low emission zones in europe lucy sadler

Lucy SadlerSadler Consultants Ltd

Edinburgh, 17th July 2014

LEZs in Europe

CSadler

onsultants

Specialists in air quality policy

CSadler

onsultantswww.lowemissionzones.eu : www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk

Where did it all start…?• 1996 3 LEZs in Sweden

• 2002 North Italy, with winter LEZs, Mont Blanc tunnel restrictions & cost variations

• 2008, London, Berlin, Cologne, Netherlands, Milan Ecopass started

• Meanwhile ~ 200 LEZs planned / in operation

• ~1760 local authorities, 13 countries

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LEZs in Europe

~200 LEZs

~1760 auths

13 countries

+ Japan, Beijing…

From www.lowemissionzones.eu or www.urbanaccessregulations.eu – Info on European LEZs, run by us (CLARS)

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2(1)

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1270(1)

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1630

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(1)Antwerp

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http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/

http://www.urbanaccessregulations.eu/

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Why did it all start?• Air quality, health, EU limit values

• Ecopass also due to congestion

• CO2 & climate change was not an issue with LEZs– Little traffic reduction observed for ‘normal’ LEZs– Fleet changes vehicle rather than stop journey

• However– now realised climate change importance of black carbon

– Combination with congestion charge

– ULEZ restricting far more vehicles

• Make LEZs more relevant to climate change than previously thought

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LEZ Overview• A wide range of LEZs, Variations on a theme,

• Vehicles: from all vehicles → lorries only

• Sizes: from ~2000km2 → Lisbon Zone 1

• Emissions standards: Petrol Euro 1 → Diesel Euro 4, (Euro VI)

• Enforcement: camera, sticker, checking papers, (transponder)

• Most PM focused - eg Euro 4(PM)• Allows greater emissions impact for lower cost

• Diesel particulate filter allows PM10 reduction, now also de-NOx

• Most phased introduction

• NO2-focused schemes investigated + London buses

• LEZ investigations / plans continuing – Norway, UK, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Portugal…

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Germany

• National framework, local decision & implementation• All vehicles except 2 & 3 wheelers

– Class 2: All diesel vehicles Euro 2(PM); petrol Euro 1– Class 3: All diesel vehicles Euro 3(PM); petrol Euro 1– Class 4: All diesel vehicles Euro 4(PM); petrol Euro 1

• eg Berlin from 1.1.2008, from 2010Freiburg from 2010, from 2012, from 2013

• Baden-Württemberg co-ordinating 20+ towns - those with PM10 problem start March 2008; NO2 problem 2010.

• Manually enforced with sticker, fines & points on your driving licence

• Tax incentives for retrofits & cheaper loans for new vehicle purchase to help compliance

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The Netherlands• 13 LEZs with national framework• Lorries only >3.5T

– 2008-2010• Euro 1 and less banned• Euros 2 & 3 require filter• Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in

– 2010 - July 2013• Euro 2 and less banned• Euro 3 require filter & must be <8 years• Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in

– After July 2013• Only Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in

– From 2015 vans in >= 1 city– Had ‘covenant’ before national legislation

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Milan (Ecopass)Congestion Charge & LEZ

• More polluting vehicles chargedfor entry 7:30-19:30 – Free: Class 1

• AFV; gas, electric, hybrid

– Free: Class 2 • Petrol: cars Euro 3+• Diesel: cars & GV Euro 4+ or with filter

– 2€/day: Class 3• Petrol Euro 1, 2

– 5€/day: Class 4• Petrol: cars Euro 0; GV Euro 1, 2; • Diesel: cars Euro 3; GV Euro 3; buses Euro 4 & 5

– 10€/day: Class 4• Diesel: cars Euro 0; GV Euro 0-2; bus Euro 0-3

• Resident & multiple entry discounts (non-commercial vehicles only)• In addition to LEZ controls• Reduced traffic & pollution• In operation 1.1.2008 - 31.12.2011. Now simple charge plus ban for pre-

Euro 4 diesel, pre-Euro 1 petrol (‘Area C’)

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Norway

• In planning / consideration for 3 towns

• NO2 focused

• Would work on an ‘Environmental Tax’ basis– Building on existing AutoPASS entry charges

• Vehicles <Euro 6/VI pay– Lower Euro standard → higher cost– Priority → Euro VI/6, banning could only be done later (+ culture of

environmental tax)

• Camera and transponder enforced– As are AutoPASS & studded tyre charges

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Retrofit certifications• LEZ-based certifications

– So far, each country has had its own certification scheme, similar but slightly different

