REPORT TO CONGRESS

LOSSES IN UNITED S 1780'S TO 1980'S

LOSSES IN THE UNITED STATES I 7 80 ' s TO 1980 '5

P RI.W.1P IL A t'1l10#1

Thomas E. Dahl U.S. Fish and Wildlife SCT";cC: National Wedands Invcntor),

St. Pcten;burg, Florida

TnRSICAL ASSl5TA\'a: ~ \/)

B MXGNOl. \"0 1)."ln AN'wlt/B) Bt

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National 'IX'ctlands Invemory Group

Sf. Peu:n;burg. Florida

Branch of Special " rojcels wash ington, DC

This repon should be cited as follows:

Dahl , T.E. 1990. U"' UIA,\'DS LOSSFS IN TIlE UNI1ED STIIT~ 1780's TO 198(}'s. U.S. Dcpanmcm o f the Interior, Fish and Wild li fe SelVicc, Washingto n. D.C. 13pp.

WETLAND S L OSSES IN THf U NITfD ST Io TIiS ._ .. _ .. _---

PREFACE

Wetlands are disappearing at a r .. pid rotc. Although measures are actively being sought to stem wetland losses and restore wetbnd acreage, the rote of welland conversion O\'er the years

has been dromatic. This is the first of m'o reportS to Congress on the statuS of wetland

rt"'SOurces in the United States, This repon , a one-time effon, focuses on documenting historical wetland losses that occurred from colonial times through the 1980's. It is a compilation of existing data from a variety of sources. The second report will update the inforl11.\1Iion contained in SrIffiJS AND TRBYDS OF \Vt,71A,VDS AND DEEPW'I'JER J-iABrrllTS IN mE CONTERMINOUS

UNrrED Sf;.\TES. TIle study etTon for the second report wi!! gcncmtc new information based on a statistical analysis of wetland changes from the 1970's to the 1980's. ' [he status:mel trends report will be uJXbted every ten rears as required by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986.

This repon is the pnxiUCl of the Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory. Special appreci:nion is extended to Constance Harriman, Assistam Secretary, Fish and Wildlife and Parks; John Turner, Diru.tor, Fish and WikJlife Serncc; J\l:.u::mne fum, Chief, Office of Program Analysis: and Bill 0. WIlen, Project Leader, National Wetlands Inventory.

'l'ETU,I>'D S rOSSES II>' TilE U IVITED STAT ES -----------

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lislof'lables ............... .

PAGE

. . . .. Iv

List of Figures ....................................... iv

Executive Summary ................................ . J

Inrroduction .......................................... 2

Focus of the Repon .............................. 3

Estimating Wetland Losses .................... 3

Summary of Findings I 780's • 1980·s ......... 5

Correlation with Other Data SClS. . .... B

Estimates of Original Wetland Acreage ... . .. 8

National StaiuS Summary ........... ............ 10

References . .. . .. .. . .. .. ............... ..... . .... . .. I]

iii

W E T LA N D S lO SS E S IN T il E U N I T fi D S TAT fi S -._--_._ .. -

LIST OF TABLES PA.GE 5

PAGE 7

TABU~ I Wetland losses in the Uni ted Stales 1780's to 1980's by State

TABLE 2 Original wetland acreage e~timates;

Comparison of vario us data sets

LIST OF FIGURES PAG !': 2

PAGE 3

PAGE 6

PA.GE 6

PAGE 8

tv

l'IGURE 1

Geographical configuration of Colonial America in In s

FIGURE 2 State boundaries and terri to rial expansion circa 1790 (N/opted/rom Stolt 19 70)

FIGURE 3 Wetland distribution c irca 1780's

Flq URI: 4 Wetland distribution circa 1980's

FIGURE S Extent ;md location of an ificially drained agricultural land in the United States, 1985 (CouneS)' o/U. S DeplIrt"umIO/ Agriculture, Economic ReR>w 'cb $en 'ice)

~' li T U. N f)S LOSS Ii S IN TJIIi (,,\'ITI! D 5T AT F.S _______ ww_w

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 1989, the Congress direcl(xithc Sc.>ctetary of the Interior to assess the estimated total number of wetland acres :L~ o f the [780's and the [98t)'s in the areas that now comprise each St:ttc. Congress also requin:..-'d

an 'I.SSCSSmcm of the (.">timmed percentage of loss of wetlands in each state during this 200·year timespan. This report has been prepared to fulfill those requiremenLS.

In compiling the information in this report, an attempt has lx.--en made to present the most reliable datll on wetl:tnd !lcre!lge. lnfomlation has been taken from a variety of sources and different types of data SCts to generate these acreage estimates. TIle user is en< .. 'Ou~ged to refer to the source materials presemed documenting lIcreage cstimlltcs for the time­frames for each state.

AI. the time of Colonial America. the area that now constitutes the 50 Unit(.'d Stlltes contained an estimated j':}l. mIllion acres of wetlands. Of this total, 221 million acres were located in the lower 48 states. Another 170 mi1Iion acres occurred in Al:J.ska. Hm.vail conrairM:.'d an estimated S9,(XX) lIeres.

Ch'er a period of 200 years, the lower 48 stlltCS bst an estimated 53 perrent of their original welL-tnds. Al.1Ska has lost a fraction of one percent while Hawaii has lost an estimated 12 percent of its original '.vetland areas. On average, this m<.-'3IlS that the 1Q\\'Cr 48 states h.1ve lost over 60 acres of wetlands for every hourbern'CCn the 1780's and the 1980's.

l11C data presented in t.his repon ilxlicatc th.·u 22 Sllltes have lost 50 per­cent or more of their original wetlands. Califomia has lost the largest fX'r­centage of original wetlands within the Slllte (91 %). Florida has lost the most acreage (9.3 million acres). 111C dmll presented in this repon should be interpreted in context. TIle e;till''Latccl pen::<.111 of wetlands loss for an indi­vidual s tate must be examined in contcxt to the IOtal <.'S timated surface acreage of the state , the 1780's total cstimau:.'<i \veti:lnd acreage of the state, and the current 1980's estimated wetland acreage. For instllnce, the St3te of California ha.~ a IOtai surf.'lce area of approximllleJy 10 I million acres and it is estimated that in the 1780's California had 5 million acres ofwet­lands, o r approximately 5 percent ofCaliforni.a's lotalllcn:age was consid­ered wetlands. It is now estim3led that califorma has less than 500,000 wetland acres remaining. l1lis estimate represents a wetlands loss of91 percent of the 1780's estimated acreage, but also means thaI currently less than one-half o f I percent of Califomia's total acreage is wetlands.

