loyal rohingyas (bur)

8/2/2019 Loyal Rohingyas (Bur)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/loyal-rohingyas-bur 1/23

opöm½Sd ½k d[if*smrsm;opöm½Sd ½k d[if*smrsm;opöm½Sd ½k d[if*smrsm;opöm½Sd ½k d[if*smrsm;

==t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h xkwfa0aomwpfckwnf;aom *g'D,ef;r*¾Zif;ukd zwf½IcGif h&ojzif h ½k d[if

*sm vlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdwk d Y\arG;&yf|meDtay: rnfrQtxd opö m½d ScJhonfuk d odcJ h&onf/ xk dtcsdefrSpíuRefawmf (tefaomfeDtd&f0if )onf tm&fuef(&ck dif)jynf\ a½S;,cifuyif aexd kifvmcJ haom ½d k[if*sm (Aborigines) vlrsKd;rsm;tm; ]rl*sm[d'f} aomif;usef;olrsm;ukd axmufcHolrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif;?vlrsKd;a&;t½k d;pJ Golrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? arS mifck dvkyfief;jzif h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;olrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ygudpöwefEk difiHrS w&m;r0ifvlarS mifck d ck d;oGif;vmolrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;oyfcsKdpGyfpJ Gum Ek difiHawmftay: opö mrJ holrsm;tjzpf rvkdvm; r½Iqdwfaom a'ocHqef Yusifzuftkyfpkrsm;\ aoG;xk d;ajrS mufyifhcJ hrIaMumif h Ek difiHawmfrD'D,mrsm;u a&;om;cJ honfukd awG Y&onf/4if;pGyfpJGcsufESif h ywfoufí jzpf&yfrSefwpfcsKd Yuk d wifjyvk dygonf/

½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf aumif;a&mif;aumif;0,f vkyfolrsm;jzpfNyD;? NAdwdoQwk dYtm; ESpfMudrfwk difwd kif

wk dufxkwfcJ h&mwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJ holrsm;jzpfí t&m&mwGif ]aotwl½Sifazmf} rsm;jzpfcJ hMuonf/þok d Yaom opö m½d S oD;cHcGif hvTwfwwfaom tH hrcef;bG,f&m vlrsKd;rsm;uk d opö mrJ holrsm;[kqk dvQiftjcm;opö m½dS vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; rD;armif;xk d;jyygavmh[k qk dcsifygonf/++ (Anthony Irwin)

ppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGefppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGefppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGefppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGef

1945wGif tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfü &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Yonf tcGefray;aqmifa&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpd kufBudK;yrf;cJ h&m ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf xk dvIyf½S m;rIwGif ryg0ifcJ hay/ qef Yusifzuftm;jzif h ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ]rl*sm[d'} f aomif;usef;olrsm;\ &ufpufrItaygif;ESif h &ck dif(Maugh)tpk d;& trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;\ trsKd;rsKd;aom Ed SyfpufrIMum;rSyif rdrdwk d YEk difiHtpk d;&ty: opö m½d SpG m tcGefawmfaiGrsm;ay;aqmifcJ hMuonf/ þudpöESif hqufpyfywfoufí xk dpOfu ygvDreftrwf rpöwmat*¾zg&fonftcGefawmfaiGrsm; aumufcH&½d SrIESif h ywfoufí b@ma&;0efBuD;tm; ar;jref;aomar;cGef;uk dajzMum;&mwGif ppfawGc½d kif½d S armifawmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;wGif aexd kifonf h 99 &mck difEIef;aom½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onfomvQif tcGefxrf;jynfolrsm;jzpfaMumif; ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif; wifjycJhonfuk dod½S d&onf/ Ek difiHawmftpk d;&onf &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Y\ ES dyfpufrItaygif;Mum;rS ½d k k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;\Ed kifiHawmftay: opö m½d SyH kuk d EI dif;,SOfawG Y½d SEk difonf/ Ek difiHawmftpk d;&u cef Ytyfxm;aom &ck dif(Maug h )

vlrsKd; trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;u ]½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onf Ek difiHawmftay:opö mr½d Syg? ygupöwefES macgif;ESif h touf½INyD;? ygupöwefu oifay;onf htwk dif; aqmif½Gufaeonf} ponfjzifh r[kwfwrf;

w&m;rsm;uk d pOfqufrjywf Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tm; *H k;wkdufwifjyaeojzif h EkdifiHawmftpk d;&uvnf;atmfya&;½Sef;trsKd;rsKd; apvTwfum ½dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; trdajrrS okwfoif½Sif;vif;Ek dif&eftpOftNrJ BudK;yrf;cJ h&m ,ckwk difjzpfonf/

atmufaz:jyyg tcGefaumufcH&½d SEk difrI Z,m;uk d Munf h½Ijcif;tm;jzif h ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y\opö mcGeftm;uk d od½d SEk difonf/



tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI &mckdifEIef;tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI &mckdifEIef;tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI &mckdifEIef;tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI &mckdifEIef;tajcjyZ,m;

tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI tajcjyZ,m;tcGefaiGaumufcH&½dSrI tajcjyZ,m; (usyfaiGjzif h)(usyfaiGjzif h)(usyfaiGjzif h)(usyfaiGjzif h)

NrdKYe,f ckESpf

ykPÖuRef;

1945-46 1946-47 1947-48

75.09% 19.79% 0.19%

aygufawm 94.94% 50.78% 13.15%

NrdKYa[mif; 63.26% 8.44% 9.51%

ausmufawmf 21.64% 5.68% 56.58%

rif;jym; 82.60% 85.25% 56.53%

ppfawG 95.23% 60.90% 35.09%

&aohawmif 95.81% 40.50% 60.12%

bl;oD;awmif 100% 97.74% 99.39%

armif;awm 100% 100% 98.39%

NrdKYe,f ckESpf

ykPÖuRef;

1949-50 1950-51 1951-52 1952-53

2018 2055 1446 609

aygufawm 4705 3562 2147 513

NrdKYa[mif; - 8215 4627 710

ausmufawmf - - 26576 11225

rif;jym; 1556 18650 8996 4913ppfawG 29618 23518 30803 25418

&aohawmif 2307 2269 2669 333

bl;oD;awmif 44897 138480 118138 127181

armif;awm 134861 138317 172701 160422



rl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyf½Sm;r f½ Sm;r f½ Sm;r f½ Sm;r I II I

1947 wGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Ak dvfvuf,monf armif;awmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;od k U oG m;a&muf vnfywfaomtcg ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; Ek difiHawmftay: opö m½d ScJ honfrsm;uk d axmufjy

ajymqk dcJ honf/ xk d Utjyif 1945 ckESpfavmufwGif &ckdifwpfjynfvH k;tES H Uvk dvk dü &ck difvlrsKd;wk dY\vlrsKd;a&; vIyf½S m;rIjyif;xefcJ haomfvnf; ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Yonfum; qlylvIyf½S m;rI wpfpHkwpf&mrvkyfyJat;csrf;wnfjidrfpG m aecJ honfukd csD;rGrf;ajymqk dcJ honf/ xk dok d UcsD;rGrf;ajymqk dcJ hjcif;onf &ckdif (Maugh )uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;ESif h vQKd U0SufpG m vufwJ Gyl;aygif;vIyf½S m;cJ haom &ckdif(Maugh ) acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aoG;xk d;qGay;cJ hovk djzpfcJ honf/ xk d UaMumif h &cdkif(Maugh )trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d Yonf jrefrmEk difiHawmftpk d;&u ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESif h tvGefcspfMunf&if;ES D;oG m;rnfuk d pkd;&drfcJ haomaMumif h ½k d[if *smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmftay: qef YusifawmfvSefaom trsKd;om;opö mazmuftjzpf Ek difiHawmf tjrifrS m pOfqufrjywf jzpf&avatmif wpfcsKd Yaompmrwwf OmPfrrDonf h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yuk d &ckdiftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESif h uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olwk d Yyl;aygif;í uvdrfqiftuGufqifum ½kd[if*smaomif;usef;olrsm;tjzpf ay:ayguf&avatmif r&raeBudK;yrf;aqmif½GufcJhonf/

&ck dif (Maugh ) trsKd;om;a&; tpGef;a&muf0g'Dwkd Yonf xk dpOfu tpkd;&ygwDjzpfaom zufqpfqef Yusifa&; jynf hol UvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (AFPFL )tm; wGef;vSef NydKvJEk difrS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Uonf ukvm;weftaemufzuf &ck difajrmufyk dif;a'oukd ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfcGif h&e,f ajra'otjzpfvnf;aumif;? usef&ck difa'orsm;uk d &ck difvlrsKd;wk dY\ jynfe,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfcGif h&rnf pojzif h Ek difiHa&;todOmPfEke,fao;aom OD;*smazg&ftm; bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrS &ck difvlrsKd; OD;xGef;atmifjzL (½k d[if*smpum;ajymuRrf;usif )tm;jzifh pnf;½k H;apí &ck difuGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm; pcef;xJwGif awmfvSefa&;oifwef;rsm; ykd Ucsay;cJ honf/ &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Uonf ynmtajrmftjrif? EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif csKd YwJhaom ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;wpfcsKd Yud k pnf;½kH;í jrefrmEk difiHtpk d;&u

xkwfy,fcJhaom vufeufuk difwyfzJ G Y(jyKwf )wk d UESif h yl;aygif;apum Ek difiHawmfESif h jrefrmjynfolwk d Y\a½S UarS mufwGif ½k d[if*sm (ukvm;qkd;aomif;usef;ol ) tzJ G UwpfzJ G U ay:xGef;vm&av[ef pDrHtuGufqifay;cJhonf/

trSeftm;jzif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Uonf at;csrf;wnfjidrfaomb0uk d wnfaqmufvifhupm; &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwkd U\ tuGufqif uvdrfusaoG;xk d;ajrS mufyif h pDrHaqmif½Gufay;rIaMumif h ½d k[if*smESif h jrefrmvlrsKd;wk dYtjyif &ck difESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;Mum;rS myifvQif vGefpG mpdwf0rf;uJ Gjym;vmcJ honfrS m ,aeUwk difjzpfonf/ &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d U\ ,ckvkdaqmif½GufrIaMumif h rnfolrQ tusKd;r½d Sonf htjyif vlrsKd;pktm;vH k; cspfcifMuifemrIysufjym;NyD; trkef;w&m;yG m;rsm; vmcJ honfuvT Jí rnfolrQ tusKd;rjzpf xGef;cJ hacs/

xk d YaemufwGif OD;*smazm&fonf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olwk d U\ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmNyD;? OD;xGef;atmifjzL (bl;oD;awmif )u uvdrfqif raumif;BuHt&mtm;vH k;\ nTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfum? rl*sm[pftkyfpkESif h taxGaxGoabmwlnDcsufwpfck csKyfqk dí Ek difiHawmftpk d;&xHyg;ü ½k d[if*smjynfe,fwpfck awmif;qk dapcJ honftxd tuGufqif uvdrfusyH hyk d;ulnDEk difcJ honf/ xk dtBuHtpnf atmifjrifNyD;avaomf OD;xGef;atmifjzLonfvnf; vufeufcstvif;0ifcJhonf/ 1948 wGif ppfawGc½k difrS 'k-r[mrif;BuD;onf ½k d[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm; (e,fcH )? oufBuD;½G,ftk dtcsKd UESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f ausmif;



awmifaus;½G mwGif pcef;csxm;aom rl*sm[pfacgif;aqmifrsm;wk d UESif h awG Yqk HapcJ honf/ xk dokd Y awG YqHk &mwGif rlvawmif;qk dcJ haom ½k d[if*sm ukd,fyk diftkyfcsKyfcGif h&e,fajrtpm; Ek difiHawmfrS ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ½k d[if*smtoif;tm; w&m;0iftoif;wpfcktjzpfowfrSwf&ef oabmwlcGifhjyKonfuk dvnf;aumif;? pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif tl&'lpmayukd oifMum;oif,lEk dif&ef cGif hjyKonfud kvnf;aumif; ponf hurf f;vSrf;csufrsm;ukd rl*sm[pfwk d UoabmwlEkdif&ef