– All bring the vehicle to a higher Euro standard for PM

• New ISO Standard– For both PM10 (↓90%) and/or NO2 (↓60%)

– Can be used from end 2014– Should also enable new standards

• eg Euro III / Euro II + full DPF or • Euro VI / Euro V + de-NOx

– Means a separate certification is not needed• France has new certification based on draft ISO → final ISO when published

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LEZ impact• Will depend on city eg

– LEZ• Standard• Size• Vehicles affected• How well enforced• How people comply (new vehicles, retrofit, 2nd hand vehicles)

– Pre-LEZ vehicle fleet• Vehicle fleet age & vehicle types

– The pollution problem• How bad problem is• % traffic pollution• % local vs external pollution• Geography of the city• Weather

• Weather changes each year– Care needed to compare concentrations before & after– Calculations needed

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Non-AQ impacts• Traffic flows have remained fairly constant

– Exception is the Milan• Little negative business impacts reported

– Many forecast, including job losses– DE & NL have ‘hardship’ exemptions, few have been taken

• Gothenburg haulier & supplier LEZ survey was positive – 21% very good 'overall rating‘, 28% fairly good, only 20% negative

• LEZs cost both to run and comply with– Again, exemption is Milan Ecopass in terms of running cost

• But improve health and save money• Health and financial benefits

– Copenhagen's 1st phase estimated to reduce 90 premature deaths and save the community 10m€

– 2nd phase estimated to reduce 150 deaths, 150 relevant hospital admissions, 750 bronchitis attacks, 8,000 asthma attacks & 90,000 days of restricted activity

• Worth remembering: diesel emissions are carcinogenic, with more health impact than simply PM10 (WHO announcement)

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Impact of LEZ in Stockholm (in 2000)

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0,5

1,0

1,5

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3,0

No zone With zone2000

Full Zone

Illegal vehicles

Motor exchange

Exhaust aftertreatment

Other legal vehicles

Ton /year

Vehicle category

-40%

-50%

Zone 2000: 0.5 - 9 %

Full zone: 0.5 - 12 %

Emissions of PM10 Emissions of NOx

Concentrations of PM0.2

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50

100

150

200

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No zone With zone2000

Full Zone

Illegal vehicles

Motor exchange

Exhaust aftertreatment

Other legal vehicles

Ton /year

Vehicle category

-10%-20%

Enforcement improved since this assessment

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Impact of London LEZ – post-implementationPollutant Of total emis Of traffic emis

NOx -2% (529T)

NO2 +2.6% (+116T)

CO2 +0.06% (4243T)

PM10 -1.9% (28T) -3%

PM2.5 -2.4% (-26T) -3.7%

NO2 Average concs reduced by 0.12 μg/m3, Peak reductions up to 0.16 μg/m3

Rigid HGVs phase 1 Euro 3(PM) Artic HGVs phase 1

No LEZ No LEZWith LEZ With LEZ

97% compliance:

PM10 Average concs reduced 0.03 μg/m3

Peak reductions up to 0.5 μg/m3

+ reductions from TfL buses ~ ↓90% 2000-2010 yet 32% more km [= ↓ 280%]

Black Carbon Reduced by 40-50%

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Impacts of Milan’s Ecopass• Primarily aimed at PM – Po valley• Concentration reduced

– PM10 annual average 4%, exceedences 13%

• Emissions from traffic (as well as traffic) reduced– PM10 19%, NOx 11%, CO2 9%

• During Area C operation 7:30-19:30 traffic emissions reduced– PM10 18%, NOx 10%, CO2 22%

Date at which 35 exceedences reached…Annual NOx emissions

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PM metric & ‘safe levels’

• Diesel particulate, Black Carbon, Soot all reduced more than PM10 or PM2.5

• These are the metrics WHO now confirming as most harmful to health

• Even of PM10, there is no ‘safe level’, and all reduction in concentrations improves health

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How achieve most impact• Decide if most impact, or most impact for least cost / CBA• Determine aims

– Health, CBA, LV compliance

• Most important sources first– Assess what makes sense for AQ ; what possible & when

• Standards & retrofit– Euro 4 or 6 (IV/VI), with retrofit, either dpf only, or dpf & scr →

nearly Euro VI

• Timing– Priority more Euro VI, reducing move to Euro V– Phasing to allow adjustment & compliance

• but avoid phasing with pre-Euro VI HDV standards

• Good enforcement, communication, high penalty• Complementary measures, funding

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Factors affecting LEZ choices• Standards, size, vehicles