Wetland acreage dala , by state, has been tabulated for the 2QO..year timespan.

1

II'E TL ~N/) S LOSSES I." TilE U NIT£O ST~T £ S ---------

INTRODUCTION

1;hroughoullhe United Slales, a wide variety d welland types exist ranging from permafrost underlain wetlands in Alaslm. to trOpil'a.l r:lin forests in Hawaii to riparian wetland~ in thl.! arid southwest. Although

wet1aJl{l~ occur in every state in the Nation, they vary in size, shape, and type because of differing climate, vegetation, soils, and hydrolOgic conditions.

Since the time of Colonial America, wetlands have been regarded as a hindrance to productive land usc. Swamplands, bogs, sloughs, and other wetland areas were considered v.--::lSteiands to be drained, filled, or manip­ulated to "produce" other than natural services or commodities. I Recently we have begun to recognize that wetlands are vital areas thai constitute a productive and invaluable public resource. \'\:-etlands are important for pro­viding fish and wildlife habitats; for maintaining ground water supplies and \vater quality; for protecting shorelines from eroson; for storing flood­waters and trapping sedimenL~ that can pollute watenvays j and for modi­fying climatic changes.

Because the values of wetlands and their overall ffivironmental impor­tance have been only recently recognized, the United States has a 200-year history of wetland conversion. Collectively, wetland losses have diminished the quality of our natural resource base to the point where we must carefully balance our economic, social, and environmental goals. The issue of how much wetland acre.'lgC has been lost in the United States has led to heated debates about limiting alteration of natural resoun:es.2

OverstatemenL~ or misrepresentations of the remaining wetland acreage are usually the result of emOtional arguments r::tther than factual data. This report and Other fonh<.:oming report$ prepared by the Department of the Interior will provide the needed information on the acreage status of our Nation's wetlands.

2

If'E.TLA ,VDS LOSSE.S 1,\' Tilt" I ' NITf.D STA TES ---------

FOCUS OF THE REPORT

Section 401 (a) of the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 [16 USc. 3931 (a) I was amendc'd by SL"'Ction 18 of the North

American Wetlands Conservation ACt of 1989 (r.L. 10 1-233). The amendment r('(luires the following:

(A) an assessment of the estimated total num­ber of acres of wetland habitat as of the 17&r s in the areas that now comprise each state; and

(B) an assessment of the estimated tOtal num­Ix:r of acres of wetlands in C'£Ich state as of the 1980's, and the percentage o f 1055 of wet lands in each state between I 78Crs and the 1980'5.

111e information presented in this report ful­fills those requirements, Data on aert-'S of wetland habitat as of the 1780'5, tOlal numbeT of acres o f wetlands in ('lleh state as of the 1980's, and the percent ofwet~l1ld., lost have been estimated. This information is in a tabular format to give a fact ual , quantitative measure o f the acreage losses sustained during the ZOO-year timeframe.

ESTIMATING WETlAND LOSSES

It is difficult to make accurme estimates of wet­land acreage during c"Olonia! times. 1wo problems make it difficult to utili7,.(' original acreage surveys or land usc re]x>rts: ( 1) Quantitative info rmation on wetlands is not available from early engineer-

FIGURE L GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF COLONIAL AMERICA III" 1775 (Adapted from Stoll 197()J)

3

WErLANDS to.IStS IN rilE iiNITfD STATES ---------FIGURE 2, STATE BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION C1RC\ 1790

(Adapted from Stoll 197()J)

' Ene ""M;;Ie <",,<led trr N<-",,' yon. 10 u.s. L781.!iOld ,,,

Ea., ~nd WcM florid. ""rott<ktl byG,,,", llritoln 1M 1783

Vermont ex,rokg;oJly ""If )It""mln~ 1777· 17'91

ing or r(.'ConnaiSS.1nce survey reports. 111 many instances these l"elXlrts contain narrative descrip­tions of landscapes only; (2) PoliticallX)undarie; :lnd in some instances, geographical boundaries have changed dramatically since the 1780·s. Six of the thirteen original colonies do not occupy the same land area now as states that they once d id as colonies} In several instances, these changes arc significant, resulting in large land blocks shifting between Stales or forming new States (refer 10

Figures I and 7) . In the 1780's, the present boundaries of the

Nation as we know it today were compoS<..-"d of states, state-claimed are'dS, organi%t-"d and unorga­nized territorics, and foreign lands, For these rea­sons histOril'al acreage estimates are based only paniallyon colonial or state hiStolical records. In addition, land use l\.."Cords tracing conversion of lands by use categories, drainage statistics, and infonnation on the extent of hydric soils (drained and undmined), in combination with historical wetland acre--dge data, have been used to estimate the o riginal wetland acn'age for each state (refer 10 Table I).

4

Data on existing (1980's) wetland acreage also must be interpreted with caution. For some states, the wetlands have Ix.>en mapped for the entire state by the National "'7etlands lnventor)', and acreage summal)' reporL~ are :lVaiiable detaillng the extent o f v,·etlancb. l-IoweVt-'1', for those smte; where wetlands are not completely mapped or where acreage summaries are not ret compiled, an accumte accounting of wetland acreage is not ahvay-s available. For some states, there arc con­nicting data sets refk--'Cting im.--on....,istencics in inventor)' terminologies or techniques, inadequate inventory data, or simply outdated information. In several cases, published documentation on the extent of wetlands amounts to little more than speculation, In these insmnct--'S, an effort W-dS made to assess the valid ity of the information and ["(xon­cile acreage statist ics with the best nation:li or regional data seL~ available to determine statewide totals,

Additionall}~ the current StatuS of wetlands in the United States is constantly changing. It is esti­mated that, on aver-Jge, over 60 acres of \\'et land~

have tx..->(>n lost ever)' hour in the lower 48 sta tes

'il'IiTU.'1D 5 lOHF.S II>" filii ('N/THD ST~Tli5 ---------

during this 2()().r~r timesp ... n, \X'hile some state and Ft'deral :agencies arc attempting to restore wetlands in (en:Lin parts of the country, restora­tion falls far ~hort of this I().',S rate. In all instances, runa sources for stale estimates have been referena,,<J .

