A—-s\, Rm≥ kvt\ln-®n-cp∂

FXtbm apJ-ßsf ho≠pw

a\- ns‚ ap‰Øv \nc-Øn-sh®v

I≠p ]qhn´p ssIIq-∏p-∂p.

kpK-X-Ip-amcn So®¿

(F) IhnX \¬Ip∂ ][m-\-s∏´ Bibw F¥mWv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(_n)"hnf-°Øv hnf-ºnb Du¨h- -hp-ambn' F∂v Ihn Dt±-in-®Xv F¥m-bn-cn°mw

(kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ...................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

(kn)Fs‚ HmWw F∂ Ihn-Xbv°v Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. (kvtIm¿ 3)

DØcw: ....................................................................................................................................................

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3

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]h¿Ø\w 2

IY hmbn-°pI

""CX \s√mcp [m\y-aWn Rm≥ I≠n´v Imew Ipsd-bmbn'' Abmƒ ]d™p.

F∂n´v AXn¬\n∂v Hcp IjWw ISn-s®-SpØv cpNn-®p-t\m-°n.

""CXv B ]gb C\-Øn¬s]- -Xp-X-s∂-bm-W-t√m,'' hr≤≥ ]d-™p.

""]dbq apØ-—m,'' cmPmhv ]d-™p. ""CØcw [m\yw Ft∏mƒ, Fhn-sS-bmWv

hf¿∂Xv? CXp-t]m-ep≈ [m\yw \nßƒ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw hmßp-Itbm hb-en¬ hnX-

°p-Itbm sNbvXn- pt≠m?''

hr≤s‚ adp-]Sn C]m-c-am-bn-cp∂p:

""Fs‚ ImeØv CØcw [m\yw F√m-bn-SØpw hf-cpI km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs‚

Ip´n-°m-eØv Rm\pw a‰p-≈-hcpw CØcw [m\yw Bl-cn-®mWv Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. hnX-°m\pw sImøm\pw saXn-°m\pw CXp-t]m-ep≈ [m\y-amWv Rßƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.''

cmPmhv tNmZn®p:

""]d-bq, apØ-—m, \nß-fnXv Fhn-sS-\n-s∂-¶nepw hmßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm AtXm

kz¥w \ne-bn¬ hf¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm?''

hr≤≥ ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠p adp-]-Sn-tbIn:

""Fs‚ ImeØv Blm-c-km-[\w hmßp-Itbm hn¬°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈

]m]-sØ-°p-dn®v Bcpw Nn¥n-®p-t]m-ep-an-cp-∂n-√. ]WsØ°p-dn®v Rßƒs°m∂pw Adn-

bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw kz¥-ambn Bh-iy-Øn\v [m\yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.''

""F¶n¬ ]d-bq, apØ-—m. Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p \nß-fpsS hb¬? CXp-t]m-ep≈ [m\yw

\nßƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv hf¿Øn-bXv?''

apØ-—≥ adp-]Sn \¬In:

""Fs‚ hb¬ ssZh-Øns‚ qan-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ Fhn-sS-sbms° Dgp-Xp-a-dn-®pthm

AsX√mw Fs‚ hb-em-bn-cp-∂p. `qan A\-[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcmfpw Xt‚-Xm-sW∂p ]d-

bp∂ km[-\-a-√m-bn-cp∂p AXv. A≤zm\w amX-am-bn-cp∂p a\p-jy≥ Xt‚-sX∂p hnfn-

®Xv.''

(F) Cu IY \¬Ip∂ ][m-\ ktμiw F¥mWv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................

(_n) ]≠sØ Bfp-Ifpw C∂sØ Bfp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-ambn apXp-

ap-Ø-—≥ Nq≠n-°m- n-bXv Fs¥ms° Imcy-ßƒ? (kvtIm¿ 1)

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

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4

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(kn)Cu IYbv°v Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI. (kvtIm¿ 3)

DØcw: ......................................................................................................................................................

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5

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.

Pingala was one among the children to get a seed from the King. Pingala sowed it in a potin his garden. He took great care of the seed. Pingala watered and manured the seed. Butthe seed did not sprout. Weeks and months passed, but nothing happened. The day arrivedto present the plants at the palace. Pingala saw children walking to the place. He lookedat them sadly. Pingala saw his friend Arun. Arun was taking his plant to the palace.