ñS dEIdif;aqG;aEG;apcJ honf/ 4if;urf;vSrf;csufwk d Uuk d vufrcH&avatmif &ck difuGefjrLepfwk d UzufrS rl*sm[pftay: pOfqufrjywf MoZmtmPmoufa&mufcJ haomaMumifh 'k-r[mrif;BuD;ESif h tzJG Uwk d Uonf tpyxrwGif ñS dEIdif;atmifjrifrI r&cJ hacs/

4if;ESpfwGifyif ½k d[if*sme,fcHacgif;aqmifwk d Yonf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;tm; wGef;vSefacsrIef;ypf&eftwGuf Ek difiH0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkxHwGif vufeufawmif;cHcJ honf/ okd Yaomfvnf; &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;rsm;ESif h tpk d;&t&m½d Swk d YrS wifjyvmaom raumif;BuHvDq,fa&;om;wifjyvmonf h owif;rsm;aMumif h ½k d[if*smwk d Y\ awmif;qk dcsufrsm;uk d ta&;w,l *½krpk dufcJ hygacs/ wpfzef 1957 wGif rpöwmat*zæ m&f(ygvDreftwGif;0ef )onf bl;oD;awmifNrdKY\ zufqpfqef Yusifa&; jynfol YvGwfajrmufa&;acgif;aqmif OD;pHomatmifuk d twlwuG ac:aqmifvmí umuG,fa&;0efBuD;a[mif; AkdvfcsKyfae0if;

tm; rl*sm[pfwk d Uukd okwfoif½Sif;vif;Ek dif&eftwGuf vufeuftultnD awmif;cHcJ honf/ Ad kvfcsKyf ae0if;uvnf; rodoa,mif em;rMum;a,mifaqmifcJ honf/ tu,fí tultnDawmif;cHvmcJ honf htwk dif; oufqk dif&mrS tultnDay;cJhvQif uGefjrLepfwk d Y jyKpkysKd;axmifarG;xkwfay;cJ honf h ½k d[if *smvlrsKd; tusKd;,kwf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol ok d Ur[kwf &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'DESifh uGefjrLepfwkd Y\ BudK;qG J &mucJ honf h rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol vlEkHtkyfpkonf xk dtcsdefuwnf;uyif csKyfjidrf;oG m;rnfrS majrBuD;vufcwfrvT Jyifjzpfonf/

1954 ck pufwbmFv 25 &ufaeYwGif Ed kifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf ½k d[if*smrGwfpvif trsm;pkaexk dif&m tm&fumef(&ck dif)ajrmufyk dif;a'oNrdKUjzpfaom armif;awmNrdKUESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYe,fwk d YwGif½d Saom tpk d;&pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm; oifMum;Ek difa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmf

tajcjyrdef YcGef;wGif xnf hoGif;ajymMum;cJhonf/

&ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;rsm;onf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;uk d aiGa&;aMu;a&;axmufyH holrsm;tjzpf trsKd;rsKd; pGyfpJ Gajymqkdaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzif h ajrmufrsm;pG maom ½k d[if*smolMuD;rsm;? e,fcHusufoa&aqmifyk*¾ dKvfrsm;onf rl*sm[pfwkd U awmif;qk daomqufaMu;uk d jiif;qk dcJ honf htwGuf vlrqefpG m owfjzwfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ yrmtm;jzif hajym&vQif bl;oD;awmife,frS anmifacsmif;aus;½G mteD;ESif h armif;awmNrdKUe,frS ief;acsmif;aus;½G mwk d Yonf rl*sm[pfwd k Yvufcsufjzif h rD;avmif jymuscJ h&onfhtjyif txufazmfjyyg NrdKUESpfNrdKYrS ½kd[if*smaus;½G mrsm;ESifh aus;½G molaus;½G mom;rsm;rl*sm[pfwk d YESif h vufrwJ G&aumif;vm;[k apm'uwufum aus;½G maygif;rsm;pGm rD;½d I UcH&onfhtjyif

ajrmufrsm;pG maom½G mom;rsm; owfjzwfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/1959 ck Mo*kwfvwGif armif;awmNrdKYyk dif tif;'ifaus;½G mrS ½G molBuD;ESif h 4if;\taygif;yg ½G mom; 5OD;onf rl*sm[pfwk d Y vufcsufjzif h owfjzwfcH&NyD;? tk d;tdrfrsm;vnf; rD;wif½I d YcHcJ h&onf/ rl*sm[pfwd k Yonf ½k d[if*smaus;½G mrsm;rS trsKd;om;rsm;tm; ½S mazGrawG Y½d Saomtcg trsKd;orD;i,frsm;ESif h t½G,fvwf trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd ac:aqmifí jyefay;qG J aiGñSpfxkwfavh½dSonf/ xkdtawmtwGif; Ek difiHawmftpk d;&onfvnf; rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;uk d wk dufck dufacsrIef;&ef rwwfEk difonfuwpfaMumif;?½k d[if*smtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; awmif;qk dcJ haom vufeufcJ,Of; tultnDrsm;ud k rvkdufavsm



ryH hyk d;cJhonfh taMumif;rsm;aMumif h ½k d[if*smaus;½G molaus;½G mom;wk d U\ touftk d;tdrf csrf;om&avatmifESif h *kPfodu© mrñI d;EGrf;&avatmif aoewfuk difvl&rf;um; rl*sm[pfwk d YxHyg;wGif ½d k[if*smt&yfom;wk d Y 'l;axmuftñH hcHcJ h&jcif;omjzpfcJ honf/ rMumcPqk dovk dyif NrdKU\xdyfyk dif;ae&mrsm;ESifh c½k dif\tcsuftcsmus&m ae&ma'orsm;uk d &ck dif(Maugh )uGefjrLepfwk d Yu odrf;yk dufavh½dScJ honf/ &mcsD aom &ck dif(Maugh )ykvdyfrsm;ESif UMP ac: nDñGwfaomppfykvdyfrsm; ppfawGc½dkifrS rdrdwk d U wyfp

cef;uk d pGefYcG gí xGufajy;cJ haomfvnf; av;OD;? ig;OD;xufryk daom ½k d[if*smykvdyfESif h ppfonfrsm;onfom rdrdwkd Y wyfpcef;uk d pGef YcGgxGufajy;cJ haMumif; od&onf/ 1948-49 ckESpf ESif h 1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif Ek difiHawmftpk d;&onf Ek difiHa&;t& ½IyfaxG;rIaygif;rsm;pG muk d BuHKawG UcJ h&pOf aomif;usef;olrl*sm[pfwk d Uonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 13 ESpfwmumvtwGif; e,fajr&Juif; okd d Yr[kwf e,fwyfpcef;wpfckwpfavrQyif rodrf;yk dufEk difcJ hacs/ tb,faMumif hqkdaomf EkdifiHawmftpk d;& tusyftwnf;a&mufaeonfuk d tcGif haumif;apmif haecJ haom rl*sm[pfwkd YESif h jidrf;csrf;pG maexk difvk daom a'ocH½d k[if*smrsm; yl;aygif;ulnDrI r½d SaomaMumif hyifjzpfonf/

tu,fí ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmftay: opö mazmufcJ hvQif 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; t*Fvdyf ppfwyfESif h *syefwyfwd kY usef&pfcJ haom ppfvufeufcJ,Of;jzif h &ckdifwpfjynfvH k; r[kwfonf hwk difatmif

tenf;qH k; wpf0ufavmufuk d odrf;yk dufEd kifavmufatmif vufeufcJ,Of; tvH ktavmuf vufvSrf;rDolrsm; jzpfcJ honf/

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uk d;uG,folrsm;jzpfaom &ck dif(Maugh )? ½Srf;? ArmESif h b&0ghpfac: jrefrmBuD;vlrsKd;wk dY\OD;a&rS m315140 OD; jzpfonf/

1911 ck vlOD;a&pm&if; aumufcHcsuft& &ck dif(Maugh ) vlrsKd;wk d Yonf OD;a&tm;jzif h 30217ok d Yusqif;oG m;NyD;? ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Yurl 23760 ok d Y wk d;yG m;vmcJ honf/ taMumif;&yfrS m ½ kd[if*sm½kd[if*sm½kd[if*sm½kd[if*smrGwfpviftrsKd;om;rGwfpviftrsKd;om;rGwfpviftrsKd;om;rGwfpviftrsKd;om;wkd Yonf tpövmrfomoemokd Y ul;ajymwkd Yonf tpövmrfomoemokd Y ul;ajymwkd Yonf tpövmrfomoemokd Y ul;ajymwkd Yonf tpövmrfomoemokd Y ul;ajymif;vmaom tjcm;bmom0ifif;vmaom tjcm;bmom0ifif;vmaom tjcm;bmom0ifif;vmaom tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;ESif hrsm;ESif hrsm;ESif hrsm;ESif hxdrf;jrm;xdrf;jrm;xdrf;jrm;xdrf;jrm;cJ hjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ þujym;rGwfpcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ þujym;rGwfpcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ þujym;rGwfpcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ þujym;rGwfpvifwkd Yonf wpfzef tjcm;bmomvifwkd Yonf wpfzef tjcm;bmomvifwkd Yonf wpfzef tjcm;bmomvifwkd Yonf wpfzef tjcm;bmom ukd;ukd;ukd;ukd;uG,foluG,foluG,foluG,folrsm;ESif h xdrf;jrm;vufxyfí trsm;ESif h xdrf;jrm;vufxyfí trsm;ESif h xdrf;jrm;vufxyfí trsm;ESif h xdrf;jrm;vufxyfí tpövmrfouf0pövmrfouf0pövmrfouf0pövmrfouf0if ,HkMunfolrsm;if ,HkMunfolrsm;if ,HkMunfolrsm;if ,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfvmum tpövmrfbmomjzpfvmum tpövmrfbmomjzpfvmum tpövmrfbmomjzpfvmum tpövmrfbmomukd;ukd;ukd;ukd;uG,fol rGwfpvifOD;a& w[kefwkd;uG,fol rGwfpvifOD;a& w[kefwkd;uG,fol rGwfpvifOD;a& w[kefwkd;uG,fol rGwfpvifOD;a& w[kefwkd;wkd;wkd;wkd;wkd; yGm;yGm;yGm;yGm;vmcJhonfvmcJhonfvmcJhonfvmcJhonf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif tm&fumef(&ckdif)tm&fumef(&ckdif)tm&fumef(&ckdif)tm&fumef(&ckdif)