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1780'S - 1980'S

111e land arel that now comprises lhe United States o riginally contained almost 392 million acres of wetlands (221 million acres in the lower 48 stites). I-iis tolicL! estimates of wetland dist ri ­bution by ~tate indicate that 21 stliles IXlSSCSsed three million acre:. or more of wetlands.

Considerable change in wetl:md d istribution and ahuncl:ance hl.) taken place since the 1780's (refer 10 Figl/res3 (lnd 4). In the conterminous Cnited St'HCI. an e.tim,lted 10-' million acres of wetlands remain(.'(! as of the 1980's. This amounts to a 53-percent 10S.'> from the o riginal acreage total. 'Ille "5O-<,tatc total indicates that an estimated r'-! million :1t:1\:S remain.

In the 1980's wetlancl .. constitute only 5 per­cent of the land surfllce in the lower 48 stales: 12 percent if Alaskl and Hawaii are included. The State of Ala~ka has the vast m:ljority of wetland :tcre:.. An e.lim:ltt.--'(] 170 million acres are beliC\'ed to exist in Alaska a one. 111is represents approxi­mately 4S percent of the State's total surface area.

5

Among the 1000'cr 48 States, Florida, Louisiana. ~tinnesota, and Texas arc the 4 States with the greatest wetland acreage. Other states with con­sidemblc wetlands include Alabama, Georgia. Maine, Michigan, Mbsissippi, North Carolina, South Carolin:I, and Wisconsin.

'Ihe data on wr.:tbnds lost during this 200-yt-:tr timespan indiCLte that the State of Alaska has lost the lowest percelllage of its OriKinal wetland acreage (c~tinl3ted less th:m 1% loSS). The st:!tCS of Hawaii, New Hampshire, :md Rhode Is1:md have lost the fewest wetland acres over:lll, 7,000. 20,000 and 38,000 acres respc.-'Ctively. However, this amounLS to a 12-percent loss of wetlands Statc. .... vide ror Ha\\~dii. 9 percent loss for New Hampshire, and a 37-percelll lo&. for Rhode Island.

Ten states-Arkansas, Gdifornia, Connecticut, !llinois, Indiana, Iowa. Kentucky. Marybnd, Missouri, and Ohio-have lost -0 percent or more of their origin:!) wetland :l(:rea!,,'C. o.'Cl"dll, the ruua indi­cite thai 22 states have kx;;t ;0 percent or more of their original wetl:md areas. 111e state with the highest percem loss of wetllmcb is C,.lifornia (an estimated 91 percent loss rrom the 1780's to the 1980·s). Florida has lost approxim31cly 9.3 mill ion acres or wetlands during this 2()()..rear times pan.

With Ihe exception of Alaska, New Hampshire, and Hawaii, no stllte has lost less than 20 percent of its original wetland aCl'C'"dge.

TABLE L WETlAND LOSSES IN HIE UNITED S'liITES 1780'S TO 1980'S

SURFACE AREA (ACRES)'

SUBTOTAL

". " " C<

co eT DE

" G'

'" " ON

" " <Y

'" ME

MD MA

'" MN

'" " 0 MT

" NV

'" NJ NM NY NC ND

0 " 0 ' 0 '

" " ,e

SD

TN TX UT H

" W, ~

w, WY

31,~6<O

n,6HCollO

33..\92.OCO

IO(U3J.6tI.i

66,01;.11(/1

),Jl6,li(O

l,l6tI.OKI

jt,M7,~

jU~.~

51.'I06.8MI

JS,7t;I .lMI

13.1~981

JSJ!67 5.'0

I!,m,llOO

~I,~.MO

2lI.119'J._:lIIII

19.m.110

6.3;\0.210

S.OI3,I1(1

36.)63,1))

