© The Johns Hopkins University and The Johns Hopkins Health System Corporation, 2011

Low Tidal Volume VentilationData Collection

Hisham Humsy, RRT

Brad Winters, Ph.D. M.D.

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What is Low Tidal Volume Ventilation (LTVV)?

• Simply:– Targeting a Tidal volume of 4-6 ml/kg of

predicted body weight• Not ideal body weight• Not actual body weight• Predicted body weight based on height

– Avoiding the use of Zero Positive end-expiratory Pressure (ZEEP)• Use PEEP settings ≥ 5 cmH20

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Why should we use it?

• Lung Protection– “Volutrauma”– Barotrauma– Ameliorate activation of chemical inflammatory mediators– Prevent development of ARDS– Improve oxygenation– Improve outcomes

• “ARDSNET” Trial compared outcomes using traditional tidal volumes (>10 cc/kg) to lower volumes (4-6cc/kg) finding significant benefit.

• Several more studies and a meta-analysis led to the conclusion that large Vt and the high pressures it generates were harmful.

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How is it different from what is often used?

• Traditional ventilation strategies use large Vt– 10-12 ml/kg

• However, this approach has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, esp. those with ARDS– Large Vt results in over-distension of some

areas– This leads to inflammatory responses that

damage the lung

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Why the PEEP?

• Use of Positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of ≥ 5 cm H20 is recommended along with the low Vt

• PEEP helps to prevent alveolar collapse at these low Vt, preventing atelectasis and “volutrauma”

• How much PEEP?– Exact setting needed is unclear– It is clear is that zero PEEP (“ZEEP”) is to be

avoided.– ≥5 cm H2O is the goal

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Who should get LTVV?

• Anybody who meets criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or Acute Lung Injury (ALI) should receive this therapy.

• The clinical evidence is quickly mounting that most if not all patients on mechanical ventilation, whether in the ICU or the operating room, would benefit from a LTVV strategy.

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Benefits

• This is why applying this strategy is crucial• Tracking adherence to this strategy is an important

element in improving patient safety and quality for mechanically ventilated patients.

• Potential benefits:– Less lung injury– Less time on the ventilator– Reduce ICU/Hospital LOS– Reduced costs– Reduced VAE

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Stakeholders in LTVV

• Physicians

• Nurses

• Respiratory Therapy

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Poll 1

• Is an RT a member of your CUSP team?– Yes– No– I don’t know– Not on the CUSP team, but RTs are actively

involved in the clinical side of the project

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Poll 2

• If an RT is not a member of your CUSP team, do you think the RTs can be engaged to participate?– Yes– No– I don’t know– RT is already participating– We don’t have RTs in our facility

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Poll 3

• Has your team focused on LTVV in the past?– Yes– No– We are already focusing on LTVV– I don’t know

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Poll 4

• If not, do you think your unit would be interested in implementing LTVV as an area of improvement?– Yes– No– I don’t know

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Respiratory Therapists

• RT has their “hands on the till”– Set up the vents– Program the settings– Alert nurses/physicians to ineffective ventilation– Offer guidance on options for adjusting parameters

or trying other modes/strategies– Track and document all of the vent parameters; Vt,

PEEP, PIP, Plateau Pressures, cuff pressures, secretions etc. etc. etc.

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Respiratory Therapy

• The information necessary to ensure all patients who deserve LTVV get it (closing the “quality gap”) is right in the hands of Respiratory Therapy

• You are the ventilator experts• RT’s can and should be the drivers for closing

this quality gap

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Translation into Practice

• Closing the Quality Gap– It is estimated that less then half of ARDS

patient get low Vt applied in their care– A much smaller fraction of “at-risk” patients

likely receive this therapy– If all patients on a vent deserve this strategy

then we have a long way to go• Focusing on adaptive change, that is how we

do our work, is essential to closing this gap

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What should Respiratory Therapists do?

