low voltage dc power grid system and...

JL-1

Low voltage DC power grid system and applications

European R&D Project

by Ulrich Boeke

Direct Current Components +Grid

JL-2

Direct Current Components +Grid

by Ulrich Boeke

www.dcc-g.eu

European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council

Contents

1. Motivation

2. Comparison AC & DC

3. DC Sources

4. DC Loads

5. Test Beds

3. April 2014 Ulrich Boeke – Philips Research 3

5. Test Beds

6. Summary

Appendix

Climate Change

Hornkees, Zillertal

1905 2003


S.4Gesellschaft für Ökologische Forschung e.V.

Quelle: www.gletscherarchiv.de

EC Directive on Energy Efficient Buildings


Net Zero Energy Building – with AC Grid

3. April 2014 Ulrich Boeke – Philips Research 66Photo: Marché Restaurants Schweiz AG

Contents

1. Motivation


3. DC Sources

4. DC Loads

5. Test Beds


5. Test Beds

6. Summary

Appendix

Buildings with 3-phase AC Grid

9 % Losses in

• Rectifier

• Cables


• Cables

• Solar inverter

Buildings with 2-phase DC Grid

2 % Losses in

• Cables

• Solar converter

4 % Losses in• Cables• Solar converter


DC Voltage Range• 1-Phase: 360 V�400 V• 2-Phase: 720 V�800 V

Contents

1. Motivation


3. DC Sources

4. DC Loads

5. Test Beds


5. Test Beds

6. Summary

Appendix

Emerson Network Power

2 controllers

Rect. AC input breaker

Main AC switch

2x DC br. for Solar

6x DC breakersNetSure™ 400 V DC Power System

• Output: ± 380 V DC

• Power: 30 kW ... 90 kW

• Solar MPPT: 15 kW or 30 kW

• 6x output circuit breakers 6-63A


2...6x 15kW rectifier

2 controllers+380V, -380V

• 6x output circuit breakers 6-63A

• 1 AC input switch

1...2x SolarMPPT

Parallux® Solar Micro Converter

• 300 W Solar MPPT Converter

• PV module integration

• Higher system efficiency

• Reduced impact of partial shading

Heliox B.V.


• Reduced impact of partial shading

• No string configuration anymore

Micro Turbine Technology B.V.

micro Combined Heat & Power

• 3 kW electric output

• 15 kW thermal output

• Power modulation 50 % - 100 %

• Multi-fuel: Natural & Bio Gas,


• Multi-fuel: Natural & Bio Gas,

LPG, Heating Oil

Contents

1. Motivation


3. DC Sources

4. DC Loads

5. Test Beds


5. Test Beds

6. Summary

Appendix

Stream Semi-Hermetic Piston Compressors

• Industrial & Commercial medium (MT) and low temperature (LT) refrigeration

• Speed controlled PM motors

Emerson Climate Technology & BRNO University of Technology


PWM

+380VDC

DC

DC

L+

M

L-

L1

L2

L3

N -380VDC

N

L1AC Loads

PE

PE PE

RB

AC Grid

Transformer

Solar Power

LED Lighting

• Industry

• Warehouses

• Supermarkets

Philips Research


MAXOS LED Industry Luminaire SmartBalance LED Office Luminaire

Mobillux® Electric Vehicle Charger

• Compact and lightweight charging system

• Power: up to 500 kW

• Charge current up to 1000 A

Heliox B.V.


• Battery voltage: up to 750 V

Siemens AG

Sentron PAC 4200 Smart Meter System

• Monitoring AC and DC Power


E-T-A GmbH & Infineon

Hydraulic-magnetic hybrid circuit breaker

• with remote on / off

• Nominal Voltage: 400 V DC

• Rated current range: 4@160 A

• Turn-off current range: 5 kA


• Turn-off current range: 5 kA

InfineonSemiconductors

S1

S2

S3

Contents

1. Motivation


3. DC Sources

4. DC Loads

5. Test Beds


5. Test Beds

6. Summary

Appendix

Philips Research

DC Micro Grid

SolarModules2 kWpk

AC Reference

MainsGrid230V~

SolarModules12 kWpk

MPP

Lighting Test Bed with AC and DC grid


MPPConverter

54 LEDDC-Drivers + Lamps 37 Wdc

Rectifier

380V=

MPPConverter and PV inverter

230V~

18 LEDDrivers+ Lamps 39 Wac

Fraunhofer IISB

Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology

DCC+G Test Bed to compare AC and DC grid systems

• Emerson: Central rectifier & solar power tracker

• Emerson: Compressor units

• Heliox: PV module integrated MPP converter


• Heliox: PV module integrated MPP converter

• Heliox: Electric vehicle charger

• SolCalor: Thermal electric collector & generator

• MTT: µ-Combined Heat Power (CHP) system

• Philips: Lighting installation

• E-T-A: DC hybrid safety switches

• Siemens: AC & DC Smart meters & monitoring system

• Technical University Eindhoven: DC grid stability analysis

Summary

DCC+G investigates a 2-phase ±380 V DC Power Grid

• Combination of DC Sources & DC Loads

• Fixed Installation

• Commercial Buildings


Target

• To demonstrate energy savings of at least 5 %

by test bed operations

DCC+G Partner Contacts

• Siemens Corporate Technology: Dr. Roland Weiss, [email protected]

• DCC+G Project Manager

• Philips Research: Ulrich Boeke, [email protected]

• Emerson Network Power: Marek Szpek, [email protected]

• Emerson Climate Technology: Igor Majer, [email protected]