– Large / strong enough to make impact, yet affordable

– For NO2 → Euro VI or Euro V + de-NOx as soon as possible

• Vehicles included– Impacts, economics, politics

• Enforcement– Other schemes, cost, culture, LEZ size, impact

• Retrofit– ↑ impact (especially heavy duty vehicles), ↓ cost , ↑ acceptability,

• Pre-planning– Give advance notice; often needed within poltical term or by 2015 for EU

• Area– Ring road or known boundary

• City vehicles– Eg London had large impact with own buses

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Needs careful assessment• Appropriate metrics needed• Difficult to separate LEZ from other factors

– But can be done

• Modelling to assess likely impact before implementation– Include pre-LEZ fleet, how comply, compliance rates etc– CBA useful, not only LVs, but health vs implem. costs

• Methods for post-implementation assessment include– Comparing ave AQ monitoring inside LEZ with comparable outside

– Source apportionment combined with conc. reductions to ascribe these to the traffic & therefore LEZ

– Monitored vehicle emissions standards pre- & post LEZ

– Statistical procedures, eg ‘meteorological normalisation’, to remove influence of variability from non-local sources; or identify the traffic component

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Good Practice summary

• National framework if >1 city in the country- ↑ clarity, ↑ acceptance, ↓ to city, easier to understand & communicate

• Based on vehicle emission Euro standards– Retrofitting DPF reduces the cost of reducing especially PM

– Full filters significantly increase PM reduction, especially ultrafines

• Phase in scheme– Vehicles, area– Later phases had greater effect; earlier enabled drivers to adjust

• Plan ahead– Give enough warning to drivers ~ 1-2 years, set out future stages – Where less warning, more temporary exemptions (not as good)

• LEZ be large & strict enough to have impact– Stricter schemes have more impact AQ & affect more people

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Good Practice summary (2)• Clear, simple, effective rules • Good communication, spread information

- Information spread around Europe if foriegn vehicles affected

• Few carefully chosen exemptions– More exemptions = less air quality impact– ‘Hardship’ exemptions in German & Dutch LEZs eg if no

retrofit available & prove newer vehicle will cause bankruptcy

• Good enforcement- Better enforcement, more air quality improvement and

fairness

• Part of a package of measures

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Main Mechanisms

• Bus LEZs: Traffic Commissioner regulation, Green Bus Fund £

• General LEZ: TRO / Congestion Charge (CCS)

• ULEZ in central area combined with CCS– Combining with CCS is an opportunity rather than a

challenge, see Area C, London enforcement

• LEZ for captive fleets– Bus, dustbin lorries, council fleet

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National Framework

• Needed for LEZs other than bus LEZs– UK Government & DfT ‘seem reluctant’

– Scottish Government could have a Scottish framework, which English authorities then also adopt?

• National framework resolve many issues, potentially with some variations for cities to choose, eg DE

• More details in DfT report

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CostsBetter enforcement

= ↑ impact

→ ↑ implementation/running £

(= ↑ affected → slightly ↑ compliance £)

Stricter standard

= ↑ impact = ↑ affected → ↑ compliance £

More affected

= ↑ impact = ↑ compliance £ • (Good) Manual enforcement

– ↓ £ implementation ↑ £ running– Enforce / require parking, ↓£

• Camera enforcement – ↑£ implementation ↓£ running

– With CCS, enforcement comes ‘free’

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Sharing experience

• CLARS Platform membership

• See www.urbanaccessregulations.eu/public-authorities • European Commission funded, membership is FREE and

provides access to:– A large collection of relevant information, guidance, advice and

links– Ask questions of the secretariat and other LEZ/ARS authorities– A forum to ask questions, discuss issues, post information– Periodic emails with news, updates and issues– EC considering guidance for LEZs & urban road charging.

CLARS would be used for informal consultation– The Platform is here to provide what you need, so let us know

what else you need!

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http://www.urbanaccessregulations.eu/public-authorities

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Some Best Practice cities

• Berlin– Manual enforcement, assessments, other measures,

approachable…

• Milan– CCS & LEZ, camera enforced

• London– You are probably already in contact

• Stockholm– Long experience & with CCS

• Netherlands have negotiation with hauliers– Very Dutch approach – & amazing! (expensive too in grants)

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For more information on LEZs

Lucy Sadlerwww.lowemissionzones.eu

or www.urbanaccessregulations.eu

Lucy.Sadler @ airqualitypolicy.co.uk00 49 7641 9375 335

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low emission zones in europe lucy sadler

Environment

diesel euro

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