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Low PRESSURE Headaches aka Low CSF volume headache: What they area and what can you do? Kathleen B. Digre MD University of Utah

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Page 1: Low PRESSURE Headaches aka Low CSF volume headache: What ... · Low PRESSURE Headaches aka Low CSF volume headache: What they area and what can you do? Kathleen B. Digre MD University

Low PRESSURE Headachesaka Low CSF volume headache: 

What they area and what can you do?

Kathleen B. Digre MDUniversity of Utah

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Disclosure:  I have a part ownership on a patent for  thin‐filmed 

technology ; 

I will discuss treatments that have not been FDA approved.  There are NO FDA approved treatments for this disorder

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32 year old car salesman• Weight lifter every day before work• One morning developed a new daily persistent headache: Present when he is upright and improved when he lay down.

• Progressed to be associated with nausea, vomiting, arm numbness, vertigo

• Neurological examination normal

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MR FINDINGS

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OTHER WORK UP

• Lumbar puncture:  no obtainable pressure• Radionucleotide scan: normal• Thoracic‐Lumbar MR no gross abnormality

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Dx:  Spontaneous intracranial hypotension

• Blood patch placed at least 5 times, blindly‐‐‐with brief headache improvement

• Epidural Saline placed• IV caffeine; theophylline • No relief

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CT MYELOGRAM—tubular linear collections of contrast C6‐7  to T7‐8; worst around T6‐7

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Admitted to University

• Patch placed T4‐7 of 18 cc—– lay flat for 48 hours;– stool softeners– Stop weight lifting for now

• Headache resolved

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HISTORY • First described in 1938 and later in 1953 by Schaltenbrand‐‐“aliquorrhoea”

• He was the first to observe that it is a low fluid state and not necessarily a low pressure state

• Mokri ‐‐ “CSF hypovolemia”‐‐even though intracranial hypotension has been used in publication

• Other names:– spontaneous low pressure headache, – low CSF volume headaches, – hypoliquorrhoeic headache, – orthostatic headache– Intracranial hypotension 

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ICHD DEFINITION 7.2: Headache attributed to Low CSF Pressure

Description:  an orthostatic headache associated with low CSF pressure (secondary or spontaneous) and usually seen with neck pain, tinnitus, changes in hearing, photophobia and/or nausea.  Headache resolves when there is successful sealing of the CSF leak.Diagnostic criteria:• A. Any headache fulfilling criterion C • B. Low CSF pressure (<60 mm CSF) and/or evidence of CSF leakage on imaging

• C. Headache has developed in temporal relation to low CSF pressure or CSF leakage, or led to its discovery

• D. Not better accounted for by another diagnosis.

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“Low Pressure Headache” or CSF hypovolemia

• PRIMARY‐‐– Spontaneous without antecedent cause

7.2.3

• SECONDARY– Lumbar Puncture (7.2.1)– CSF fistula (7.2.2) 

• Intracranial shunt overdrainage

• Spinal and cranial surgeries

• Sinus surgeries• Nerve root avulsion

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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ICHD 3 (beta) CRITERIA FOR LOW PRESSURE HEADACHE—3 types

• 7.2.1: Post‐dural puncture headacheA. Any headache fulfilling CB. Dural puncture performedC. Headache within 5 days of LPD. No better diagnosis

• 7.2.2 CSF fistula headacheA. any headache fulfilling CB. Both of the following: 

• Procedure or trauma that can cause a CSF leak

• Low CSF pressure (<60 mm CSF) and/or evidence of low CSF pressure and/or CSF leakage on MR, myelography, CT myelography, or radionuclide cisternography

C. Headache developed in temporal relation to procedure or traumaD. no better diagnosis

No specific criteria7.2.3 Headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotensionA. Any headache fulfilling CB. Low CSF pressure (<60 mm 

CSF) and or evidence of CSF leakage on imaging

C. Headache developed in relation to low CSF pressure or CSF leakage or has led to its discovery

D. No better diagnosis

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Challenges with the diagnosis and treatment

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History: Recognize Headache PLUS• Typical Severe headache AND neck stiffness; 

– Often orthostatic:  better lying down; worse upright– Type: throbbing +/‐, often intense, usually bilateral (occipital, 

holocephalic)– often worse with coughing sneezing, straining

• Many other phenotypes:– New Daily Persistent headache– Lingering daily headache/neck pain/interscapular pain– Chronic daily headaches following orthostatic headache– Thunderclap onset– Paradoxical headache: worse lying down; better upright– Exertional headache– Intermittent headache (intermittent leak)– Acephalgic headache!

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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Other symptoms• Nausea• Visual symptoms: blurred, photophobia, diplopia (usually 6th nerve, rare 3 or 4)

• Noises in the ear “buzzing;” tinnitus• Characteristic postural symptoms• vertigo (Meniere’s like)• facial numbness; limb numbness• Changes in taste!• Lethargy, encephalopathy, personality change• FTD dementia; Parkinsonism• Bowel and bladder control• Gait difficulty

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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Recognize the SIGNS

• Slow pulse “vagal pulse”• CSF fluid leakage from nose, ear• No papilledema• Diplopia:  VI nerve palsy (1/4 of Mokri’s series)

– Look for esotropia—do cover cross‐cover testing!

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23 year old woman with a chronic headache since delivery and  “epidural”‐‐Chronic diplopia.  Examination showed 20 diopter  esotropia

ONSET ABOUT 3 MONTHS LATER

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RISK FACTORS are frequently “daily activities!”