1. What did the king give the children ? (Score 1)

a) Some seeds b) One seed c) Two seeds d) Three seeds

Ans:...............................................................................................................................

2. What could be the meaning of the word ‘Sprout’? (Score 1)

a) To plant

b) To take care of

c) To grow Answer:...................................................

d) To water

3. Prepare a conversation between Arun and Pingala. (Score 3)

Arun : Hi Pingala, Are you not coming ………

Pingala : .................................................................................................................

Arun : .................................................................................................................

Pingala : .................................................................................................................

Arun : .................................................................................................................

Pingala : .................................................................................................................

Arun : .................................................................................................................

Pingala : .................................................................................................................

Arun : .................................................................................................................


F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - - amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - - amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - - amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - - amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 - - amXrI ]co£t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n.-Cw-•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n.-Cw-•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n.-Cw-•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n.-Cw-•ojvt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v _n.-Cw-•ojv (Total Score 10)

t]cv : .................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ : .................................................................................................................................................

t^m¨ : .................................................................................................................................................

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6

II. Read the following poem and answer the questions given below :-

Oats peas, beans and barley grow,

Do you, or I or anyone know how

Oats, Peas, beans and barley grow ?

First the farmer sows his seed.

The he stands and takes his case

He stamps his feet,

And claps his hands,

And turns around to view his land.

1. Who is the speaker in the poem ? (Score 1)

a) the farmer b) the poet

c) the beans d) the peas

Ans:...............................................................................................................................

2. Why does the farmer stand up ? (Score 1)

a) to ease himself b) to clap his hands

c) to sow the seeds d) to look at his friend

Ans:...............................................................................................................................

Match the following. (Score 3)

1) A Sweet Smell 1) Crew

2) To Share with others 2) Dawn

3) A group of people working on a ship 3) Appoint

4) An area under the rule of a king 4) Fragrance

5) To give a job to someone 5) Distribute

6) Beginning of day 6) Kingdom

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7


F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 amXrI ]co£F¬.-F-kv.-F-kv.-]-co£ ˛ 2016 amXrI ]co£

t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\wt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v kn ˛ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w

1. A£-c-⁄m\w Dt≠m F∂p t\m°m≥ At±lw Rßƒ°v A©p-hm-°p-Iƒ X∂p. Ah-bn-

sem∂v ""sI‰n¬'' Bbn-cp∂p. Rm\Xp sX‰n-®p. A[ym-]-I≥ Fs‚ ASp-sØØn _qSvkns‚

A‰w sIm≠v AS-bmfw ImWn®v Fs‚ sX‰v Xncp-Øn-°p-hm≥ ian-®p. ]s£ Rm\Xp i≤n-

®n√.... CXv ]kn-≤-amb Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Bfl-I-Y-bnse Hcp `mK-am-Wv. B hy‡nbpsS

t]cv.? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

2. 2015 A¥m-cmjvS aÆp-h¿j-ambn BN-cn-°m≥ Blzm\w sNbvXXv sFIy-cmjvS k` Bbn-

cp-∂p. sFIy-cmjvS k`-bpsS Hcp LS-I-amb FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)BWv aÆp-h¿jm-N-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. aÆp-h¿jm-N-c-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn sFIy-

cm-jvS-k` apt∂m-´p-h® ktμiw F¥m-bn-cp-∂p? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Xh-f-Iƒ D`-b-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv. Ahbv°v a’y-ß-sf-t∏mse Pe-Øn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂ hmbp

izkn-°m\pw a\p-jy-sc-t∏mse A¥-co-£-hmbp izkn-°m\pw Ign-bpw. Xh-f-Iƒ A¥-co-

£-hmbp izkn-°p-∂Xv GXv Ah-bhw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Cc-hn-Ipfw tZiob DZym-\-Øn¬ kwc-£n-°p∂ h\y-Pohn GXv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

5. kqN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hmX-IsØ Xncn-®-dn-bWw. Cu hmX-I-Øn\v \ndhpw aWhpw C√.