a'owGif at'D 10 &mpk rwkdifrDu aexkdifaomvlrsK d;rsm;onf ,ck& a'owGif at'D 10 &mpk rwkdifrDu aexkdifaomvlrsK d;rsm;onf ,ck& a'owGif at'D 10 &mpk rwkdifrDu aexkdifaomvlrsK d;rsm;onf ,ck& a'owGif at'D 10 &mpk rwkdifrDu aexkdifaomvlrsK d;rsm;onf ,ck&ckdifvlrsK d; wpfOD;wpfck difvlrsK d; wpfOD;wpfck difvlrsK d; wpfOD;wpfck difvlrsK d; wpfOD;wpfavrsm;yifavrsm;yifavrsm;yifavrsm;yifr½dScJ haom b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;omr½dScJ haom b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;omr½dScJ haom b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;omr½dScJhaom b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;om jzpfaomfvnf; at'D 957 wGif tm&fumef (&ckdif)at'D 957 wGif tm&fumef (&ckdif)at'D 957 wGif tm&fumef (&ckdif)at'D 957 wGif tm&fumef (&ckdif)a'otm;a'otm;a'otm;a'otm; ]wdAufwkdwdAufwkdwdAufwkdwdAufwkd----Am;ref;Am;ref;Am;ref;Am;ref;} wkd Ycsif;eif;wkd Ycsif;eif;wkd Ycsif;eif;wkd Ycsif;eif; 0ifa&mufvm0ifa&mufvm0ifa&mufvm0ifa&mufvmNyD;? e*kda'ocH b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;NyD;? e*kda'ocH b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;NyD;? e*kda'ocH b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;NyD;? e*kda'ocH b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;ESif hESif hESif hESif hvGwfvyfpGmxdrf;jrmvGwfvyfpGmxdrf;jrmvGwfvyfpGmxdrf;jrmvGwfvyfpGmxdrf;jrm;vufxyf&mrS pwifí &ckdifvlrsK d;;vufxyf&mrS pwifí &ckdifvlrsK d;;vufxyf&mrS pwifí &ckdifvlrsK d;;vufxyf&mrS pwifí &ckdifvlrsK d;wnf;[laom vlrsK d;pktopfwpf&yfvnf;wnf;[laom vlrsK d;pktopfwpf&yfvnf;wnf;[laom vlrsK d;pktopfwpf&yfvnf;wnf;[laom vlrsK d;pktopfwpf&yfvnf;pwifay:aygufcJ haMumifpwifay:aygufcJ haMumifpwifay:aygufcJ haMumifpwifay:aygufcJhaMumif; orkdif; taxmuf txm;rsm;t& od½d ScJ h&onf/

xk dtcsdefrSpí ouú&mZf 1784 ckESpfwGif tif;0bk&if bk d;awmfbk&m; &ck difjynfuk d rodrf;yk dufciftxd &ck difrif;? &ckdifEk difiHtjzpf ork dif;wpfacwf xif½S m;cJ haomfvnf;? ]]tm&fumefac:&ck difa'oonf at'D957 rwk difciftxd b*F gvD[dE´Lrsm; tkyfcsKyfaom a'ojzpfaMumif; Maurice Calis uqk donf/}}

tpövmrfomoemonf rGwfpviftrsKd;om;rsm;tm; wpfOD;xufyd kaom trsKd;orD;rsm; xdrf;jrm;yk dif

cGif huk d cGif hjyKxm;onf/ 1931 ck vlOD;a& oef;acgifpm&if; taxmuftxm;rsm;t& touf 14 ESpfrS16 ESpfMum; rGwfpviftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESif h &ck dif (Maugh ) trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;wk d Y\touftyk dif;tjcm;tvdkuf tdrfaxmifjyKcJ honfrsm;uk d atmufygZ,m;tm; avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh rGwfpvifwk d Yonf toufi,f½G,fpOfuyif tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;ESif h wpfOD;xufyk daom trsKd;orD;rsm;vufxyfEk difjcif;wk d YaMumif h a'ocH½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm; wk d;yG m;vm&jcif;jzpfaMumif;uk d odEk difonf/1931ck oef;acgifpm&if;t& touf 14 ESpfESif h 16 ESpftMum; rGwfpviftrsKd;orD;ESif h &ck dif trsKd;orD;wk dY\ tdrfaxmifjyKcJ hrI pm&if;uk daxmufjy&vQif rGwfpviftrsKd;orD;OD;a& 1000 vQif



456 OD; tdrfaxmif jyKNyD;aomfvnf; &ck dif (Maugh ) trsKd;orD; OD;a& 1000 vQif 141 OD;omvufxyfcJ haMumif;awG Y&onf/ tjcm;touf tyk dif;tjcm;ESpfrsKd;jzpfaom ]17-23} ESpfESif h ]23-24} ESpfwk d Y\ tdrfaxmifjyK rIZ,m;uk d Munf hvQifvnf; rGwfpvifwk d Y\ arG;zG m;rIEIef;onf &ckdifvlrsKd;wk d Yxuf rsm;pG momvGefaMumif; awG Y&onf/

&ckdifESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsK d;wkd Y&ckdifESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsK d;wkd Y&ckdifESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsK d;wkd Y&ckdifESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsK d;wkd Y\\\\ tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;tay: EIdif;,SOfrIjyZ,m;tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;tay: EIdif;,SOfrIjyZ,m;tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;tay: EIdif;,SOfrIjyZ,m;tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;tay: EIdif;,SOfrIjyZ,m;(vlOD;a& 1000 vQif)(vlOD;a& 1000 vQif)(vlOD;a& 1000 vQif)(vlOD;a& 1000 vQif)

rGwfpvif½k d[if*smwk d YESifh &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;wk d Yvufxyfí arG;zG m;vmaom aoG;aES mwkd Yonf tpövmrfbmomuk d ukd;uG,fMuonf/ txufaz:jyygZ,m;uk d avhvmjcif;tm;jzif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESpfpOf wk d;yG m;vmonfuk d awG Y&onf/ þokd YvlOD;a& wk d;yG m;vmjcif;tay: &ck dif (Maugh )vlrsKd;rsm;pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfum rsufpda'gufa'gufMunf haecJ honf/ xk dtcsdefrSpí &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;wk d Yonf½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yuk d rdrdwkd YZmwdajrrS tNyD;tykdif armif;xkwfEk dif&ef 1942 ckESpfrwk difciftxd BudK;yrf;rI ratmifjrifcJ hay/ ok dY&mwGif jrefrmEk difiHtpk d;&u ]qif;rvm;} oabmwlnDcsufrS EIwfxGufcJhonfh tcsdefESif h *syefzufqpfwk d Y ra&mufcifpyfMum;umvtwGif; &ck difvlrsKd;wk dYonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tay: tuGufqifuvdrfus raumif;MuHonf h vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf; ay:ayguf&ef tcGif hta&; wpfck

BuKHBuKdufcJ honf/ *syefvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ppfawGNrdKYay: AH k;BuJaepOfESifh tdEd,-NAdwdoQppfwyfwk dY tm&fumef(&ck dif )ajrmufa'orS qkwfcG gaepOftwGif; &ckdif(Maugh )ocifrsm;[k vlodrsm;onf h &ckdifaomif;usef;olwkd Yonf tm&fumef(&ck dif )a'o wpfckvH k;wGif t"du½kPf;tkyfpkrsm; zJ GYpnf;í toifhjyifqif xm;avonf/ tdE´ d,-NAdwdoQwyfwk d Y wyfqkwfoG m;&jcif;onfyifvQif &ck dif(Maugh ) t"du½kPf;zefwD;vk dolrsm;twGuf 4if;wk d Ytay: wGef;vSef wefjyefEd SrfESif;Ekdifonf h vufqkwfvufuk dif w&m;0iftpk d;&r½d Sonf htwGuf &ck difaomif;usef;olwkd Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk dYtm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf &eftwGuf vuf&JZuf&JjzpfcJ honf/

xk dpOfu tm&fumef(&ckdif )wk dif;ud k t*Fvdyfr[mrif;BuD; vufatmufrS wm0ef,lvT Jajymif;,lcJ haom&cd kifwk dif;wm0efcH 'k-r[mrif;BuD; OD;ausmfck difonf rGwfpvif½k d[if*smrsm;xHrS vufeufrsm;uk d odrf;,lí &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;wk d Ytm; vGwfvyfpG m jzef Ya0ay;cJ honf/ vk difpifygrpfjzifh ,laqmifxm;aom ½k d[if*smwk d Y\ vufeufrsm;tm; odrf;,lí &ck difwk dYuk d a0iSay;ojzif h vufeufuk difESif h vufeufrJ h vlwef;pm;ESpf&yf ay:aygufvmum &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk dYtm; pdwfwk dif;uscs,fvS,fowfjzwfEk difcJ hí ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Yonf tumtuG,frJh tultnDrJ h jzpfcJhMuonf/

ausmif;tkyfBuD; ]OD;Zk difEl'def} \ rSwfwrf;t& qk d&vQif ]] 'k-r[m rif;BuD;OD;ausmfck difonf NAdwdoQtpk d;&\ w&m;0ifuk d,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD; jzpfcJ honf htm;avsmfpG m olonf tm&fumef(&ck dif ) wk dif;\ ta½S Y

pOf vlrsKd; touftyk dif;tjcm;

1 &ck dif

14-16 17-23 23-24

u r u r u r

15 141 333 632 830 796

2 ½k d[if*sm 14 465 401 821 817 836



taemuf awmifajrmuft&yfa'orsm;ok d Y vGwfvyfpG moG m;vmNyD; rGwfpvif½d k[if*smwk d YxHrS odrf;qnf;&cJ h aomvufeufrsm;uk d rif;jym;? NrdKYa[mif;? ausmufawmfESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;½d S &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;tm; jzef Ya0ay;jcif;jzif h rGwfpvif½d k[if*smrsm;ukd &ufpufpG mowfjzwfapcJhonf}} [kqk d xm;onf/ xkdok dYaom OD;ausmfckdif \pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlonf ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Ytay: umuG,fapmifha½S mufay;&ef pkd;pOf;rQ rawG;awmcJ haMumif; orkdif;aMumif;t& od½d S&onf/

