9 August 1957, Volume 126, Number 3267

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors ReseaLAURENCE H. SNYDER, PresidentWALLACE R. BRODE, President Elect It is nPAUL B. SEARS, Retiring PresidentPAUL M. GROSS growthGEORGE R. HARRISON jobs. OvPAUL E. KLOPSTEG developCHAUNCEY D. LEAKE discoverMARGARET MEAD wihCotTHOMAS PARK with hotWILLIAM W. RUBEY ThisALAN T. WATERMAN expenditPAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer availabi]DAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer perhapspeonoms

DAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer economiGRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor and moo

CHARLOTrE V. MEETING, Associate Editor world st

JOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor This iEditorial Board the resu

WALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNER nationalBENTL.Y GLASS WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. to exploKARL LARK-HOROvITZ EDWARD L. TATUM

Editorial Staff at any IPATRICIA L. CARSON, MARY L. CRABILL, HARRY more quDAVID, SARAH S. DEES, NANCY S. HAMILTON, produceOLIVER W. HEATWOLE, YUKIE KOZA1, ELLEN E. make fuMURPHY, ROBERT V. ORMES, BETHSABE PEDERSEN, industryMADELINE SCHNEIDER, JANE STINE, JACQUELYN are tendVOLLMEREARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative Theac

_______ ~~~~~~researchSCIENCE, founded in 1880, is published each undertal

Friday by the American Association for the Ad- opment,vancement of Science at Business Press, Lancaster,Pa. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office as spectrunsecond class matter under the Act of 3 March 1879. is emergSCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to

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Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- . .ence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 albeit IlMassachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. ence hasManuscripts should be typed with double spacingand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no foreignresponsibility for the safety of manuscripts or for foreignthe opinions expressed by contributors. For detailed scientifi4suggestions on the preparation of manuscripts, bookreviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 deterrenJan. 1957). i h

Display-advertising correspondence should be in the 1addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 guided iSt., New York 36, N.Y.Change of address notification should be sent to ing higi

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SCIENCE

Lrch, and Political Power

iow widely accepted that research is the spearhead of the economicof a country, giving rise to new products, new industries, and newver the last two decades, the pattern of industry of the more highlyed nations has altered massively in accordance with world scientific1y, and increasingly countries and firms are concerning themselvesw much of their income they should invest in research.does not mean that economic strength is determined by the researchture of a nation or a corporation. Many other factors operate-lity of raw materials, investment capital, skilled manpower, and,above all, leadership. It is probably true, however, that the greatestic gain comes to those countries which exploit research most quicklyfst completely, rather than to those which contribute most to thetore of new knowledge.is especially so since it is still accepted throughout the world thatlits of fundamental research should be published freely and inter-lly. The pool of common world knowledge is therefore there for allit who will and can. It is frequently said that, until World War II,rate, the United States had the genius to exploit new discoveriesuickly than other nations, while the countries of Western Europed new science to a greater extent than other regions but failed to11i use of it. There is certainly much truth in this, but as science andbecome more complicated, exploitation and research contribution

ling to come ever closer together.fact is that very little of contemporary discovery in fundamentalcan be put to productive use until much applied research has been

ken. Fundamental research, applied research, technological devel-and production are becoming more and more parts of the same

m of activity in the new science-based world into which mankindxing. This means that research power in the larger sense will, in thebe more determinative of economic power.e the economic significance of research has long been accepted,i some places grudgingly, it is only recently that its political influ-s become obvious. The atomic and hydrogen bombs dominate thepolicies of the powers that possess them and influence greatly thepolicies of countries which lack them. But even neglecting thesec monsters, whether they are regarded as threats to the peace or asits to war, modern warfare and defense have become so sophisticatedtechnological sense with the numerous uses of radar, jet planes,weapons, proximity fuses, and so forth, that only countries possess-hly developed research resources and the elaborate industries sup-the defense program can feel secure and strong.ical power is founded on economic and defense strength, both ofare increasingly dependent on research. It follows, therefore, thati power and political strength are now mutually dependent througholex chain of cause and effect.. This is recognized even by the poli-In introducing a recent debate on foreign affairs in the House ofns, Harold Macmillan, the British prime minister, said, "The

(Continued on page 238)

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Applied Physics 9th general ussembly,Rome, Italy. (P. Fleury, IUPAP, 3, boule-vard Pasteur, Paris 15%, France.)