50.74-1.981

1OJ09.IXI

00I.18!iI.04O

~l.I~,9X1

4.!\,9"i.OO

7O.\!!I.900

' .m .l)) 408.'0.'100

n.il~.II(/I

lO,6..\6.lto

jl .l<I.l.lW

+1339_200

16.2\15_'0

;\Ui'l,7tO

6LS7.l.7tCI

28.8lb.OCO

~71.j1'o

19.\".M

oItI,611,M(i

l:6.m.z.411

16IIJOOiIOO

SIJl.l,8OO

1,93\.\t(I

!\,,,,,HO

_".!\Mol.'O

I"" ,).~

}I,IIs6.9«I

6l.lS9M1i

(CO~TERI'II.';OL'S u.s,) IJI'I9.\!6.00:0

AlASKA 56l,SI6.~

ItAWAI I o,II2.OCO

TOTAL U.S. l .l:66.I~HO

IlL+iO 7l.'I0111iO

S9l.WI 3J,9116.\II£I

IJ7'1»1O 101,)6}.!1(I

189.9lO 66,718,1.l0

l1li.9611 ;l.lOS,11iO

4H.OCO 1.l16.4110

2.831 .360 37.t78.-iOO

HtS60 j1.6!IO.1\4O

<;!i3,ZOIi SJ.'lII,G!1O

3~.no *-lI96.oco

6S . .!l:III n .1ZI6J40

ISII.{6I J6.0l\./iOCI

13),llO 1.'.641:1,900

WI.I60 lI)ll!,lIOO

tlIS,5ZO jl,~,iZO

l,oiIiII.~ 1I.m ,6OQ

'm.ow 6,16';I,m li1360 s.llIt.<WI

894.m 37.l'>!I,M

3,0';11.560 S;IJ103.Sl0

2:!'1.I1O 105J11;!tI>

>IQ!I.600 .... 199,0.;0

l1li2." 9O,I""J1O

-\11 ,200 ~_4IS,m

416.1>1(1 7O.NS,/iOCI

173,410 1.'M,S60

190.\60 5.01\,1)10

141,..00 nil66)to

1.1).11.4110 JI.ilil,640

l.J71.1!4O 3J.6\\,0«I

1!S6.'100 .s.m,/iOCI

oi!M.OIlO 6.'.067.&10

197.llO 19.013.110

H15.600 nb.960

.,..000 19)!71.200

6\111.1<10 ~JIO.1l!IJ

SliI.9!O 17.oJO.I60

2.J'96.160 lil.lI96.960

1.6l1,;oo SOi6.l'o'l

m.-IOO 6,1+9.760

62 .. 640 16.11Z.8!(I

97lI,\60 U.f>42.oo

6'._ ",t1!,Mo

1.0!!1,600 31,~j8.s60

oo:tS. l lIl bl,liltU60

54.67l.000 1,954.1\111,0100

Il,187,lIlO ]7SJOJ.6!IO

1100 4, 111.200

17.46HOO IJI],61l.ll!O

7,\61.600

93LOOII

9»W1,600 II

S.ooo,1IOO Il, 1;\

1.000,000 Ii

,.'" 079,71\1 lO

!OJ1i.OIJ !I, ll.l3

UH.!OO II

m. ... 3.111,000 Ii

\.600.000 Z9

4.000.000 31.}1

3-11 .000 9

1,\66,1100 }I

100l~SOO I!

61160.000 J1 I.bW_1IOO 11

8111.000 j7

11 ,!oo.OOO o!O

Is.o70JIOIl II

9J1il,1IOO 4~

0,11.14.1100 1I , 4j

1.1+7,000 9

1,910,SOO II

o\81.\SO 4\

1,500.1100 10

710.000 9

!,5(,2,000 9. ~

1I,0I!950)1I 41

t,92J5OIl SO

1.000,000 \1

1,841.600 IJ, 1-0. IS .,.,.. 1.1!7.000

1111,690

' .414.000

1.m,IOO

',937.000

11.999100

I!IJt.OOO

J-i1,000

1J!1'j,1IOO

i.!SO,OOO

1,",,­, ..... 1.000.000

1lI.I:!'}b3/!

170.100.000 .-391.JIj8,IJII

, " " .. " " ~

" " .. " • • .. , •

11,,",

1.3"

"~ .. , ,~

~ . .". ... S4.llI.

1 ~. llI.

'" .~

24,1"

II I"

1.6~ .. , II,' " ... Is.s~

J,O,I ~

n .. , ..... ,~

5.".

" ~ ,~

:!'1'"

'" 8,'" jj,(II,;

10,""

19,(11,; , .. J,6"

l'" lJ.llI.

)1.)"

S.I'I.

,n 9 .• "

1.1"

'" '" '" .n Ill" ,n

WETlANDS

J.7ll3.800 ....... 2.76}.600 ..... , ......

172,)00

m.ooo

I LOJllJOO

S.Z98.100

.185.700

1.H4.SOO

7SO,f>Jl

m,'lOO

m ,-IIIO

"' .... ","'" 1.I9'ilJOO ..... ~'"

S18liiOO

8.>00.000

4.067.000 ., ... ~ ..

1.<)OS500

1J6JIO

~ ... 91S1160

0\111.900

1.01\.000

\,6!I').SOO

l,t'/O.OOO

\I I'll

In 0.8'11

11 8, I"

IS. 16 0.' '11

18 I.S"

19 M"

!O 1609'11

1_ !91"

IS 14",

10 0,1'JI,

ll! H" 10 3ll\

JI. jJ I llI.

III o.n. lS I lli.

36 l8J" 5l! 14S'1I

3!1 0.1"

19 11.1 "

10 Ii,,",

tI IU'I.

I! OJ"

44 I"" 10 0.,",

10 J'"

46 oJ" 17 }.O"

oil! I~J"

10 0,"'-

t') J.Z" 11 16,,",

\1 II"

W1IOO )0, \1 " .. '" 9i'l.700 SBOl

1.393.900

~.ol'

65.1\1

4,61'J.000

1,7lll.000

m ... 7.'IUll

S'i/I,OOO

110.000

1.o74.6lj ..... IiI.! ,OCIII

IJ3U91

1...'50,000

100.114,]14

11'0.000,(100

'''''' 214.026,114

.. ." .. " .. " " 6),6-1

" 39, 6/i

" " • " , ..

16. 16

'" "" !H"

'" .",

." ,~

'" ." '" .~

"" ~

" OS,"

I_l~

\ I.",

-SO"

. J'" -11"

-91"

.,~

·74" ·51%

"' ·13%

-"" ·81"

·87"

-~~'I.

·43'1.

-81 "

.", -10"

-Jj" ·IS"

-\0"

·H" -19"

-87"

·17" -H 'I.

-11%

" .,,,, -H" ..... .... ·49'1.

.", -67" ,., -161'

·37"

·n" . JI" .,,.. -Sl"

."" -jill',

-41 "

·jl "

·14,. _06"

.~,

-13"

-0 I'"

-1l'"

W,

SQTF., So ...... "'" _ Then:.." ....... ~ ... b<,-,,~ "'" loW ",,<tow .re. of ""<> '"""" dlll<n-n«, .r< f"'Ob;>bIY""" '" .1UtI1"" ri...,. <lunntlo bmln!I ..... ","""", '""' ..... ~ I. ,h .. Pf"'C""'" ",. 'he U.S_ ~~. " ......... AlIa> 01 <II< l.""" Suo", 19'11

•. rt1ond _ .... cft.noo<> -rdn......nu,-..,uw. ... "" ~ "" bod> _phOl ..... ,,", w.d ............. ,

W'F,.TU,\'D5 £OSSli\ II>' Til f.' I SITHf) STIIT F.' •••••••••

7

(:=J 1 105

510 12

_ 121025

251050

_ 50 1055

II'I!T£AND S £() ~Sf. 1 IN Tllf. (I,vIT/iIJ S TATf. S ---------

TABLE 2 ORIGINAL WETLAND ACREAGE ESTIMATES Comparison of Various Dam Sets

Roc: and Ayers, 1954

Aquic suborder soils (hydric) Soil Taxonomy, 1975

USDA Economic Research Service

USDA Economic Research Service, 1987 (aJ/riculrural draillage plus remaining wetlands)

This study (Table 011 Weiland Losses hI rhe United States )

C ORRELATION WITH OTHER DATA SETS

There appears to be close agreement between the data tabulated in this repon and other data from sources that have Ix:en u.s<.--u to est imate original or existing wetland acreage. "111e total wetland acredge reported here for the 1980's is campara· ble with the findings of Frayer el al. 72 given the sta· tistical range of variability. (Frayer et al. estimated 99 million acres existl.."(l as ofthe mid·1970·s in the contenninous US. ± 6.4%). Ik.>cause the tech· niques for determining acreage totals for the vari· ous estimates are very different, it is useful to

draw comparisons to Other national data sets on wetlands.