• Lumbar puncture• Head trauma• Sports: water sports, weight lifting, golf• Cough from URI• Chiropractor manipulation• MVA• Fishing (forceful movement of casting)• Yoga• Genetics:  Marfan’s syndrome; Ehlers Danlos

– Look for joint hypermobility, hyperelasticity of the skin– Family history of aortic aneurysm; higher incidence of 

intracranial aneurysm (Schievink, Maya J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 113‐5)

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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MECHANISMS for loss of CSF

• Leakage of fluid:– Spinal “Tarlov Cyst”– Nose– Ear

• Reduced production of fluid• Rapid CSF absorption—CSF venous fistula!

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Recognize the MRI FINDINGS• SAGGING BRAIN

– Tonsillar herniation– Brainstem and mesencephalon 

slumping– Descent of the iter– Optic nerve/chiasmal dipping– Loss of pre‐pontine cistern– Flattened pons– Flattened chiasm– Crowding of posterior fossa

• ENLARGED PITUITARY GLAND• Dilated Veins

Mokri, Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 400‐413Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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MR FINDINGS

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MR FINDINGS

MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENTSmall Ventricles Engorged veins

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Imaging CHALLENGE:  Is it a Chiari??CSF hypovolemia Chiari 1

Mea et al Neurol Sci 2011; 32 suppl 3 S291‐4)

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Challenge:  Finding THE LEAK• SPINAL MR FINDINGS

– Meningeal diverticula (Tarlov Cysts) most in thoracic>lumbar>cervical

– Meningeal diverticula– Engorged spinal epidural plexus

• Radionuclide scanning: See poor uptake in the brain, and early detection in the bladder

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CT MYELOGRAPHY

• Most sensitive• Requires myelographic material and CT scanning time (x‐rays)

• Imaging the entire spine• Interpretation can be difficult (“gutter of the epidural space”)

• Reasons for negative scan:  “fast leaks” and “slow leaks”

• MR gadolinium myelography• 46‐55% have NO CSF LEAK on myelography!!

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Tarlov’s cysts—seen in 40%Look for dural sacs 4%

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CT MYELOGRAM—meningeal/dural tear—anterior and posterior  

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RADIONUCLIDE SCANNING

From Chung et al.  Neurology 2000; 55:1321

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CSF‐Venous Fistula

• Direct fistula of CSF and paraspinal vein

• Must do digital subtraction myelography—and look at the time of the myelogram

• Focal rupture of vein—

• Can be seen with surgery

Kranz et al AJNR  2016; 37: 1379‐81:  Schievink 2016

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CSF FINDINGS

• PRESSURE– 46% had pressure 40 mm or lower– 25% pressure 41‐90– 25% pressure 90‐130

• CSF FINDINGS– Lymphocytosis in >50% (>5 WBC) and (20‐40 cells in almost 50%)

– Protein elevation of > 70 mg/dl – Clear, blood tinged, xanthochromia

Mokri 2013

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Challenge:  TREATMENT

• Epidural Blood Patches– Blind patches– Directed patches– Repeating the patch– 2‐ large volume (20‐30 mL) patches in lumbar area, followed by 10 minutes with the head lowered (Dillon)

– Failure only if the above tried– Multiple patches can be needed

• Fibrin Glue

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REASONS FOR BLOOD PATCH FAILURE

• Leaks too large• Too many leaks‐‐all along the spine• Leaks are far lateral along the nerve root sleeves

• Leaks have formed pseudocyst‐‐walled off from epidural space

• The problem is a venous‐CSF fistula!

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Medical Treatment• Bed rest, coffee, hydration, time• IV fluids• Corticosteroids• Abdominal binder• Vitamin A• MEDICATIONS To Increase CSF  (Absher)

– Cholinergic: carbachol, prostigmine– Sympathetic agonists: albuterol, ephedrine– Phosphodiesterase inhibitors:  caffeine, theophylline, 

theobromine– Promote CSF secretion: Caffeine sodium benzoate

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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OTHER TREATMENTS• Epidural saline Infusion

– Quick– Complications: infections, pneumocephalus

• Surgical correction– Ligation of diverticula – Packing of the site– Occluding a draining vein (Schievink 2016; Krantz 2016)– “dural reduction” (Schievink Headache 2009;49: 1047‐51)

• Other treatments– Intrathecal fluid injection (replace CSF volume)– IV saline infusion– Epidural dextran infusion

Mokri Headache 2013; 53: 1034‐1053

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Headache mechanism

• Loss of CSF volume more important than the absolute pressure.  Kunkle showed that 10% loss needed to set up headache (Trans Am Acad OphthalmolOtolaryngol. 1963 Nov‐Dec;67:758‐65)

• Pain due to stretching of veins, traction from descent

• Reduced compliance and loss of elastance(Shams, Goadsby J Neurol 2005; 252: 273‐82)

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COMPLICATIONS

• Subdural hematoma from traction on the Cortical veins and engorgement of the veins due to lack of CSF

• Stupor from central herniation—even death• Rebound intracranial hypertension!• Venous sinus thrombosis• Fronto‐temporal dementia syndrome (Wicklund et al 

Neurology 2011; 76: 1377‐82)

• Recurrence!

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The Final Challenge

• How does pressure relate to headache– Little direct research into this

• Contribution from amount of fluid?• Contribution from blood flow?• CSF‐Venous shunts—closing the vein? • Other?

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