1942 ckrwfvwGif &ck dif(Maugh ) vlrsKd;wk d Yonf OD;ausmfck dif pDpOfay;cJhaom vufeufjzif h ½k d[if*smwk d Ytm; owfjzwfaom vlowfyJ GBuD; pwifygawmhonf/ &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd; t,lonf;wk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y rdrdwk d Yaexd kif&ma'orS ]usLyifckwf?usLikwfrusef} qk donf htwk dif;vlrsKd;jyKwf rsKd;wH k;oG m;&ef &nf½G,fcJhonf/ &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Yonf u&ifwyfajy;olrsm;rSvnf; vufeufrsm; vufcH&½d ScJ hNyD;?4if;wk d Ytm;vnf; ½kd[if*smvlrsKd; owfjzwfyJ GwGif yg0ifqifEJ G&ef pnf;½Hk;cJ honf/ xk dvlowfyJ GBuD;uk dajryH kNrdKYESif h ausmufjzLc½k difa'orsm;rS pwifcJ honf/ 1959 ckpufwbmF v (17) &ufaeY ygvD ref tpnf;ta0;wpf ckwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif ESif h &aohawmif Nrd KYwdk Y jzif h oD ;jcm;c½k dif opf wpf ck zJ G Ypnf;a&;ukd qef Yusifaom rif ;jym;Nrd KYe,f ygvD reftrwfa[mif; ] OD;cspf y } qk dolonf vlowf yJ Gt"du ½kPf;ud k &ck d ifvlrsKd;wk dYom pwifcJ honf[k0ef cH cJ honf / xk dvlowfyJ GwGif axmifaomif;rsm;pG maom

wpfenf;tm;jzif h OD;a& ½Spfaomif;xufrenf;aom ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onf *½kPmrJ hpG m owfjzwfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ ausmufawmf? NrdKYa[mif;? aygufawm? ykPÖ m;uRef;? rif;jym;? &aohawmifESif h ajryH kNrdKYwd k YwGifbk d;bG m;bDbif vufxufuyif aexk difvmcJhaom xdyfoD;rGwfpvifwk dYonf vlrsKd;a&;t"du ½kPf;jzpf yG m;rIaMumif h armifawm? bl;oD;awmif? &aohawmifESif h ppfawGNrdKY ponf hNrdKYae&mtoD;oD;wGifxGufajy;ck dvI HcJ h&NyD;? wpfcsKd Yonfvnf; ppfwaumif;c½k diftxd xGufajy;oG m;cJ h&onf/ 4if;wk d YxJrS 'ku©onf ESpfaomif;cef Ywk d Yonf tdE´ d,Ek difiH ]&mefyl&fc½kdif½d S ½SLbd&fem*g;&f} 'ku©onfpcef;wGif aexk difapcJ honf/

tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh armifawm? bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;ok d Y touf½SifxGufajy; wdrf;a½S mifvmaom½k d[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Yonfvnf; &ck difvlrsKd;wkd YESif h uvJ hpm;acs vufwkef Yjyefvk dcJhMuonf/ ok d Uaomf&ck difvlrsKd;tcsKd Yonf ausmufawmfESif h NrdKYa[mif;NrdKYrsm;zufokd Y tcsdefrD xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mifEk difcJ hNyD;?armifawmNrdKYrS &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Ytm; tdE´ d,Ek difiH½d S ]'DrghZfyl&f} 'ku©onf pcef;ok d Y a½TYajymif;apcJ honf/xk d YaMumif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d YESif h Ed Iif;,SOfvQif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif e,fwpf0kdufwGif owfjzwfcH&aom &ck difvlrsKd; OD;a&rSm rajymyavmufay/ 'kwd,urÇ mppfNyD;qHk;aomtcg tdE´ d,Ek difiH ]'DrghZfyl&f} 'ku©onfpcef;½dS &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwk dY rl&if;|mae bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,f ajrrsm;wGif ae&mcsxm;ay;cJ honf/

rpöwmat-*zæg&fESif h ½k d[if*smt&m½d SBuD;rsm;onf xkdpOfu NrdKYwm0efcHrsm;jzpfay&m? &ck difvlrsKd;wkd Ytm;jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;&mwGif tm;oGefcGefpk duf yg0ifaqmif½Gufay;cJ honf/ ok d Yaomf &ck difvlrsKd;99%onf olwk d Y xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mifpOfumv xm;&pfcJ haom uk d,fyk difajr,mrsm;uk d aps;aumif;aumif;jzif ha&mif;csí tjcm;&ck difjynf NrdKYckepfNrdKYwkd Yokd Y tpDtpOfusus a½T Yajymif;aexk difum rlvuaexk difcJ hNyD;?xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mifvmaom ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y\ tk d;tdrfv,f,muk dif;uRef;rsm;wGif Zdrfusus Nrdef½Suf pG m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aexk difvmcJ honf/ &ckdifawmifyk dif;a'o rGwfpvif½kd[if*smvl owfyJGaMumif h atmufaz:jyyg Z,m;wGifjyxm;onfhtwkdif; ½k d[if*smrsm;aexk dif&m NrdKYe,f uk d;NrdKYe,frS aus;½G maygif; (307)½G muk d &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Yu jym;jym;0yfaeatmif zsufqD;ypfcJ honf/ armifawmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYe,frsm;rS aus;½Gmrsm;ukd ½k d[if*smwkd Y odrf;yk dufEk difcJ hNyD;? jyefvnfaexk difEk difcJhonf/ ppfajy;



wpfcsKd Y ½kd[if*sm'ku©onfwk d Yonf rl&if;aexk difcJ h&ma'orsm; (ckepfNrdKYe,f)ok d Y jyefvnfaexk dif&efBudK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; &ck difvlrsKd;wk dYucGif hrjyKyJ?

wm;qD;ydwfyifrIaMumif h rGwfpvif½k d[if*sm nDaemif trsm;pkaexk dif&m bl;oD;awmif?armifawme,fajrrsm;ok dY jyefvnfck dvI H aexk difcJ h&avonf/ xGuf ajy;vm ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;wk dY\

tk d;tdrfv,f,majr uRJEG m;wd&pä mefrsm;uk d rw&m;odrf;yk dufxm;aom &ck difvlrsKd;wkd Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y\ Opö mypönf;rsm;pG mjzif h ,cktcsdefxd oufawmif houfom aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhpG mtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaeonf htjyif? odrf;yk dufcH ½k d[if*smwk d Y\ tk d;tdrf v,f,m ajrrsm;uk dpGef YvTwfay;tyf&ef rnfonf htcgrS rpOf;pm;awmhay/

1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;

,cktcsdeftxd ½k d[if*sm'ku©onf ajcmufaxmifcef Yonf ta½SYygupöwefEkdifiH (b*Fvm;a'h½S f) EkdifiH ppfwaumif;c½kdifwGif ysY HESH YpG m aexk difvQuf½d Sonf/ tb,faMumif hqk daomf 'k-r[mrif;BuD; OD;ausmfck dif onf xk d'ku©onfrsm;ukd vufcH&ef cg;oD;pG m jiif;y,fcJ honf htjyif xk dpOfu 'ku©onfrsm; jyefvnf vufcHa&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef a&muf½d Svmaom tdE´ d,uk d,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD; ]rpöwm*gef'DAD;,m;} \jrefrm'ku©onfrsm; o,faqmifvmrnf h rD;oabFmudpö aqG;aEG;urf;vSrf;vmonfuk dvnf; tvGef cg;oD;pG m jiif;y,fcJhonf/ trSefpifppf tdE´ d,Ek difiHonf jrefrm'ku©onfrsm;ukd Mum½SnfpG m rxdef;odrf;Ek difonf htjyif 'ku©onfpcef;uk dvnf; ydwfyifvk dcJ honf/

½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; &uf&ufpufpuf tMuifemrJ hpG m owfjzwfcH&rIESif h ywfoufí ]tefaomfeDtd&f0if;} onf ]]ppfyJ GpwifrjzpfyG m;cifu tm&fumef (&ckdif )jynfwGif ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;ESif h &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;wk d Y twl,SOfwJ G aexk difcJ hMuonf/ 1941ckESpfwGif vlrsKd;a&; *k dPf;ESpf*kdPf; ay:xGufvmNyD;ppfrufjzpfyG m;cJ honf/ 4if;ppfyJGaMumif h &ckdifvlrsKd;wk d Yonf &ckdifjynfawmifykdif;a'oud k vTrf;rkd;xm;Ek difcJ hNyD;? ½kd[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Yonf ajrmufyk dif;wGif pG JNrJpG maexk difvmcJ honf/ vlowfyJ GwGif ½k d[if*smwk d Y\ aus;½G mrsm;uk d vufeuftiftm;omvGefaom &ck difvlrsKd;wk dYu BudKufovkdcs,fvS,f pk d;rk d;xm;Ek difcJ hpOf ½d k[if*smwd k Yonf tvGef YtvGef 4 aytxdom ½Snfvsm;aom "g;½Snfwk d Yjzifh ckcH&ojzif h

pOf NrdKYe,ftrnf aus;½G maygif;

1 ajryH k 30

2 rif;jym; 273 aygufawm 254 NrdKYa[mif; 585 ausmufawmf 786 ykPÖ m;uRef; 057 &aohawmif 218 armifawm 08

9 bl;oD;awmif 55

pkpkaygif;pkpkaygif;pkpkaygif;pkpkaygif; 307307307307



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[k ½k d[if*smwd k Y\ owÅ duk d csD;usL;ajymMum;cJ honf/

xd ky#dyu©aMumifh tm&fumef(&ck dif)ajrmuf yk dif;a'oud k vTrf;rk d;aom ½k d[if*smrsm;aexkdif&ma'oESif h

awmifzufyk dif;uk dvTrf;rk d;aom &ck dif(Maug h ) vlrsKd;rsm;aexk dif&ma'otjzpf odomxif½S m;aom xl;jcm;t*F g&yfwpfckozG,f awG Yjrifvm&onf/ armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fajrwpf0k dufonf ½kd[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;vTrf;rkd;aoma'ojzpfojzifh jynfaxmifpkygvDref a½G;aumufyJ GtwGuf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;rnfokd YrQ rwk d;azmufEk difojzif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tay: raumif;jrif0g'jzifh tcsOfaygufvmcJ honf/