ESTIMATES OF ORIGINAL WETLAND ACREAGE

Estimates of o riginal wetland acreage have been made by a variety of fL~rchers and agendes (refer to 7abte 2). There are four sources that

B

Millions of Acre>

2JJ 165 (AI<)

217

109 d ....... ined 104 remaining

213Tolal

221 170 (AI<)

Pen:em Difference

(tbis slImy)

·3

.,

·2

have produced viable acreage information that can be used to approximate wetlands as they existed at the time 0( settlement in the 10\\'er 48 states. In 1954, Roe and Ayres73 conducted an analysis of land already drainL-d and potcmialland drainage nC(.'"<.kd to put the maximum area into agricultural production. Theye.stimated that an area of 215 million acres or 24 percent of all IXltential agricultural land in the lower 48 states would require drainage for optimum crop pro­duction. Thk<; figure has been used as an original wetlands e.~timate in several national repons.7-1.7i.76

Hydric soils data have also been used in some instances to approximate wetland acreage. Hydric soils are those soils de.~rioc'(] by the Soil Conser· vat ian SelVicc that arc saturated, fl OCK.k:d, o r ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. Under normal circumstances, these soils support wetland vegetation and can be USl.x1 as an indicator of wetlancls.n The National Technical Commiucc for Hyd ric Soils has developed criteria to identify hydriC soil series and has produced a list of soils v.ithin the United States that are hydric. l he publication SoiL ·1iv.uNOMy76 lists soil

"' fi TLll i'l lJS L O SS E S / ,\ ' rilE I' H lrED s rllrE S ______ w __

FIGURE S, EXTENT AND LOCATION OF ARTIFICIALLY DRAlNED AGRICULTURAl. LAND IN THE UNITED 1985

~;:;':';:::~~~::=

:Icreage estimates for the United States. Because soil characteristics change slowly, even following drainage, summation of the soil aCl'C'.lges indica­tive of wetland conditions should ,Ipproximate the wetland acreage that existed at the time o f set­tlement. Summing lhe acreage estimates of soils with aquic suOOrdcr:s· rt..osults in ,I total for the lower 48 Slates of2ll million 'ICres. TIlere are an :tdditional 165 million :tcn .. "!> of soils with aquic suborder:s in Alaska. (re/erlo 7(lble 2)

l1le U.s. Dep:mment of Agriculture's Economic Research Service"9 has also eslimau .. >d original wetland acreages for the lower 48 Slates. 11leir l..'Stimate was based upon L'md in drainage in 1950, plus the ma'timum ofinvcntorit.-'d wetlands based upon the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"s wetland trend., study"'~ or the U.S. Department of Agriculture's national resources inventory,BO which(.-'Ver was greater. 111e estimated total of o riginal wetlands in the lower 48 States USing this

method was 21 7 million acres. lhe final (bla set that is comparnble on a

national basis was also produced by the U.S. Department of Agricullure's Economic Research Service. It dct.1i1s farm drninage trends in the Unitt.'d Stales .81 Because a very high \X!rcentagc of wetland losses has been due to agricultural corwer.;ion,Tl these data may be used to approxi­mate the percentage of wetland area lost to agri­cultural drainage over time. By adding drainage figures to estimall..-'d existing wetland acreage, this method indicatcs that a total of2 13 million acres once exist(.-'d in the comenninous 48 states. It is interesting to note that three of the national daL1 SCts hinge on estimates o f agricultural drainage. This is nOt unreasonable given that the vast ma;ar­ity 01 wetland losses have been due to agncultural conver:sion. Figure 5 illuslrntes the extent and locatio n or artificially drained agricultural land in the Unitt.-'(I States .

• AquIc.uOOnJoor .<Oib. . .. ddinrtI boo S<Ji1 T ....... .....". ,..., ,ho.<- oods th:a, "" ...... l'edudflfllqpf'lC ,Iu, 1:1 vtnuallt' free <J ~ <"''II:'''' b«a_ ,1M! ooiI h.

........... ed by potond .. ,.."' ... by """<T <J ,1M! Clj'IiIbry '""II'!. 9

WF.TlANDS tOS5ES IN TilE L' N/TED STATf.S ---------

NATIONAL STATUS SUMMARY

1:. he national decline in wetlands from the 1780's to the 1980'5 is dramatic. Losses in particular regions of the coun­try are even more startling. For example, the mid-western

farm belt state.<; of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota. Ohio, and \x'isconsin 31.:'(:ount for over 36 million acres of wet· lan(l~ lost since the country \v:lS sen led. This amount.'i to rough­ly one third of all wetlands lost in the history of our Nation. Alaska stands alone as the only state where well and resoUILes hal'e not been substantially reduced.

Incomplete baseline data on the wetlands in the Nation pre­vent an accurate appraisal of the "health" of these remaining resources. However, population growth and distribution and agricultur.ll development greatly affect bnd lIse patterns that impact wetlands. As evidenced by the data presented in this relXlrt, hundreds of thousands of acres have been drained annu­ally, despite increa-;ed efforts to conserve wetlands through state and Federal legislation.

Our Nation continu3lly faces the challellb>C of identifying and reconciling physical and environmcntallimil<; with the develop­mem of its natura! resouILes. To meet the demand for resource development, the United States del'elops laws. regulations, and p::llicies to increase the benefiL<; of development while attempting to protect fish and wildlife, environmental quality, and socioe­conomic f(.."5QUILe values. The stimulus for development of such protective me-J.Sures is provided by inSights regarding environ­mental trends. While some trends are very subtle, thtse data on the Nation's wellands loss provide a dear indication that con­tinued loss will jeopardize a V'aluable resource. Over a 200-year limespan, wetland acreage has diminished to the IXlint where environmental and even socio-economic benefits (I.e., ground water supply and water quality, shoreline erosion, floodwater Sloraf,'C and trapping of sediments, and climatic changes) are now seriously threatened.