CXv XosI-SpØp∂ hmX-I-am-Wv. sNdp-\m-cß \ocn¬ tImgn-ap-´-bpsS tXmSv s]mń-®n-´m¬

Cu hmXIw D≠m-hpw. (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Ata-cn -°-bpsS l_vƒ _ln-cm-Imi Zqc-Z¿i-\n-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ C¥ybpw Hcp

_ln-cm-Imi Zqc-Z¿i\n ASp-ØnsS hnt£-]n-®p. AXns‚ t]cv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

7. \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ]£n-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS hmk-ÿ-ehpw \nßƒ i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-hpw.

tIc-f-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 500 C\w ]£n-Isf Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]£n-Iƒ IqSv Iq-´p-∂Xv ap´

CSm≥ th≠n-bm-Wv. Nne ]£n-Iƒ IqSp-Iq-´p-∂Xv ac-ß-fn-em-sW-¶n¬ a‰p Nneh aÆn-emWv

IqSv Iq´p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ aÆnse amf-ß-fn¬ IqSp-Iq-´p∂ Cu ]£n-bpsS t]cv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

8. 2015 A¥-cmjvS ]Im-i-h¿jhpw aÆv h¿j-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse 2016 s\bpw

bp.-F≥.-s]m-Xp-k` Hcp ]tXyI hnj-b-Øn\v th≠n am‰n-h-®n- p-≠v, ]b-dp-h¿K-ßƒ°p-th≠n.

2016 A¥m-cmjvS ]b-dp -h¿K h¿j-am -Wv. F¥mWv ]b-dp -h¿K h¿j-Øns‚

apZm-hmIyw? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

9. F¥v e£ysØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv 2016 A¥m-cmjvS ]b-dp-h¿K-ß-fpsS h¿j-ambn BN-cn-

°p-∂-Xv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Hcp ]I-en\v th≠n CX-tbsd BK-l-tØmsS Ahƒ Ct∂-hsc ImØn-cp-∂n-ń√ AXm-

bn-cp∂p tSmt´m-®m≥ F∂ hnIrXn s]Ïp-ń-bpsS lrZbw Ih¿∂ t‰mtam hnZym-e-bw.

bq\n-sk-^ns‚ KpUvhn-¬ Aw_m-kn-U-dmbn amdn-b, P∏m-\nse s_Ãv sk√-dmb tSmt´m-

®m≥ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ I¿Ømhv Bcv? (kvtIm¿ 1)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvt(BsI kvtIm¿ : 10)Im¿ : 10)Im¿ : 10)Im¿ : 10)Im¿ : 10)

t]cv : .................................................................................................................................................

kvIqƒ : .................................................................................................................................................

t^m¨ : .................................................................................................................................................

dntk

mgvk

v Sow S

ot®gvk

v ¢∫

v t

dntk

mgvk

v Sow S

ot®gvk

v ¢∫

v t

dntk

mgvk

v Sow S

ot®gvk

v ¢∫

v t

dntk

mgvk

v Sow S

ot®gvk

v ¢∫

v t

dntk

mgvk

v Sow S

ot®gvk

v ¢∫

v tI

me-t©

cn

Ime

-t©cn

Ime

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Ime

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Ime

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t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687t^m¨: 0484 2766115, 9446762687



t]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfwt]∏¿ 1 ]m¿´v F ae-bmfw

1) B[p-\nI Ihn-X-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an-bpsS BZy D]m-

[y-£-\mb aebmf-Øns‚ ]nb Ihn

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

2) IY-I-fn-bpsS kmlnXy cq]w.

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

3) Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IYbpw Hcp sXcp-hns‚ IYbpw ae-bm-fn°v kΩm-\n®v tImgn-

t°m-Sns‚ ]nb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥. `mc-Xob ⁄m\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw e`n-®p. Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥ Bcv?

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

4) ASn-h-c-bn´ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥-ambn Hcp hmIyw \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

Ah¿ kmh-Imiw tPmen-I-sf√mw sNbvXpXo¿Øp.

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

5) BZy Hfn-ºnIvkv kz¿Ww t\Snb C¥y-bpsS FXn-cmfn GXv cmPyw.

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

6) \mgn-bq-cn-∏m-ep-sIm≠v

\mSmsI IeymWw

\me©p Xpº-sIm≠v

am\-sØmcp s]mt∂mWw

CXv BcpsS hcn-Iƒ

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

7) C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ tKm]cw GXv?

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

8) \√-X-s√m-cp-h≥ sNbvX

\√-Imcyw ad-∏-Xv..... Cu hcn-I-fpsS A∞w

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

9) AIte DgpXv ]Ite t]mcpI F∂ ssien-bpsS \n¿h-N\w

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

10) ""Bcm-®m¿'' GXv kmlnXy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

DØcw:..........................................................................................................................................................

lss examination 2016 - model examination paper 2 part a

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