1948 ckESpfwGif xk dpOfu vlenf;pk 0efBuD;jzpfcJ haom &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd; OD;bkdndKonf ½k d[if*smESifh &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;tMum; ae&mzvS,f ajymif;a½T Uaexk difa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJ havonf/xk d YaMumif h olonf Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHok d Y ½k d[if*smvlrsKd; uk d;aomif;cef Yuk d &ckdifvlrsKd;trsm;pk wk d Yaexk dif&m awmifyk dif;a'ook d Y a½T Uajymif;aexk difapjcif;jzif h aemifwpfcsdef ½kd[if*smtrsm;pk aexk dif&m &ck difajrmufa'otm; ta½S UygupöwefESif h aygif;pnf;vk du aygif;pnf;vk daom ½kd[if*smwk d Y\pdwful; OmPftBuHtpnfrS BudKwifumuG,fEkdifrnf[k ,lq&aompmwef;uk d tpk d;&xH avQmufxm;wifjycJ honf/ þenf;tm;jzif h &ck difvlrsKd;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwd k Yonf EkdifiHawmftpk d;&xHyg;wGif yufpuf,kwfrmaom ulvDulrmvkyf&yfrsm;ud k vkyfBuHzefwD;í aemifwpfcsdef tpk d;&u yH hyk d;ulnDaomatmfya&;½Sif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd vkyfBuHzefwD; qifEG Japum ½k d[if*smwkd Ytm; bkd;bG m;yk dife,fajrrS xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mif? wpfjznf;jznf;avsmhenf; vH k;yg;yg;oG m;&efwpfenf;? vlrsKd;aysmuf trsKd;wH k;oG m;&ef

pDrHudef;toG,foG,f csrSwfaqmif½GufcJ havonf/

þok d Y &ck difvlrsKd;rsm; wifjyvmaom taMumif;t&muk d OD;Ektpkd;& (AFPFL)u pdwf0ifwpm;jzpf vmNyD;? armifawmNrdKY e,f ]olvmolvD} aus;½G mwGif bk d;pOfabmifquf uwnf;u aexk difvmcJ haom½k d[if*smrsm;uk d tjrpfjzwfacsrIef;í ta½S Uygupö wefESif h tjcm;ae&ma'orsm;rS ac:aqmifvmaom&ck dif (Maugh ) vlrsKd;rsm;uk d tpm;xkd; ae&mcsxm;ay;NyD;? ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; usef&pfcJ haomv,f,majr? tk d;tdrf? uRJEGm;wd&pä mefrsm;ESif h tjcm;uk d,fyk dif ypönf;rsm;ud k &ck dif (Maugh ) vlrsKd;wkd Ytm;cJ Ga0ay;cJhonf/ xkd UaMumif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmf tpk d;&uOD;pD;í aqmif½GufcJ haomrw&m;rIuk dcHcJ h&onfhtjyif rdrdwk dYyk dif Opö mypönf;rsm;vnf; vufvTwfqHk;½H I;cJ h&avonf/

xd kenf;4if;yif &ck difvlrsKd;pnf;vHk;nDnTwfa&;toif; (ANUO) rS &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwdk Yonf ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; uk d,fyk diftcGifhta&;ESif hywfoufí Ek difiHawmftm; pOfqufrjywf ukef;wk dufqef Yusifajymqk dcJ holrsm; jzpfcJ honf/ Oyrmtm;jzif hajym&vQif Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;tpk d;&\ tpDpOft& ewfjrpfwpfavQmufESif h e,fpyfa'owGif aexk difaom ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Y\ aus;½G maygif; (200)uk d tm&fumef (&ck dif )twGif;yk dif;a'ookd Y a½TYajymif;apum 4if;vpfvyfoG m;aom ½k d[if*smaus;½G mrsm;wGif xk dvlOD;

a&ESif h nDrQaom &ck dif (Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;uk d tm&fumef(&ck dif )jynftES H Ya'orsm;rS a½T Yajymif;aexd kif aprnf[k &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d YzufrS oG m;ykwfavvTifh owif;xkwfvTif hcJ honf/ 4if;jyif ta½S Y



ygupöwefEk difiHrS w&m;r0if arS mifck dul;oef;a&mif;0,frIESif h vlpdrf h0ifvmrIwk d Yuk dvnf; wm;qD;Ek dif&eftvk d YiS m rkwfokef&moDNyD;aemuf ewfjrpfe,fpyfuk d ydwfypfvdrf hrnf[k owif;xGufvmcJ honf/þudpöESifhywfoufí rpöwmat-*zæ g&fESifh tjcm;½k d[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm;u Ak dvfcsKyfae0if; tdrf apmif htpk d;&\ jynfxJa&;|ge0efBuD; OD;cifarmifjzLtm; awG YqH kar;jref;aomtcg 4if;rS Ek difiHawmftpk d;&xHwGif þok dYtpDtpOfr½dSygaMumif;ESif h ,ckuJ hok d Y r[kwfrrSef owif;ysH UES HUaejcif;rS m &ck dif ftrsKd;

om;0g'Dwk d Y\ vIyf½S m;rIwpf&yfom jzpfonf[k ajymqk dcJ honf/

vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf;jzpfyG m;rI\ tusKd;quftjzpf ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pG mwk dYonf aqmf'Dta& AsEk difiHok d Y xGufajy;wdrf;a½Smif ckdvI HcJ h&NyD;? 1949ckESpfESif h 1950ckESpfpyfMum;umv tawmtwGif;üvnf; vloH k;aomif;ausmfwk d Yonf ,ciftaemufygupöwefEd kifiHok dY &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Y\ &ufpufowf

jzwfrItaygif;rS wdrf;a½S mifxGufajy;cJ havonf/ vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf;onf &ck dif(Maugh) ]bDwDtJ hzf} ac: Armjynfe,fpyfa'o uGyfuJxdef;odrf;a&;wyfzG J UaMumif h t½d Seft[kef jrif hwufvmcJ hNyD;? &ck dift

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[lqdef}

ESif h armif;awmNrdKYe,f? umpm&DbDvfaus;½G mrS ]

OD;armfwD&mh[frmef}

wk d YxHrS twif;t"r®aiGñSpfxkwf jcif;cHcJ h&NyD; aemufykdif;wGif owfjzwfjcif; cHcJ h&onf/

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þenf;tm;jzif h &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Ytm; okwfoif½Sif;vif;í rvH kavmuf ao;onf[k ,lqojzif h Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tm;jzif h ]v0u} ESifh qufEG,faeonf h vlOD;a&pdppfa&;

ppfqifa&; qifEJ Gapum 1959 ckZlvk difvESif h Mo*kwfvwGif armifawmNrdKYe,frS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wpfaomif;oH k;axmifcefYESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYe,frS wpfaomif;cef Yavmufuk d wpfzufEkdifiHok dY ESifxkwfEd kifcJ honf/ &cdkifvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wkd YESif h pyfvsOf;í þok d Yvlrqef ,kwfrmyufpufonf h raumif;BuHpdwf"gwfrsm;uk d arG;xkwfum Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tm; tcsdeftcgtm;avsmfpG m rvdrf hwpfywfrqDrqk difwifjyvmcJ haom wkdifMum;csufrsm;aMumif h Ek difiHawmftpk d;&uvnf; rvT Jra½S mifomí½k d[if*smrsm;tay: ppfqifa&;trsKd;rsKd;qifEG Jum &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk dY\ ½k d[if*smtrsKd;om; rsKd;wH k;owfjzwfa&; wk dufuGufwGif tpOfwpfpk duf yg0ifqifEG JcJ havonf/ b*Fvm;a&muf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonfvnf; ,cktcsdeftxd |gaejyefEk difa&;twGuf apmif hqd kif;aeqJyifjzpfonf/

tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS arSmifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS arSmifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS arSmifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS arSmifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;

tm&fumef(&cd kif)jynfrSwpfzufEkdifiHok dY w&m;r0ifarS mifck d pD;yG m; a&;vkyfief;uk d wm;qD;Edkif&eftwGufewfjrpfuk d ydwfqk d Y½k HESif h rvH kavmufacs/ ppfawGc½k dif\ t"dujrpfESpfjrpfjzpfaom ukvm;wef ESif har,kjrpfonf wpfzufEk difiHESif h arS mifckdpD;yG m;vkyfief; vkyfuk difEk dif&eftwGuf t"duqufoG,fay;onf/ armifawmNrdKYrSvJ Tí ppfawGc½k dif½d S usefNrdKY½SpfNrdKYe,frS qefpyg;rsm;uk d &aohawmifNrdKY awmifzufpGef;½dS ]yefcsmcgvD} acsmif;uk djzwf fí ukvm;wefESif h ar,kjrpfrSwpfqifh wpfzufEk difiHok dY arS mifckd



ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJ honf/ þvrf;aMumif;rSwpfqif h qefpyg; 95% uk d wpfzufEkdifiHok dY ykd YaqmifcJ haMumif; od&onf/ ]yefcsmcgvD} acsmif;onf obm0yx0Dtaetxm;t& avS? orÁ mefwkd Y oG m;vmEkdif&ef tvGeftqifajyvSojzif h &aohawmifNrdKYESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrSwpfqifh armifawmNrdKUok d Y arS mifck dpD;yG m;vkyfuk dif&eftwGuf þvrf;rSvJGí tjcm;r½d ScJ hay/ wpfcsKd Yaom½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESif h

&ck dif(Maugh) arS mifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;wk dYonf rl*sm[pfESif h tpkd;&t&m½S drsm;ESif h yl;aygif;í armif

awmNrdKYrS qefpyg;rsm;uk d wpfzufEk difiHok d Y arS mifckdul;oef; a&mif;0,fcJhonf/ armifawm? bl;oD;awmifNrdKYMum;½d S vloG m;awmifMum;vrf;ESifh armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKYMum;½d S vloG m;awmifMum;vrf;rsm;tm; ppfwyf? ykvdyfrsm;jzif h xlxyfpG mxm;½d Sojzifh wpfzufEd kifiHESif h jyKvkyfaqmif½Gufaomrnfonf harS mifck dvkyfief;uk drqd k txufaz:jyyg vk HjcKHa&;wyfrsm;\ yl;aygif;ulnD aqmif½GufrI rygbJESif h vkyfEk difrnf r[kwfacs/ pifppftm;jzif h 99% aom arS mifck dul;oef;a&mif;0,folrsm;onf

&ck dif(Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuNyD;? oH k;ESpf ok d Ur[kwf av;ESpfrwk difcifuyif vlOD;a& 250 yg0ifaomr[marS mifck dpD;yG m;a&;orm;rsm; *k dPf;BuD;wpfckuk d tmPmyk difrS zrf;qD;cJ h&m tm;vH k;vkdvk dyif &ck dif

(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

ck difvH kaom taxmuftxm;uk d jyygqk dvQif 1960 ckESpf arv 29 &uf aMu;rH kaeYpOfowif;pmyg]]arS mifck dpD;yG m;*k dPf;orm;rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;BuH&myg qdyfurf;wm0efcH &Jykvdyfzrf;rd}} acgif;pOfuk dzwfjcif;jzifh owif;rSefuk d xif½S m;pG m odjrifEk difonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:rS &ckdifarS mifck d ukefonfrsm;onf

(AFPFL) ESifh em;vnfrI l,lí 'k-aumfr½Sifemrif;BuD;xHrS qefygrpf (qefuJ Gygrpf)rsm;uk d ppfawGc½k difwGif a&mif;cs&ef[k [efaqmifxkwf,lcJhaom qefuJGygrpfrsm;tpm; qefaumif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;ukdom ygupöwefwk dYok d YarS mifcdk wifyk d Ua&mif;cscJhonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;tpk d;& BuD;pk d;aepOfumvtwGif; &ck difarS mifck d ul;oef;olrsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmfESifh vH kjcKHa&;wyfzJ G Y0ifrsm;ukd pk d;&drf&ojzif h

tcsdeftwd kif;twmwpfcktxd NidrfoufpG maeaecJhonf/ 1960ckESpf {NyDvwGif (AFPFL) tmPmjyef&vmaomtcg arS mifck dqefwifyk dYrIuk d &yfqd kif;ap&eftwGuf qefygrpfrsm;tm; acwÅ cP qk dif;iH h

xm;cJ honf/ &ck dif(Maugh)azmufonfrsm;ESif h ukefonfwk dYonfum; ta½S Uygupöwef Ek difiHom;rsm;ESif h

pD;yG m;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qd kif&m ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ajyvnfaeao;ojzifh &ck dif(Maugh) arS mifck dvkyfief;jzif h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolwdk Yonf qdyfurf; &J? ]pDatvf'D} ESifh ppfawGNrdKYrS taumuf cGeft&m½S drsm;ESif h yl;aygif;í qefarS mifckd wifyk d YrIuk d pwifavawmhonf/ arS mifckdorm;wk d Yonf qefwpftdwfvQif wpfq,f hig;usyfEIef;jzif h ]qkduf½k d;us} jrpfwpfavQmufwGif wnfaxmifxm;aom]acwfopf} ? ]va&mif0if;} ? ]atmifpdef[k d;tm;wk duf} ESif h ]jr} qefpuf ponfwd kYrS qefrsm;uk dwpfzufEk difiHok d Y arS mifck dwifyk d YcJ honf/