10

Irl!TLA,'1l)j lOjSt'S IN Till! /,,\'ITF.I) 5TATF.$ ---------

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Mn)Ch, W,J andJ.G Gussc1lnk 1<)86 'X·hi1....,,'DS V~n NtI>lr.md R.."nhold Curnp,my, 1111.: 'Ilow 'ork. ~.P PI>

II'~ EL 19:'8 (X'R NIrTIO,v'\ 'X·h7UN/)$ · ,..,' 1,"f1:·R·AGJ.~\'O·TA';A FOIKJ.: REPOKr CntJncil nn En\ironmenClJ Qwlll\ Ih.<hinf(lon. DC <) f'P

SCull. G H l\nl Temturbl KfU"',h (~Ilp) ~bmmofUJ Inc, 196-, n.."o bt U.S Q.'tlloj(ic;ll S .. ,,~·. Naliornl Allas olthe Unh-d Stalo (If A",..,ria I' lr

U,S, Ikpal1m<:nl oflhe hlle""r. G<:olc~ 1 S .. " ... ; 19-0, 1'111:' NA naVAL A I1AS Of' TlII:'/''''''/',.;}) .\7'A 'fHS OJ. AI/ERIC,,- WashinJ(tOfl . D C, 4 1- pp

SlrKkJand . J. C. and C, H:1V<k:n I~ N.o\RA.\lAsr .... 71:-u:WE CO.lIPREH"~\VVE 01.. 71)()OH RI:OlJo:ATlQ,V PIA.\' Ab/XIrll:l D..,)I olEconumic and Curnmuni.y Affai .... , ~nd AbbaITl:l lXpI.ol eon.crv..uun ~nd 'atUf;llltc;oun..-C-_ .\lOOl8(IIl1<.'11. 30 PI'

J II Hall ltt.'K"'fUI Ih'tbnd$ Coordlll~'or. L' S I'L.Jl;mel \II ,kll,f.., Senice A.~ ~IIUI ClImmunic-~,,,,,,.

'm Al:l.,b Dl.lxmrn, .. ,·l of Na, ur:d Re,o"un.'CS L9tl7, Alas~JWellan(l~ "o.Idc'l(h"" to the S(:rll"'" ,(Ie "·,,mprchl~";"': (Ju!(k,or .... ~'I'\:"'i()n pl:in, L)hi~"»l of Parb ~,wJ O .. ",k>O' Rccrc:rtM,n, AndllJr:l~ P, "t

IWL,JV 1988. Rt:>oun.:c :asscssm.:f1I· Ab-'k:llkwon 'Iational w~-dands priority conse"'atil)l\ plan U.s IkpanlTK'Ilt of th~ Int~-nur. f i>.h lnd \lt1killf" St.,...1CC Ano:hongc. II pp

l'nllUbk'l-he<l d:lt~ (1969) L$ l>O:pc of ~Iturc. I:mnnm..: IIc:5elnh St..-.nox \It':ashingu)II. I) C.

LnpubLhhe<i d:"" < I\"H) Depc of Int~rior. 1LS ~¥I.';h and \It",klhfe Ser.1CC. National \It'ctlaml, In ... :m",),. S, ~~cr.bu,!:, R..

Ao.;rt.'age c'tlmat~ d,mn-d fmm .. lUl1.:<: (10) In Com­bination "nh dr:J'~~ fol!ull.'S I'rc>Cnt~~1 by fa,'dis, GA 191r Economic 5"'W)' of farm dn;rlaJ'IC In FAJLI/ DRAlNAG£ IN 7Hf: lWn'I'.D srAT£S, U,S Dcp:InllK ... 1 of Agriculture. ECllnomic Rc.l.":Irch Xnicc, \It':.,;.Iun&h>n, D C. pp 11(). 136

1Io.:fner.j.\l andJD Brl.wIll 1964 Il·edandtrend.'lllltbe "''''lhea. ... cm L"nl1l-d Stata WJ,7lh\'f)S VuI. ~ . pp I- I I

OII,f()rma Depart""'''' of Parils ~nd Re<:rc:IIIQn 19t!a, OIlIfum;a W..,tlands, S..cr:lllK ... tO 381'1'

I:>.. ... nl>, N.B., M, L Marru~. and II filII 1984, Sta1US and ,rcndsofC:Jhfomia wetll'lIb, A reJX"" 10 tl\c California A'i6CI1l~' IlcscHJn.'t.'lI SuIX'.lrnmiUec 125 PI'

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Fl"~)-er. \It' I! .. I) J) I'I:lcrsand II R i')","'c11 L9t19 'ni1.ANI)'~CJl'TlI£CN1FORMA OoNI7W. VNJ.IT>rAn'S ANI) THM'DS. U.S fish and WikllJc Sc:n>('C l'unl:ind.OIt

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I) .... "ler.; R<.')!MJOal Il'etbnlh c...xwnawr. l' S n,h and \I(",klhfe Sc"'ICC !'nnLand, OR. .... '1'5oJfJ31 rumrnunic:l.lIon.

>9'" c nbntl Ite)!IQfIa\ W~'fbmls COon..lin<l"lr, 1'.5 Fi.,11 a' I(L \l',ldhfc ';erlKC Den'''''. CO I'I:rSt'RIl C<lmmUnka1kln,

''''' (;"I"r.K~1 I>iH,kKl of Parks and Ou:duur 1Ir..~fC''''K)Il L9lI~ Sta.l","'Mlc cornprehensi"-' o ... do"rIl.'\N:atKKI plm· wctUI1<L, amendment [ le,wl-..-, CO lj pp

R.\II' Tin.:r. R<.wunaL Il'l"lbnd5 Co<.nII1\al<)r. L .S f lSb:mll Wildhfe St.,...1CC K~""on Comer. MA. ~"""lfI:ll C(JmrnurnCltKIn. 1990

TIncr.II.'tr Jr 19I15. WI:77AXDSOFDEl.AW/IN}' L!) Fish ~mlWi1dhfc Serlicc :mil Dt.-tav.-:m: 0..,,, u( ~3tur~1 Ik"''''rTl!'< ~nd Em-;ronmcnw Con:n~, N~","1nn Corner. MA

