lousy phylogenies: phthiraptera systematics and the antiquity of lice division of environmental and...
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Lousy Phylogenies:
Phthiraptera systematics and the antiquity of lice
Division of Environmental and Evolutionary BiologyInstitute of Biomedical and Life Sciences
Graham Kerr BuildingUniversity of Glasgow
Scotland, UK
Vincent S. Smith
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Lice (Phthiraptera): biology
i. Diversity• 4,384 spp “chewing lice” (3,508 bird & 402 mammal spp)
• 543 spp sucking lice (812 spp mammal)
iv. Cophylogeny, cospeciation & coevolution
ii. Physical characteristics• wingless, dorsoventrally flattened, 0.3-11mm, 3 nymphal instars
• feed on feathers, fur & skin debris (“chewing lice”) or blood
• adaptations against host grooming
iii. Distribution• mirror host distribution worldwide in virtually everyhabitat
• absent on Chiroptera, Cetacea, Microbiotheria, Monotremata, Notoryctemorphia, Pholidota & Sirenia.
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- 1,350 spp in 7 families
- Most “primitive” suborder
- More vagile, less host
specific
- Widespread on birds
- 2 fam. South American
mammals & marsupials
- 1 fam. on Australasian
marsupials
- 3,060 spp., # families ?
- Widespread, ~90% spp.
on birds
- Avian groups poorly
known
- Highly host specific
- Niche restricted
- Mammal infesting
species of veterinary
significance
- Just 3 species
- On unrelated hosts
- Acquired via shared use
of watering holes?
- Tiny mandibles present
at end of a long rostrum
pierce hosts thick skin
- 550 spp. in 16 families
- Absent from birds
- Well studied
- Greatest medical &
veterinary significance
- Vectors of several
important diseases
- Low prevalence on
heathy hosts
AmblyceraAmblycera IschnoceraIschnocera RhynchophthirinaRhynchophthirina AnopluraAnoplura
Lice (Phthiraptera): taxonomyChewing Lice “Mallophaga”
Sucking Lice (Anoplura)
Psoco
ptera
Psoco
ptera
- 1,350 spp in 7 families
- Most “primitive” suborder
- More vagile, less host
specific
- Widespread on birds
- 2 fam. South American
mammals & marsupials
- 1 fam. on Australasian
marsupials
- 3,060 spp., # families ?
- Widespread, ~90% spp.
on birds
- Avian groups poorly
known
- Highly host specific
- Niche restricted
- Mammal infesting
species of veterinary
significance
- Just 3 species
- On unrelated hosts
- Acquired via shared use
of watering holes?
- Tiny mandibles present
at end of a long rostrum
pierce hosts thick skin
- 550 spp. in 16 families
- Absent from birds
- Well studied
- Greatest medical &
veterinary significance
- Vectors of several
important diseases
- Low prevalence on
heathy hosts
Kim & Ludwig, 1982 (Morphology)
Parasitic Lice ((Phthiraptera)
Pso
copt
era
Pso
copt
era
Lyal, 1985 (Morphology)
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Rhyn…
GenusFamilySuborder
Amblycera
Ischnocera
Anoplura3
532
3,060
1,344
Mammals
BirdsAmblycera
Ischnocera
Rhyn…
Anoplura
Known Louse Phylogeny, 1996
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GenusFamilySuborder
3
532
3,060
1,344
Amblycera
Ischnocera
Rhyn…
Anoplura
GenusFamilySuborder
3
532
3,060
1,344
Amblycera
Ischnocera
Rhyn…
Anoplura
1996 2003
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