1960 ckESpf arv 24 &uf nae 7 em&D tcsdefwGif atmif'k dif aus;½G m ½G molBuD; OD;nDxGef;ESif h yGJpm;OD;zk d;oDwkd Y iS m;&rf;xm;aom pufavSESifh orÁ mefwk d Yonf atmifpdef[k d;tm;wk dufESif h va&mif0if;qef

pufwkd YwGif ta½S UygupöwefEk difiHok d Y qefwifyk d Y&ef toif ha&muf½S dcJ honf/ 4if;aeYwGif nae 7 em&DrS 11 em&D tcsdeftxd oufqk dif&mrS vQyfppfrD;uk d jzwfawmufcJh aomaMumif h ppfawGwpfNrdKYvH k;tarS mifxk zH k;vGrf;cJhonf/ tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;rS myif ]qk duf½kd;us} acsmif;uk d jzwfoef;vmaomqeftdwf 148 tdwfuk d o,faqmifvmonfh pufavS 2 pD;tm; qk duf½k d;usacsmif;0wGif uif;vSnf hwm0efusaeaom ]ArmhaeAD (401)} ESifh ]tif;,m;} wkd Yu vuf&zrf;qD;cJh onf/ zrf;qD;cHavS vkyfom;12 OD;wkd Yonf yJ Gpm; ausmfomESifh armifjzLwkd Y\ qeftdwfrsm;jzpfaMumif; wGufqkdaomaMumif h 4if;wk d YESpfOD;tm;vnf; csufcsif; zrf;qD;Ed kifcJ h&mwGif ]][kwfuJ h? uREk fyfwkd Yqefyg? uREk fyfwkd YomvQif arS mifcdk wifykd YaeonfrS mrSefuefygaMumif;}} 0efcHcJhonf/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t& ppfawGNrdKY qdyfurf;



&Jpcef;rS ]ppfOD;jrif hol} \vufrSwfjzif h xkwfay;xm;aom pmESpfapmifwGif ArmhaeADt&m½d Srsm;xH wpfapmifESifh ArmhaeAD trSwf304 (ppfawG )\wm0efcH ]atmifcif} wk d Ytm;vdyfrlaom pmrsm;jzpfNyD;?] zrf;qD; cH &aom puf avSrsm;tm; rpHkprf;rppfaq;bJ vTwfay;&ef arwÅm&yfcHxm; ao m}

pmrsm;jzpfaMumif; awG YcJh&onf/ xk dudpöESif hywfoufí axmufvSrf; a&;(BSI )t&m½d S OD;rsKd;oef;onf&Jt&m½d Srsm;? taumufcGeft&m½d Srsm;? pnf;MuyfcGeft&m½d Srsm;ESif h ukefonfyJ Gpm;wk d Ytm; pH kprf;ppfaq;

ar;jref;cJ honf/ xkd Yt jyif 1960 ckESpf arv yxrywfwGif ppfawGNrdKYrS ukefonfyJ Gpm;wpfcsKd Y onfvnf; qefpufavS 10 pD;cef YESif h i½kyfajcmufwk dYuk d wpfzufEk difiHok d Y wifyk d YcJ h &mwGif ppfawGNrdKYrS qdyfurf;ykvdyft&m½dStcsKd UESif h arS mifck dukefonf yG Jpm;rsm; tusKd;wlpD;yG m;yl;aygif; aqmif½GufcJ haMumif;od&onf/

w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;

jrefrmEk difiHwGif ta½S UygupöwefEk difiHrS w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmol[lí wpfOD;wpfavrQyifr½S day/ ok d Yaomf ta½SYygupöwefEkdifiHrS 0ifa&mufvmol[k oHo,0ifum 1959 ckESpf ZGefvwGifppfawGc½k difrS vlOD;a& 200 cef Yuk d vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;rS zrf;qD;cJ honf/ 4if;xJrS 78 a,mufuk d vl0ifBuD;Muyfa&;ESif h jynfol Utiftm;0efBuD;|ge0efBuD;\ nTefMum;csuft& zsmyH kc½k dif ]*G'kawmif} e,fwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;a&;twGuf &efukefNrdKYok d Y ac:aqmifvmcJhonf/ &efukefta&mufwGif xk dvlrsm;uk d &efukefA[k dtusOf;axmifwGif v0utufOya'yk'fr 7(2) t& v0uOD;pD;t&m½d SrSxkwfjyefaom zrf;0&rf;trdef Yjzif h tif;pdefaxmifwGif zrf;qD;csKyfaES mifxm;cJ honf/ ok d Yaomf zrf;qD;cHxm;olwkd Ytm;vH k;onf jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; ppfppfjzpfaMumif; tck diftrmajymqk dcJ hNyD;? Ek difiHawmfA[k dw&m;½H k;rS 'D*&D trdefYpm&½d Sa&;twGuf avQmufxm;cJ honf/

1959 ckEk d0bmFv 4 &ufaeYwGif A[kdw&m;½H k;rS w&m;olBuD;csKyfu ] vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&; Oya' yk'fr(7)? yk'frcJ G (2) t& v0uOD;pD;t&m½d S vli,frsm;omvQif tenf;tusOf;ajymwwfonf/ ok d Yjzpfvifh upm; xk dwk dif;&if;om;rsm;onf jrefrmEk difiH Ed kifiHom;jzpfrIqkdif&m tufOya'yk'frt& jrefrmEk difiHwk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh zrf;qD;cH ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; þOya'yk'frt& jrefrmek difiHom;jzpfonf[k axmufjycJ havonf/}} xk d YaemufwGif zrf;qD;cHvlrsm;tm; oufqkdif&mrS vGwfajrmufay;cJ honf/ w&m;olBuD;\ qH k;jzwfcsuft& xdefodrf;cHvlrsm;uk d acwÅcP[efjyvGwfay;cJ haomfvnf; 1959 ckESpfwGif armifawmNrdKYe,füv0ut&m½d Srsm;\ nTefMum;csuft& zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom vlaygif;(23) OD;uk d tif;pdefaxmifü xdef;odrf;xm;cJ honf/ xk dolwk d Yonfvnf;txufaz:jyygw&m;cH (78)OD;uJ hok d U EkdifiHom;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; w&m;olBuD;csKyfxH wifjyNyD;Ek difiHom;jzpfaMumif; qH k;jzwfcsuf &,lvmcJ honf htwd kif; aemufxyf zrf;qD;cH (23) OD;wkd Yonfvnf;txufygenf;twk dif; qH k;jzwfcsuf&,lEk dif&ef w&m;olBuD;csKyfxH avQmufxm; wifjycJ honf/ 1960 ckatmufwk dbm 26 &ufwGif w&m;olBuD;csKyfuvnf; armifawmNrdKYrS zrf;qD;vmol (23) OD;wkd Yonf

jrefrmEk difiHEk difiHom;jzpfrIqk dif&m tufOya'yk'fr4 (2) t& jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; ppfppfjzpfaomaMumif hxk dvlrsm;tm; tjrefqH k; vTwfay;yg&ef trdef YcsrSwfcJ honf htjyif aemufaemif þuJ hok d YtrIudpörsm;uk difwG,f&mwGif owdjyKMuyg&ef oufqk dif&m v0uESif h armifawmNrdKYyk dif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wk dYtm;jyif;xefpG m nTefMum;cJhonf/ þudpöESif h ywfoufí v0ut&m½d Srsm; wGufqk d&mwGif ]]olwk d Yonf v0uESif h vl0if rI OD;pD;|gerS twGif;a&;rS L;\ nTef Mum;csuf t& aqmif ½Guf&jcif;om jzpf NyD;? 4if;vkyf

aqmif csufukd (SDO) rS xyf qif haxmufcHay;cJhojzif h}} rdrdwk d Y\ vkyfaqmifcsuf r[kwfaMumif;uk d0efcH



ajymqk dcJ honf/ ]]jrefrmEk difiHom; rsm;tm; jynfESif'PfyH kpH jznf hpGufNyD; ESifxkwf&ef pDpOfaejcif;onfao&jcif;xufqk d;\/}} v0ut&m½d Srsm;onf txufudpöyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESif h oufqkdifod½d Svmojzif h 1960 ck'DZbmFv 12 &ufaeYwGif acwftqufqufu zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhaom ½k d[if*smrGwfpvif (28)OD;uk d &efukef tif;pdef tusOf;axmifrS vTwfajrmufay;vd kufonf/

wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pG mwk dYonf Armpum; rajymwwfMuay/ olwk dY\emrnf? 0wfpm; qif,if yH k? "avhxHk;pHESif h ,Ofaus;rIwk d Yonf ArmvlrsKd;ESif h vH k;0uG Jjym;onf/ xk dYaMumif h ]]jrefrmEk difiHom;[kajym&efrS m ArmvlrsKd;wk dYESif h tppt&m&m wlnD&rnf[laom Armwk dY\t,ltqrsm; wk dif;&if;om;rsm;tay:wGif usif hoH k;&efr[kwfay/}} xkd YaMumif h zrf;qD;cHvlrsm;onf jrefrmEk difiH wd kif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaeonfrS m ,H krS m;oHo, r½d Say/ tb,faMumif hqkdaomf 1948 ckwGif a&;qJ GcJhaom Ek difiHom;jzpfrIqkdif&m Oya' yk'fr 3(1) t& ]] jrefrmEkdifiH zJ GUpnf;yH ktajccHOya' tcef;u@ (11) wGif jrefrmEk di fi H zJ GUpnf;yH ktajccHOya' tcef;u@ (11) wGi f jrefrmEk difiH zJ GUpnf;yH ktajccHOya' tcef;u@ (11) wGi f jrefrmEk di fi H zJ GUpnf;yH ktajccHOya' tcef;u@ (11) wGi f yg½d SonfrSm at'D 1823 ckESpfrwkdifcifuyif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ae&ma'o yg½dSonfrSm at'D 1823 ckESpfrwkdifcifuyif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ae&ma'o yg½dSonfrSm at'D 1823 ckESpfrwkdifcifuyif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ae&ma'o yg½dSonfrSm at'D 1823 ckESpfrwkdifcifuyif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ae&ma'o toD;oD;wGif rS Dwif;aexkdifvmcJhaom vlrsK d;rsm;jzpfonfh &ckdif? Arm? csif;? ucsi toD;oD;wGif rS Dwif;aexkdifvmcJhaom vlrsK d;rsm;jzpfonfh &ckdif? Arm? csif;? ucsi toD;oD;wGif rS Dwif;aexkdifvmcJhaom vlrsK d;rsm;jzpfonfh &ckdif? Arm? csif;? ucsi toD;oD;wGif rS Dwif;aexkdifvmcJhaom vlrsK d;rsm;jzpfonfh &ckdif? Arm? csif;? ucsif? u&if? f? u&i f? f? u&i f? f? u&i f? u,m;? rGef ESif h tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; rsK d;EG,fpkwkd Yonf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf u,m;? rGef ESif h tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; rsK d;EG,fpkwkd Yonf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf u,m;? rGef ESif h tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; rsK d;EG,fpkwkd Yonf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf u,m;? rGef ESif h tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; rsK d;EG,fpkwkd Yonf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf

aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ }}

½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf at'D 7 &mpkuyif ta&AsvlrsKd;wk d U tm&fumef(&ck dif )jynfok dY a&muf½d SvmNyD;tpövmrfomoemuk d jyef YyG m;cJ h&mrS 4if;omoemuk d ,H kMunfuk d;uG,frIrSpwifum &ckdifjynfwGif½d k[if*smtpö vmrfbmom0ifrsm; pwifwnf½d SvmcJ haMumif; ork dif;taxmuftxm; rsm;u qd konf/½k d[if*smwk d Yonf xl;qef;aomemrnfrsm;? 0wfpm;qif,ifyH k? tjyKtrl taetxk difESif h "avhxHk;pH?,Ofaus;rI? tpOftvmwk d YrS m xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom uk d,fyk difvu©Pmrsm; ½d Saom aMumifh jrefrmEk difiH½d S tjcm;wk dif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;\ "avhxH k;pH? ,Ofaus;rI? tjyKtrl? emrnfwk d YESifh EI dif;,SOfvQif edrf husonf[k rqk dEk difay/

ok d Uaomf &ck dif(Maugh)vlrsKd;wk dYonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y jrefrmEk difiH wd kif;&if;om; jzpfvk dygu &ck difenf;&ck dif,Ofaus;rI ok dYr[kwf jrefrmenf; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIuk d vufcH&efrSwpfyg; tjcm;r½d Say[k

usLH;0g;aecJhonf/ þok d Yqk dvQif &ck dif (Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;pG mwk d Yonf Oa&my,Ofaus;rI tqift,if

rsm;ukd ESpfjcKdufpG m 0wfqifaeMuay&m xk dvlrsm;uk d &ck dif (Maugh) r[kwfaomvlrsKd; ok dYr[kwf Oa&myvlrsKd;rsm;[kac:qk dEk difrnfavm/ Ek difiHwpfck\ Ek difiHom;jzpf&ef t0wftpm; tqift,ifwk d Yonf pHcsdefpHnTef;(Criteria ) r[kwfojzif h Ek difiHom; od kYr[kwf wk dif;&if;om;jzpf&ef rdrdwkd Y\bmom?,Ofaus;rI? "avhxH k;pH? tqift,ifESif h Ek difiHa&;? pD;yG g;a&; ponfwk d Yuk d pGef YvTwf&efrvk day/rsm;rMumcif &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;onf ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; omoempGef YvTwf&eftxd BudK;yrf;vmEk difonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/

tjcm;wpfbufrS mvnf; axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pG maom b*Fvm;a'otES H Ujzpfonf h ]&*FgrwD} ]rk½S f[mvD} ]½S mufum&D,m} ]&mrl;} ]tkufuD; ,m;} ]wJufemhzf} ESif h ]umh½S fbmZm;&f} a'orsm;rS taemuf

om; (okd Y ) b*Fvm;&ck dif (Maugh)vlrsKd;wkd Ytm; ppfawGc½kdifrS &ck dif (Maugh) acgif;aqmifwpfcsKd Uu

&ck difjynfok d Ye,fpyfrS jzwfausmfck d;oGif;ac:vmcJhonf/ b*Fvm;rS ck d;oGif;vmaom &ck dif(Maugh) vl rsKd;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUwpfckwnf;rS myifvQif ½G mBuD; 12 ½G mcJ Gí jyef YusJ UpG m aexk difvQuf ½d Sonf htjyifolwk dYtm; ,cifu &ck difvlrsKd;wk d U\ owfjzwfyJ GrS xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mifoG m;cJ haom &ck difawmifa'orS



½k d[if*smrsm; aexdkif&m NrdKYe,f 7 NrdKYe,fwGif twnfwusaexkdifapNyD;? ½d k[if*smrGwfpvifwk dY\

v,f,m? tk d;tdrf? uRJEG m;wd&pä mefwd k Yuk d taemufb*Fvm;&ck difom; (Maugh)rsm;tm; cJ Ga0ay;cJ honf/xGufajy;vm ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;onfvnf; aemifwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmifESif h ppfawGNrdKUrsm;wGif tajcwus aexk difcJ h&avonf/ þae&mwGif qufpyfrIwpfck wifjyvk d onfrS m ]] &ck d if trsKd ;om;0g'D wk d Yonf &ck d ifawmif a'o 7 Nrd KYe,frS ½k d[if *sm rGwf pvifwk d Ytm; wwf Ek d iforQ owf

jzwfcJ h í wpfcsKd Yonfvnf; toufuk d zuf ESif hxkyfum ½k d [if *smtrsm;pkaexk dif&m &ck d ifajrmufa'o od k Y xGuf ajy;ck d vIH cJ h&onf / xk d YaMumif h e*d k½kd [if*smtrsm;pkaexd kd if &m &ck d ifajrmufa'orsm;wGif vlOD;a&

xlxyfvmcJ honf / þok d Y vlOD;a&xlxyfvmrIuk d &ckd if ( Maugh) trsKd ;om;0g'Dwk d Yu tcGif haumif ;,lum &ck d if ajrmuf a'owGif vl OD;a&xlxyfvmjcif ;onf ta½S Uygupöwef (b*F vm;a'h½S f)Ek dif iHrS b*Fvm;vlrsKd ; 2 od ef;cef Y &ck d if jynf ajrmuf yk dif;a'ook d Y pdrf h0ifvmcJ hoa,mif Ek d if iHawmftpk d;&tm; rrSefuef onfhowif; oyfoGif ;oyfvQKd owif;tjzpf vkyf BuH zefwD;um jzpf &yfrSefzH k;uG,f Ekd if &ef zrf;pm; csKyf uk d if fvmcJ honf / }}

ppfawGc½d kifrS &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Yonf ta½S UygupöwefEk difiHrS b*F gvDvlrsKd;ESpfodef;cef Y pdrf h0ifvmcJ honf[k tpGrf;ukefatmf[pfa<u;aMumfvmcJ honf/ pifppfrS mrl 1942 ckESpf tawmtwGif;umvu&ck difawmifyk dif; 7 NrdKYe,frS vufAvm½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;tm; tMuifemrJ hpG m owfjzwf&mü touf vkxGufajy;vmcJ haom ESpfodef;cef Y (okd Y ) 4if;xufyk daom ½kd[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;onf ½k d[if*smnDaemif trsm;pkaexk dif&m &ckdifajrmufyk dif;a'orsm;wGif vma&muftajcusae xdkifvmcJ h&onf/ þqufpyfrI

ESif fhywfoufí wifjy&vQif ]]&ck dif (Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;u awmifyk dif;½k d[if*smrsm;tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwfí xGufajy;vmcJh&onfukd rodusKd;uRH? ork dif;xdefcsefvkdonfuwpfaMumif;? jrefrmEk difiHe,fedrdwftwGif; wpfzufEk difiHrS bmom,Ofaus;rI? tavhtx? p½k dufwl vlrsKd;rsm; w&m;r0ifpdrf h0ifvmjyD; &ck difajrmufa'o (txl;ojzif h armifawmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;) wGif tajccsaexk dif aeygonf}} ponfjzif h Ed kifiHawmftpk d;&xH toHaumif;[pfa<u;um vlrsKd;yaysmufa&; ppfqifa&;toD;oD; aqmif½Gufapvk daom &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwkd Y\ arG;&mygZmwd oabmxm;uvG Jí rnfok d YrQ

trSefw&m; r[kwfEkdifygacs/ &ck dif(Maugh) trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d Yonf tvGef Y tvGefZDZmaMumifolrsm;jzpfonf htm;avsmfpG m tcGif homwk dif; ]&ck difajrmufyk dif;ae ½kd[if*sm rGwfpvifwkd Yonf ta½S Uygupöwef (,ckb*Fvm;a'h½S f )ESifh aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;aeonf? cJ GxGufa&;uk d vk dvm;olrsm;jzpfonf} ponfjzifh taMumif;r½d S taMumif;½S mí Ek difiHawmftpk d;& xHyg;wGif ukef;wk duf oyfvQKdcJ honf/

rnfokd Yyifqk dapumrl ½kd[if*smwkd Yonf rnfonf htcgurQ ygupöwefESif h aygif;pnf;a&;ukd rvk dvm;cJ hay/ odomxif½S m;pG majym&vQif ]] 1946 ckESpfwGif ppfwaumif ;e,fwGif arG;zGm;NyD ;? armifawmNrd KYwGif BuD;jyif;cJ hol ] tlrf &mrsm } qk d olonf ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ; wpf csKd Yuk d ygupöwefESifh aygif;pnf ;a&;twGuf Bud K;yrf;cJ haomf vnf ; ½kd[if *smvlrsKd ;wpf OD;wpfavrQuk d yif rpnf ;½k H;Ek d if cJ hay? tb,faMumif hqk daomf ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ;wk d Yonf rsKd ;cspf pdwf"gwf½d Solrsm;yD yD taemufarQmfolrsm;r[kwfonf htjyif ½k d[if *sm

wk d Yonf *syefwk d Yud k ckcH awmf vSefouJ hok d Y ta½S Uygupöwef rSusL;ausmfvmrnf h &ef[lorQuk dyif BuH h Buh HcH wGef;vSefwk duf ck duf rnfom }} jzpfonf/