~nd 0." ...... 1'1-: ""'1"-'<-''''-"'' - 1'1'

F1,-,IiII~ Ikl~,nnlCnt or Na,ural 1Ic.'\OUt<:tO'I 1981I \'i'c( llnds In FIIlridl An :&tlde.l(\um 10 ~1oriw'~ rumprchen>I,-..' !Junk,nr rl-'Creatlon pbn. [);.ision of 1Ir..'Cn.-~'k)ll and I"~fks 91 pp

Sh:l. ... ,sP andCG fn-dlnc, 19';6'n71.ANfJSO" TlIE I SffltJJ ~7An:5 u.s Dt-p::lnrncnt .:I.he Intcr;ur. n,b and lli1dI,ft: Sl'n--.:c. Wa.,h,ngton. I) C C"T\l1ar J9 6-pp

T...-:bmkcL. II J L 98--1 f.coo;)':\tcms (iSurf:ocr \It'J1l't'l In II"ATJ.;R RFS()(.lR:a:::J A71A5OFfLORIDA t:.A. Ft'111:lld and OJ I';I.t1<KI l'tls ~1ood:I ~rcc:> and En'inlnn ..... nal Analp ... (;en'Cf. Ins,;tute ulScIcnCe and !'ubiie' Afflir;, Fklrida State Unl\' ToJlahassI."C 291 pp

NatkKlal W'.·tLmt!, Ln""mory (In rn,tnu"cript), lI:'I:71.ANIJ TRENDS IN FLORIDA- US. Fish am] Wildlife s...,...'kc. S\ P~lL'flJ)UI)\, R..

KUrKk:U .J E and S,Il' \'i'oolf 1986 Gt::ORGII' 'X '1:7UJ1,'/J5 m:xus liN/) POIJCI' OPTIONS Cui Vlnson InslllUIC 1:1 c..""''mnlcm, Unjy "f Q.'Olgia .• '>llll:-ns 112 pp

A. Yuen 1looIojpst. l',S fish 3nd lr,kU,fr: Sc"," 1l0000ul .. ,I II Pcr.;on.tl communio.":IlIoo. 1990

llhrK ... IkpanlTK'Ilt ol<:onser.':llim 1988 A FlJ.;JJJGUlm:: 10 711£ 11:'1:71"""\'0501' IlliNOIS. Spring!k:kl, II. 2i~ PI>.

M Huhbell llirnol, lkpan rncm orCon.selV:;1l1un, DJ\'1s1O!l "fPlannlnll and Information. Spli!1ifol!io.l. II. PCNIn;II ~~''"'rnumc:uiorl, 1990

"'£Tt~.q).\ tOSSES 1'/ TIlE 1""lrIiO \r~TE.1 ---------

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I",!hru Ocpanm<:mof'lalurJI fk..".lUra:- 19&1 \I' 1;71.""'/)"\ , /.W)//,"'A 'J HNDASGHN.HD NAn 'W, RHS()I'RCf.' o..,1sMn <:>fOuulonr I/(."(Tl!'JI"Cln ]9 PI'

I) Iludlk Ftdd ~-.stl!', L S FL,h and IIlldl,fe Senice. 11k""""lXInn. IS I't.~ canmumallOll (1l:I. ..... 'll un ":lIn",1 II'ClIand> 1" .... mOl)· mapd.ua f(1!' IS), ]990

JU. Il","':>p. lI'iklltk I!.ureau, I,,""a l)cpa""":'" of S3,ur:l1 l/(."'lUn:c> Dc> MOIne., IA Pe .... )";d nMnmuno"oo.

".> I,,,,'~ NalurJI l\Crlt>J.t'-' Fuul'Kbl;on 198/1, I<."' .... '~ Pr:uoe l~wh()k:J"inl V,-,nture luwa l\alurJI JlcrllJjo«! Fall, 19&1 p 2~

l\I,hup. R.A I96L ~ .... '~ 1I'~11arltb,I'ROC IOWAACVJ SCI i'rS{1). 1]·]6

Keoluck} s..-.I ~nd T31er Cc>n><.",-arion COmmi>sxln, 19iIl Kr:'\71 00' SOIl AND WATER CONV:.7Nllnav /'I<'O(jR:\1J I'lIn 1 O' ... "'il ... · and 3f1\lr:lL<JI of "",I ~nd "',Ilcr ....... lUlU:». Ih",iun ofCoru..-n-allon. ICY SJlurJI R~"'ru", and Efw.n)nmenl~1 Pn~ ~'t; t lon Call1''<.'t. Fnmk(" .. , K\

'\ ~ t;cnw<kj [)I:p~n"",m of LI."al Gt"'~'rnm'-'nt ]9tI7,

\\:cllal'Kb, An addendum 10 the 19d-i ~'C""nlC rlt and 1~)I~1' plan fur ouldoor n..'Cn..'3tkm Common""C"Jilh ofKY ~-I:>P

'allONli lI'etiands InWfllOI) (10 dr~fI) W'I;77A\,D TRE\ '/l) IN THE SOl71IEIISff.'1IN / 'Nm7) STIITI-:S L!i ~'i,h ~nd lI,kllk s.. ..... 'KC Atlinu. GA.