• Technical and Adaptive work– Technical work is what we do

• The choice of tidal volume, PEEP, etc.– Adaptive work is how we do it

• Ensuring that the technical work gets done appropriately

• That everyone has a role in the process of communication that gets the technical work done

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Start by knowing your baseline

• Get a baseline on how your units are doing applying LTVV strategy– Need to know where you started to know if

you have improved• Use the LTVV Data Collection tool to get this

baseline and track the effectiveness of your interventions.

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LTVV Data Collection Tool

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Close up

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Data Entry

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Ventilator Mode

• Group 1: Volume cycled modes1. Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (CMV)2. Assist Control (AC)3. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)4. Volume Support (VS)5. Pressure Regulated Volume Controlled (PRVC)

• Group 2: Pressure cycle modes1. Pressure Support (PS)

2. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

3. Pressure control (PC)

4. Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)

5. Bilevel ventilation • Group 3:

1. Proportional Assist Ventilation (PAV)

2. Adaptive support ventilation (ASV)

3. Inverse Ratio Ventilation

4. High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV)

5. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

6. Other Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality

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Tidal Volume

• Tidal Volume: Enter the Tidal Volume in milliliters (mL).

• Ventilator modes are on the back of the tool– Group 1 - Use the Preset tidal (prescribed)

volume if the mode is in Group 1 – Group 2 - Please enter the approximate

expired tidal volume. – Group 3 - you should not be collecting this

data.

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Plateau Pressure

• Plateau Pressure: – Enter the Plateau Pressure at or nearest to the

time of observation. – If unavailable or unknown please enter NA. – For APRV/Bilevel modes this is the Phigh value.

– If Group 3, you should not be collecting this data.

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PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure)

• PEEP: – Enter PEEP value at time of observation. – If there is no PEEP value, enter “0”. – For APRV/Bilevel modes this is the Plow value.

– If Group 3, you should not be collecting this data.

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Does the Patient have a Risk Factor for ARDS?

• If the patient has one or more of the following conditions enter “Y”, otherwise enter “No”.– Pneumonia– Sepsis, Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock not

secondary to pneumonia– Aspiration– Trauma

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ARDS?

• Does the Patient have the diagnosis of ARDS at the time of the observation? – Enter Yes or No

• If not easily available, ask physician and/or nursing staff

• Excellent segue to Adaptive Work

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CUSP

• Become an active member of your CUSP Team• Ventilator safety and quality is an area that is often overlooked• It is the role of the RT to make sure it is addressed by the

CUSP Team• Fill out the Staff Safety Assessment with your concerns• Help your CUSP Team with:

• accidental extubation issues• SAT• SBT• LTVV• Sedation issues affecting weaning• Early mobilization

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Adaptive Work

• Once you have baseline data (will discuss reports shortly)– Work with other stakeholders to develop an

intervention to improve• process for evaluating every patient for LTVV

strategy– Daily Goals– Automatic order sets– Respiratory Therapy screening and clearance of vent

orders to be sure they comply with LTVV– Other locally developed strategies

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Adaptive Work

• Respiratory Therapists– Work with nursing to create easy access to height

measurements for Vt calculations at time of initial vent settings

– Work with doctors to make diagnosis or risk for ARDS public knowledge• Again part of daily goals? Other?

– Create process to inform doctors if plateau pressures are high or PEEP was not ordered etc.• Empower RTs to make changes to meet LTVV strategy

if physician is not available pending physician review

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Data

• Data collected for LTVV should be uploaded into the CECity online platform– Enter height in either inches or centimeters – Conversion takes place automatically for calculations

• Reports generated:– Compliance rate for LTVV– Compliance rate for avoiding ZEEP (PEEP >5)– Distribution of tidal volume and PEEP values– Subset compliance rates for patients identified as

having ARDSArmstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality

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Feedback

• Download reports regularly from CECity• Create process to share data with the unit, CUSP

team senior exec, doctors, nurses, other RTs.– Make it public! Post it! Report it! Discuss it!– Make iterative improvements to optimize your

compliance– Analyze your process for barriers if you aren’t

achieving your goals– Work with your IT folks to track if your vent days,

LOS etc. are reduced as you close the quality gap.

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Questions?Comments?

• Let us know your– Concerns– Ideas– Anticipated barriers– Possible implementation techniques

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