&ckdifjynfe,f&ckdifjynfe,f&ckdifjynfe,f&ckdifjynfe,f

1934 rS 1942 ckESpfMum;umvrsm;twGif; ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; tpkvk duf tjyKHvk duf owfjzwfcH&rI\tusKd;quftjzpf &ck difESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;Mum;½dS pnf;vH k;nDnTwfa&;wnf;[laom r[mtcGifh



ta&; qH k;½I H;cJ h&onf/ ok dY&mwGif ,cktcsdeftcgonf &ck difjynfwGif aexk difaomvlrsKd;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ,cifu jzpfyG m;cJ haom vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf; ted|g½H krsm;ukd acwÅ cParhaysmufNyD;wk dif;jynfa'o zH G UNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ESpfzuftiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh ,cifuESif hrwl wrl xl;jcm;atmif pnf;vH k;nDnmpG mjzif h twlvufwJ Gum tusKd;wl yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef txl;vkdtyfvSayonf/ okd Y&mwGif ½dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tay: &ck difvlrsKd;a&;tajccH0g'Dwk dY xm;½d Saom oabm

xm;tjrifwkd Yonf w,loefvlrsKd;a&;t,l0g'tay:wGif tajccHxm;ojzifh ESpfzufvlrsKd;pkMum; jzpfwnfEkdifonf h pnf;vH k;nDnTwfrI tajccHaumif;uk d rawG Y½dScJ h&ay/ 1934 ckESpfESif h 1942 ckESpfMum;tcsdefumvtwGif; &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Y\ vufcsufjzif h axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pG maom ½k d[if*smrsm; aoG;at;at;jzif h owfjzwfcHcJ h&onf/ xk dtusKd;qufaMumif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ygvDref uk d,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfMuonf h ]rpöwmqkvfweft[frwf} ESif h ]rpöwmat.*zæ g&f} wkd Ytm;jzifh ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif aemufaemif &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwd k Y\ vlrsKd;jyKwfowfjzwfa&;? rawmfrw&m;?vuf&JZuf&JjzpfrItaygif;rS umuG,fEkdif&eftvk d YiS m jynfaxmifpkvufatmuf uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfcGifh &a'otjzpf twnfjyKjy|gef;ay;&efawmif;qk d apcJ honf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; 1947 ckZlvkdifv 19 &uf aeUwGif rsKd;cspfol&Jaumif; tmZmenfAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h taygif;ygrsm; vkyfBuHcH&jcif;aMumif hEk difiHa&;&mrsm;½IyfaxG;aeonf h umvjzpfojzif h ½k d[if*smygvDref acgif;aqmifrsm; e*k dpDpOfxm;

onf htwk dif; ygvDrefwGif awmif;qkd&ef tcGif hromcJhay/

1949 ok d k Ya&mufaomtcg ½k d[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm;onf oD;jcm;c½d kifxlaxmifa&; twGuf awmif;qk dcJhaomfvnf; &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Yu ]½k d[if*smwkd Yonf oD;jcm;c½k difxlaxmifcGif h&½d Sygu zH G UjzdK;wk d;wufpnfyifoG m;&ef tcGif haumif;rsm;&rnf? xk da'orS&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; aemufaemif armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,f½S d ½k d[if*smrsm;xHrS aoG;pkwfcs,fvS,fyk difcGif henf;yg;oG m;rnf} ponf htawG;rsm;jzif h ylyef aomua&mufcJhojzif h &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk dY tjyif;txef qef YusifcJ h&mrS ygvDrefwGif ½k d[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm;\ awmif;qk drI ratmifjrifcJhacs/

&ck dif(Maugh ) acgif;aqmifwk dYonf Ek difiHawmfA[k dtpk d;&xHyg;wGif &ck difvlrsKd;rsm; ynma&;wGif

vnf;aumif;? pD;yG m;a&;wGifvnf;aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;wGifvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHa&;wGifvnf;aumif; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif aemufususef&pfaeonf ponfjzifh vdrfvnf0g'jzef Yum &ck difjynfe,f &½d Sa&;twGuf awmif;qk dvmcJ honf/ jynfe,fawmif;qk d&jcif;\ t"du &nf½G,fcsufrS m xk dok d Yr[kwfyJ?&ck difjynf½dS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Y\ pdwfwk dif;us ñSOf;yef;Ed Syfpuf trsKd;jyKwfí

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Civil Service)wGif ukvm;rsm; cef Yxm;onfukd oD;rcHEk difawmhaMumif; zGif h[ajymqk dcJ honf/ xkd Ytjyif OD;pHa½Tbk onfvnf; jrefrmEk difiHvHk;qk dif&m Oya'jyKa&;aumifpDwGif ukvm;rsm; (jrefrmemrnfrSnf hNyD;?jrefrm0wfpm;qif,ifol )u tk difpDatpfae&mwGif tvkyftuk dif&½Sdaeonfuk d uef YuGufajymqk dcJ honf/OD;a½TomESif h OD;pHa½Tbkwk d Yonf ta½G;cs,fcH uk d,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ½kd[if*smrsm;aexk dif&ma'orsm;rSta½G;cHcJ haomfvnf; rnfonf htcgurQ w&m;0ifukd,fpm;vS,f jzpfrvmcJ hacs/ tb,faMumif hqk daomf4if;wk d YESpfOD;onf ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;ukd tvk dvkdrkef;wD;olrsm;jzpfaomaMumif h ½k d[if*smxk wpf&yf vH k;uvnf; qErJ ray;cJ hjcif;omjzpfonf/

olwk dY\oabmxm;rS mum; ½k d[if*smrsm;tm; t&m½d S t&mcHtjzpfr[kwfyJ? ]ukvm;ygeD0gvm} ESifh ]xif;ckwform;} ? ]wHigonf} tjzpfrsm;ESif hom atmufwef; aemufwef;usaom vlrsKd;a&;t,lonf;tjrifESif h edrf husaomvlwef;pm; wpfrsKd;tjzpfESif hom awG Yjrifvk daomaMumif hjzpfcJ honf/ xkd Utjyif &moDtvk duf usif;yaom aysmfyGJ½TifyJ Grsm;usif;yonfh 0if;urÇ muGif;wGif ukvm;½k d[if*smrsm; qd kifzGif hra&mif;csEk difa&;twGuf &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Drsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif qH k;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJ honf/ 4if;tusKd;qufaMumif h owif;uRwfESif h wefaqmifwk difyJ Gawmf &ufrsm;wGif zGif hvSpfa&mif;cscJ haomrGwfpviftrsKd;orD;ESpfOD;\ qk difrsm;uk d ½kwfodrf;cJ hvk duf&onf/ xk dyJGawmf&uf usif;y&me,fajrrsm;twGuf ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f½H k;rS ESpfpOf ½lyDaiG 100 usyfpD uscHoH k; pG Jí yJ Gawmf&ufae&m xk difcif;tqifajyacsmarGYapa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif½Gufay;cJ honf/ xd kjrLeDpDy,foH k;pJ GaomaiGonf &ck difvlrsKd;

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pD;yG m;ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&mwGif wef;wl&nfwlomwl&nfrQ½d Sonf[kyg½dSonf/}}

vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; zH G UNzdK;wk d;wuf½Sifoefa&;twGuf ynma&;u@onf tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ ynm?pmay rwwfajrmufaomolonf rsufuef;? em;yifholrsm;ESifh twlwljzpfaomaMumif h rdrdvlrsKd;? Ek difiH?

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rd rda'o[l í worwfwnf; wpfae&mwnf ;wGif raexk d ifonf htwGuf aMumif h ½kd[if*smwk d Ytm; oD;jcm;vlrsKd ;owf rSwf í oD;jcm;e,f ajr tkyf csKyf cGif hay;yg? [kawmif;qk dvd rf hrnf r[kwf ? &ck d if rGwf p vifwkd Yonf rGwf pvif jynfe,f &½d Sa&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;? &ck d if jynf ay:xGuf vma&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; vk d vm;olrsm;r[kwf aMumif; }} ponfjzif h a&;om;cJhbl;onf/

ok d Uaomfjim;vnf; xk drGwfpvif acgif;aqmifonfomvQif &ckdifjynfe,f&½d Sa&;twGuf &ck difvlrsKd;zufu ta&;qk dvmcJ honfuk dawG Y&onf/ xk d Ytjyif olonf ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;ESif h &ck difrGwfpvifwk dY rnfok d Y

pOpOpOpOf NrdK Ye,frsm;NrdK Ye,frsm;NrdK Ye,frsm;NrdK Ye,frsm; oifwef;om;rsm;oifwef;om;rsm;oifwef;om;rsm;oifwef;om;rsm;

1 armifawm 8

2 bl;oD;awmif 7

3 ausmufawmf 19

4 NrdKYa[mif; 175 ppfawG 19

6 aygufawm 7

7 &aohawmif 8

8 ykPÖ m;uRef; 6

9 rif;jym; 7

10 tjcm; 2



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onf/ xk dYaMumif h uRefawmfonf þok d Yaom opö mazgufacgif;aqmifrsm;\aemufrS aemufa,mifvd kufygroG m;&ef ½kd[if*smxkwpf&yfvH k;tm;wyfvSef Y Ed I;aqmfvk dygonf/

tqk dyg rGwfpvifacgif;aqmifqkdolonf r[kwfrrSefowif;rsm; vTifhxkwf&mwGif emrnfausmfMum;ol

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a'otkyfcsKyfa&;uk d ppftkyfcsKyfa&;toGif rajymif;vJyg[k ½Sif;vif;wifjycJ honf/ e,fpyfa'otkyfcsKyfa&;twGif; &aohawmifNrdKYe,frS aus;½G m 49 ½G mtm; ar,ke,fjcm;a'oc½k dif tkyfcsKyfa&;

twGif; yg0ifapcJ honf/ xk daus;½G mom;wk d Yonf &ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfí e,fjcm;a'o tkyfcsKyf

a&;pepfonfvnf; &ck dif (Maugh) tusKd;o,fyk d;&ef tm;oefcJ honf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí

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0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf Ak dvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu jynfol UtkyfcsKyfa&; nTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½Gufrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;cJ haomfvnf; &ck diftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwk d Yu ,H kMunfrIr½d ScJ hacs/ xkd Ytjyif&aohawmifNrdKYe,frS aus;½Gm 49 ½G monf rl*sm[pfwk d Y ½G mykef;½G ma½S mif&ma'ojzpfcJ hNyD; &ck dif (Maugh) vlrsKd;wk d Ytm; Ed SyfpufuvljyKrnfukd &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Yu tNrJwrf;pk d;&drf aecJ honf/ rl*sm[pfwkd Yonf trSeftm;jzif h ½k d[if*smvlxkuk dvnf; csrf;omay; cJ honfr[kwfyg/ rl*sm[pfwk d Yonf &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Ytm;xdyg;aES mif h,SufcJ honfuk d csufcsif;qk dovk d owif;pm rD'D,mrsm;rSwpfqif h a&;om;az:xkwfcJ haomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufrS m ½k d[if*smwk dYtm; ES dyfpufcJ honfuk d xk dpOfu &ck difvlrsKd;wk d YzufrS bufvk dufaom]onfae;½Sef;} owif;pmutaMumif; trsKd;rsKd;jyNyD; raz:jycJhaMumif; od½d S&onf/ rl*sm[pfaomif;

usef;olwkd YaMumif h &ckdif (Maugh)vlrsKd;ESif h ½kd[if*smwk d Ypkaygif; cHpm;cJ h&aom 'ku©uk d jcKHiH kNyD;az:jy& vQif ½k d[if*smwk d Yonf rsm;aomtm;jzif h 99% avmuf 'ku©a0'emcHpm;cJ h&NyD;? &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;onfum;

rajympavmuf 1% rQavmufom cHpm;cJ h&onf/ yrmtm;jzif hajym&vQif ½k d[if*smwk dY\ AvDaygif;ajrmufrsm;pG muk d rl*sm[pfwk d Yu rD;wif½I d UcJ honf htcsdefwGif Ak'bmom&ck difvlrsKd;wk d Y\ bmoma&;txG#ftjrwfxm;&m bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;? bmoma&;ausmif;aqmif wpfckwpfavrQ rD;wif½I d YcJ h jcif;r½d SaMumif; od½dScJ h&onf/ ok d YjzpfaomaMumif hyif rl*sm[pfwkd Ytay: ½kd[if*smxkwpf&yfvH k;uatmESvH k;emMunf;cJh&NyD; xm0pOfrkef;wD;cJhaomaMumif h ½k d[if*smrsm;aexk dif&ma'orS aysmufcsif;rvS aysmufcJ h&avawmhonf/



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jrwfck dif(½Gufopf )

loyal rohingyas (bur)

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