• Heliox B.V.: Rudi Jonkman, [email protected]

• Micro Turbine Technology B.V.: Luc Hamilton, [email protected]

• e-t-a GmbH, Peter Meckler, [email protected]

• Fraunhofer IISB: Bernd Wunder, [email protected]

• Infineon: Wilhelm Maurer, [email protected]


www.dcc-g.eu

Abstract

The 12 partners of the European R&D project “Direct Current Components +Grid”

(www.dcc-g.eu ) are investigating a ±380 V DC 2-phase grid as a more energy efficient

alternative to 400 V 3-phase AC grids. Almost all electric power consumers in commercial

buildings, e. g. lighting, IT-equipment, speed-controlled drives for building heating, cooling

and ventilation, as well as electricity sources such as photovoltaic and micro-CHP units

benefit from DC grids. The reduced number of DC/AC and AC/DC conversions holds a


benefit from DC grids. The reduced number of DC/AC and AC/DC conversions holds a

potential for electric energy savings and the reduction of passive and active electronic

components. Another advantage compared to a conventional AC supply arises from the

possibility to halve the conductor cross-sections. That is a cost advantage and it saves on

the limited copper resources. The project partners are developing new semiconductor

components, protection modules and applications for DC grid supply. A joint test bed will

be installed and operated at the partner Fraunhofer Institute IISB in Erlangen, Germany.

2-Phase DC Grid

380 V DC Phase Voltage

� Slightly above the amplitude of the maximum AC phase voltage

� Lowest cost of central rectifiers

� Used in data centers & telecom

Comparison of Grids

V(t) / (Volt)

+380 VDC


� Used in data centers & telecom EN 300 132-3-1 V2.1.1 (2012-02)

Grounding schemes

� Proposal: Equal grounding schemes for AC & DC grids before and after central rectifier, typical TN-S systems

� Standard: IEC 60364-1

T (ms)

-380 VDC

VAC(t) = 230 V ±10%

2-Phase, 4 conductor DC Grid Power Cable Options

1. In comparison with 5 conductor, 3-phase AC cables

1. 37 % more power at equal cable loss and equal copper cross section

2. 56 % lower cable loss at equal power

Comparison of Grids


2. 56 % lower cable loss at equal power

3. 56 % less copper at equal power and cable loss as cost reduction

feature

44.0V380

V2308.0

2

3

V2

V3

R

R8.0

3

2

P

P22

Phase.DC

Phase.AC

conductor.AC

conductor.AC

AC.loss.Cable

DC.loss.Cable =

⋅⋅=

⋅

⋅⋅

⋅⋅=

PE

L3

L2

L1

NPE

M

+ -

PE

DC Cable

AC Cable

25

30

Comparison

� Utility rates for commercial customers in Germany consuming 2F20 Mio. kWh/year

• Solar power cost for systems with rated power 40 kWF1 MW

€ct/kWh Today

Solar power

Feature: Solar Power Cost


0

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2005 2010 2015

Utility rates

in Germany

Estimated future utility rates +4%/Year

Estimated solar power cost trend AC grid systemsDC grid systems

Low Voltage DC Power Systems

• 12 V@24 V: IT, solar powered lighting and water pumps

• 48 V: Telecom & Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) systems

• 110 V: Trains

• 220 V: Mission critical supply of industrial installations

• 200 V@400 V: Electric cars


• 380 V: Data & telecom centers (EMerge Alliance Partners)

• 380 V & 760 V: DCC+G Project

• 600 V@800 V: Public transport (tram, underground)

• 300 V@1000 V: Solar power systems, typically 600 V@700 V DC

when feeding a 3-phase grid connected solar inverter

• 1000 V: DC power grids on ships including propulsion supply

References

� DCC+G Project: www.dcc-g.eu

� U. Boeke et al: Gleichstromnetze für kommerziell genutzte Gebäude,

http://www.elektroniknet.de/power/leistungswandler/artikel/100935/

� ENIAC: European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council, http://www.eniac.eu/web/projects/project_profiles.php

� European Community: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/buildings_en.htm

� Marché Restaurants Schweiz AG: http://www.immofield.ch/immobilien/data/buerobauxmarche.pdf

� Beat Kaempfen: www.kaempfen.com/en/projects/newbuild/marche-international

� Emerson Network Power: 400 V DC Power, http://www.emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Brands/Netsure/ensys-

400v-dc/Pages/Default.aspx


400v-dc/Pages/Default.aspx

� Emerson Climate Technology: Stream - The State Of The Art Semi-Hermetic Piston Technology,

http://www.emersonclimate.com/europe/ProductDocuments/CopelandLiterature/TSH137-EN-

1201_Stream_Broch_Final_LD_0.pdf

� Philips Outdoor Lighting with Solar Power: http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/application_areas/Solarlighting

� Philips Lighting using Power-over-Ethernet:

http://www.newscenter.philips.com/nl_nl/standard/about/news/press/20131212-philips-nieuw-intelligent-lichtsysteem-

voor-kantoren-laat-medewerkers-werkplek-personaliseren-en-beheren-via-smartphone-app.wpd#.UujM0fk1haQ

� Heliox: Discover safe, fast charging Electric Public Transport, http://www.heliox.nl/main/prod_cfc.html

� Siemens: Measuring Devices and Power Monitoring, http://w3.siemens.com/powerdistribution/global/EN/lv/product-

portfolio/sentron/measuring-devices-energy-monitoring/Pages/measuring-devices.aspx

� e-t-a: Photovoltaic product range, http://www.e-t-a.co.uk/news/news_from_e_t_a/new_photovoltaic_products/