lsn 1 computer architecture - university of...
TRANSCRIPT
Department of
Engineering Technology
LSN 1
Computer Architecture
ECT466 Computer Architecture
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer History
• 1943-1946 ENIAC
– Vacuum tubes
– 30 tons / 1500 square feet
– Decimal based
• 1946 IAS Computer
– Prototype for all subsequent
general purpose computers
– First use of storage local to
the control unit or ALU
• registers
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer History
• Commercial Computers
– 1947 Univac I
– 1953 IBM 701
– 1962 IBM 7094
• First use of transistors
• Dedicated data channels
• Multiplexer
– 1965
• Microelectronics / ICs
• Moore’s Law
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer History
• 1964 IBM 360
– New architecture better suited to IC technology
– Same architecture in today’s IBM mainframe computer
– First family of computers
• 1964 Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8
– Inexpensive mini-computer (bench top)
– First use of a bus architecture for communication between
computer components
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer History
• 1970 Fairchild
– Produced first semiconductor memory
– Replaced core-memory
• 1971 Intel 4004
– First self contained CPU chip
– 4-bit microprocessor
• 1972 Intel 8008
– 8-bit microprocessor
• 1974 Intel 8080
– First general purpose microprocessor
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer History
• 1978 Intel 8086
– 16-bit microprocessor
• 1985 Intel 80386
– 32-bit microprocessor
• 1989 Intel 80486
– Increased instruction execution speed
• 1993 Intel Pentium
– 64-bit microprocessor
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Today’s Computers
• 2000 Pentium 4
– Hyper-pipelined technology
– Advanced Cache
• 2001 Itanium
– EPIC design technology
• 2003 Pentium M
– Specifically created for mobile devices
• 2005 Pentium D
– Dual-core architecture
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Today’s Computers
• 2006 Core 2 (Duo, Extreme, Xeon)
– 64-bit Core
– Single architecture for range of devices
• 2006/2007 Quad-Core
– Wide Dynamic Execution
• 2008 Atom
– Smallest chip / power efficient
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer Architecture Overview
• Computer Architecture
– Each hierarchical level has an associated structure and
function
• Computer functions
– Data processing
– Data storage
– Data movement
– Control
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer Performance
• Computer Design
– Today’s computers use 60 year old architecture design
principles
– More sophisticated technology to “squeeze” last amount of
performance for these materials and architecture
• Performance Metrics
– MIPS
– CPI/IPC
– Benchmark Suites
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer Performance Issues
• As processor speeds have
increased, memory speeds
have not kept pace
• Increase demand for I/O
with peripheral devices
ECT466 Computer [email protected]
LSN 1 – Computer Performance Issues
• Speedup
– Describes how system modifications affect overall
performance
• Amdahl’s Law
– Used to find the improvement to the whole computer
system when only part of the system is improved
Execution timebefore
Execution timeafterSpeedup =
Execution timenew = Execution timeold x Fracunused +Fracused
Speedupused