17-24. Industrial Chemistry, 30th in-ternatl. cong., Athens, Greece. (Commit-tee of Organization, 30th internatl. Cong.of Industrial Chemistry, Rue Kaningos10, Athens.)

18-20. Formation and Stabilization ofFree Radicals, symp., Washington, D.C.(A. M. Bass, Free Radicals Research Sec-tion, National Bureau of Standards, Wash-ington 25.)

18-21. Child Psychology Symp., Wor-cester, Mass. (D. Evans, News Bureau,Clark Univ., Worcester.)

18-21. International Mineral DressingCong., Stockholm, Sweden. (J. Hedlund,IMDC, Nackstromsgatan 1III, StockholmC.)

19-21. Office Dermatology, postgradu-ate conf., San Francisco, Calif. (Office ofthe Dean, Stanford Univ. School of Medi-cine, 2398 Sacramento St., San Francisco15.)22-28. Mesons and Recently Discov-

ered Particles, colloquium, IUPAP, Ven-ice, Italy. (A. Rostagni, Istituto di Fisicadell' Universita, Via Marzolo 8, Padua,Italy.)

23-24. Fluid Flow in Porous Media,Conf., Norman, Okla. (C. G. Dodd, Pe-troleum Engineering Dept., Univ. of Okla-homa, Norman.)

23-25. American Soc. of MechanicalEngineers, fall, Hartford, Conn. (C. E.Davies, ASME, 29 W 39 St., New York18.)23-27. International Soc. of Bioclima-

tology and Biometeorology, Vienna, Aus-tria. (S. W. Tromp, Hofbrouckerlaan 54,Oegstgeest-Leiden, Holland.)

24-25. Industrial Electronics Conf.,Chicago, Ill. (E. A. Roberts, Union Ther-moelectric Corp., 2001 Greenleaf St.,Evanston, Ill.)

25-27. Mississippi Valley Medical Soc.,annual, St. Louis, Mo. (H. Swanberg, 510Maine St., Quincy, Ill.)

28-30. American College of HospitalAdministrators, 23rd annual, AtlanticCity, N.J. (D. Conley, ACHA, 620 N.Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill.)

29-5. World Medical Assoc., Istanbul,Turkey. (L. H. Bauer, 10 Columbus Cir-cle, New York 19.)

30-2. American Oil Chemists' Soc., fall,Cincinnati, Ohio. (Miss L. R. Hawkins,AOCS, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.)

30-8. International Council for the Ex-ploration of the Sea, 45th annual, Bergen,Norway. (A. Fridriksson, ICES, Charlot-tenlund Slot, Charlottenlund, Denmark.)

October1-4. American Roentgen Ray Soc., an-

nual, Washington, D.C. (B. R. Young,Germantown Hospital, Philadelphia 44,Pa.)

2-4. American Soc. of Photogrammetry,semi-annual, St. Louis, Mo. (C. E. Pal-mer, ASP, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington 5.)

2-4. Antibiotics, 5th annual symp.,Washington, D.C. (H. Welch, Div. ofAntibiotics, Food and Drug Administra-tion, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education,and Welfare, Washington 25.)

(See issue of 19 July for comprehensive list)

SCIENCE. VOL. 126

EQUIPMENT NEWS

The information reported here is ob-tained from manufacturers and fromother sources considered to be reliable.Science does not assume responsibilityfor the accuracy of the information. Allinquiries concerning items listed shouldbe addressed to Science, Room 740, 11IV. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y. Includethe name(s) of the manufacturer(s) andthe department number(s).

* ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER accepts

electric signals in ranges from 1 mv to

several volts full scale and converts theminto angular displacement by means ofa servomechanism. Angular displacementis then converted to digital code repre-

sentation in the form of contact closuresby interchangeable drums coded withcontact pins arranged in tip to 16 rows.

Each row has 200 quantizing positions.(Union Thermoelectric Corp., Dept.S458)

* PROGRAMED POWER SUPPLY supplies d-c

voltages in 1-volt steps from - 300 to

+ 300 v and at currents from 0 to 20(0ma. Programing is furnished by, punchedtape or by any system which suppliesbinary-coded decimal signals. Voltagesare selected by applying pulses to a group

of relays. These operate in conjunctionwith precision-made, wire-ws-ounid, olt-age-dividing resistors. Response time is200 msec. (Dressen-Barnes Corp., Dept.S471)

* PULSE-HEIGHT ANALYZER is available incapacities from 10 to 50 channels in in-crements of 10 channels. A maximum of99,999 counts may be accumulated ineach channel at counting rates up to

15,000 count/min. Readout is accomn-

plished by a scale-of-ten glow transfertube followed by a four-digit register.Double-pulse resolution time is 4 lisec.

Discriminator window width is fixed at

2.0 v, stable within ± 1 percent. (ElDorado Electronics Co., Dept. S474)

* PORTABLE OSCILLOSCOPE has a pass bandfrom direct current to 10 Mcy/sec. Ver-

tical amplification is variable from 0.01to 50 v per division in 12 steps. The timebase provides 22 calibrated steps from0.2 [tsec to 2 sec per division. A 3-in.cathode-ray tube with an acceleratingpotential of 1.85 kv is used. The powersupply is electronically regulated. (Tek-tronix Inc., Dept. S488)

* ULTRARAPID FLASHER provides flashrepetition rates to 20,000/sec. Flashduration is of the order of 1 Rsec. Energyper flash can be varied from 0.3 to

watt seconds. At flashing rates up to

1000/sec, continuous operation is pos-sible. The light source is a demountablespark chamber. (Frank Fruengel Inc.,Dept. S511)9 AUGUST 1957

* PHOTOELECTRIC REFRACTOMETER com-

pares the refractive index of a referencefluid to that of a process fluid. A self-nulling optical servo system provides ailinear output signal suitable for actua-tion of recording and data-processingequipment. (Phoenix Precision instro-ment Co., Dept. S480)

* METAL DETECTOR has a inaximium rangeof 7 feet for large objects. The instru-mrent is battery operated, and the searchcoil is designed for underwater use.Proximity of metallic objects is indicatedby meter deflection and by headphonesounds. (Gardiner Electronics Co., Dept.S499)

* PULSE CALIBRATOR measures amplitude,duration, and rise time of current andvoltage pulses. The instrument permitsvisual display of two signals. One ofthese, the signal to be measured, can bealternating current, direct current, or apulse of either polarity. The other is aknown reference voltage which is usedas a measuring standard. The referencevoltage is variable by means of a helicalattenuator. Accuracy of calibrating volt-age is ± 0.1 percent. A mercury cell isused as the standard to set the referencevoltage. (Burroughs Corp., Dept. S481 )

* DIGITAL VOLTMETER measures low-levelvoltages obtained from thermocouples,strain gages and other transducers. Theinstrument uses stepping switches, oper-ating in oil, to effect balance. Range is+ 0.001 to ± 9.999 mv with sensitivity of:3 to 5 Rv and accuracy ± 0.1 percent offull scale. Provision is made for opera-tion of a Clary printer and IBM sum-mary punch from the voltmeter output.(Non Linear Systems. Inc., Dept. S482)

* MASS SPECTROMETER is a portable in-strument for the mass range from 2 to80. Resolving power is adequate for sepa-ration of adjacent peaks up to about mass35. The scanning operation of the spec-trometer causes mass numbers to appearuniformly spaced on a time base. A man-ual override permits rapid setting to anynass number. (Consolidated Electrody-namics Corp., Dept. S476)

* INiPEDANCE BRIDGE measures capaci-tance, inductance, and resistance. Ford-c resistance measurements, a built-ingenerator furnishes either 10 or 300 v tothe bridge. Bridge null is detected by alight-beam galvanometer. For a-c meas-urements, a 0- to 15-v supply,, operablefrom 100 cy through 10 kcy/sec, is used.Bridge null for alternating current is

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