TI"<...-. R.W Jr and, LM Vcnc:nun 196'" In1)RJCSOIIS Of"NI:.'W £\·GIAW).l·oi\l .. ..-s,'" "f ~4»>chUst.'tL~ C(J(JJ'c ... tl>'{~ Exteruion AmhcrM. MA r 1'1'

jII lI-doff.4 ... ", 191:l8 MAI,\·'" ",·I;71ANO.' CON5J:JNATION I'R/ORJ1l'I'1>IN Maine llureall of P:lrk. ~nd Rl't;I'C'Juon. ,'Iainc SI:nc Planmng Offkc arKl \t'~II:tI1,b !iubct>mm i{[~"' , 1.;11\(1 ~nd \I'~tcr Rc<.ourt·cs Count il 91 pp,

l1ncr. K.II' Jr andJT Finn ]9&6.~7A'fl'JANDRECINT TNJ.:'\,DJ OF 'HTIAW)5 IN fWI:' .ll1IJ.A11AW/C ~TATES US F"t>h and lI,kMc s.. ............. and t:,S rn\irnnmemal

PnIl~'t-'tIOfl~. Ncv.'l{In Cum\...-. "'" ~nd I'hibddph~. I'A ~p<'Ct,,~. oK! pp

Michogan llep;t.","'-Tlt of N~tur:d RoIlUrttS. 19811, M"+<iw-n 's 198-.88 R<.-cn...,.,,.,., A ... ~", Pnlfl""'" Rt.'t;n.. .... 'ion n;\'t..;on. E. 1.~r"ltlJt. 1>11 "2 pp

Univcn.ny of Minnesota, 196] 111cma,.:; Map; ",,,Hall].., ,,"clIJfl(l< for Bio<:ncl'Fi p"rl>(-...o Cl'l1'Cr~". Urt,r.m and lU.'lIkllUl AlfJirs. SI, P:tul. -'IN

N:n'aj!C dcrh't'tl~' combin;ng c:<L'''tlJt .... l'1l:md XI'C'J}tC (...oun-.: 9) ,,"h dr:lioage data pn.'SeIlI~'ll 111· 1'-.".,]«. GA ]9tP F .... ~lrlIlfllic su"' .... '}· 0( f.mn dra,JI;lIl" In I'ARII DRAINAGI:.' IN Till;' t'NrTFJJ!JTIITES LT.S DA • f.<:t1ll<1fll1c

1U.."'-iC3tl:h Sen"I:C. lI'a>hinglOn. DC PI), 110.136

""-njCIlI .J 0 lW S\l"AIIP liND OVEJIFl.ove)/AWXi IN niH l ,,'m:J)STIlTES L'S Dep:utn ... "Ilt d Aj{nCuitun'. Offl<.-e o( fJ<pc."Ilm.'m Sat ...... - Cucullr -6 lI':I.\h,n,t(Illtl. I).C.

I ~ DqXlnrn.:m of ~ncllltu...,. SoU eun"'f\';\IM)t1 Se",';'-e ]96,2 N~'i()nal rc5OUtl:<:S "' ... ~n[(lt)· 1X':l,hlngm". D,C.

N:n..~ CSI!",a,~.,. m:llk ~'tnl;[lioflClli:;liog acn..':Ijo«! (45) '" .'UIllbirunon ... 1,h land io dr,>r",,!f.' (Suurtt 9) I" ~I'Il!Uldn'a'c 01110:,,1:11 "·.,,,land "'-"n':Ige

.16 St~le 0( ~-.':Oda 1988 )<;l"·"do.-s 'il'etbnd< ' :ul "]eml'nt of

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R!t. .......... lic)fl;n ,-';" ... -Mh. 196- St3t~ ... -xr Com~''''l' Oll(d" .. ,. Recn.. .... lIon Plan -8 pp

"''' Kc[\~"Ilriog N~'" Hamp:>h,re (kp:utmem ,i 1~""\.H"''''''1 .. 1 Sc,',,,-,,,, W"d"'Rh 1l",,<I C"rR,~d. I'll 1\."ni<)tI:II ~~",)munt<'atKJIl. 1990,

11""r. R.III .Jr 198$ 'X1;11A,"fJS01'NI;'X'jl;·RStl' l:S f",h ~nd lI'ikllife Service. N~""")f1 COrrIl.T. M"'- 11 ~ II]>

N~", Yo.ri; S!31e OffICe of Park.s, Rt.."C"'~tiun "nd IlislOl1<

l'rcscf\':lIMItl ]961:'1 w,-"lands I'rut('t--iun In ... ~'" 'In: ${;It ... ]~Il])

SIMI 0.1flS(.,.,.-ation s.-."''K'C l ·opubhshl.'ll dau Acrc:l~ of " .... 1..oi1,. (<Jr,>r"<.'ll and undr:lirll.'ll) fur Sorth D-.. kot3 "'-, ....... ,hiI.'tI fu,. II", N]} seosilWC ,,',kl],f,: ~1"''Cb and luhilal ",lI'1c.hop ]9/11

l):<hl. TE, (]n m:mllscript), STATVSO/: /'RA/H/l:.' 1'0'/1101.1:: rt:'I:71ANI~ /N Till:.' {lNrrH)jTIITES. U.S. Fbit ~nd 1X',I<I llf ... Scr'l'ia:. Na, iOIl,,1 1I'~1Iand~ !·" .. :IItUI'Y St. PcIC.-..burg.l'l.

K. Baker Ohio Depan""-'I11 ofNatut:1l ~1Un:L"". [l,vi,.RItl ,i 1I',,'lT Culuml",~. OH ~""lf1:Il

~,mmlln"-allon ]990

ilf:loontier.JJ. ItE. M:osler. and R.M Shun, ]9tI~ HOrJUlIIAND IIIIR£JWO()l)S OF EAITHlN OKJAJ /0.1111 US!)I . ~-..... ~n<1 Wtldl<fu s..""...,., and Oklah,)t1'" 0.:",

\I-'ldllfe 0."",,-"''''1100 ]47pp.

511"""11, OP .. R.II' Smilh. :;UK! S 11'. Conrady 191'17, HII'ARJM' AJll-:M OF VC/iSrERN OKJA1/0MA USO!. Fl>h and II-lklhfc ...... r.>cc and Oklahoo\3 DePI 1I'lklllfe Cunserv;lliofl. 7'J pp.

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If.TLA"")S LOSStS U<I TIlIi /'''''Tf.'l) STATES ---------

Oklahoma Touri~m ~I K! Rt.":""' .. 'M'" Oepanm.:m !987 Okl,hom.:I St:l,~ .... 'iIle comprdll'lI";'''' "UII~" '" n...:...,. .. ,iun plln lSI pp

1'en,\S)'I\':IJlI3 Dt-p:;t:"tmef11 of F.rmnlnnlCm:1llle;o:lUn"C>i ~nd l'ennsyl·'3m3 Dt'p:In,""",1 ufCumonlonlly ,,":U1S 198R l'enns,"',mia" 1'I.'Cn.":IlIon pbn 19tI6-1990 \II'elbnd,; addendum 4R PI)

"'dap<L"'d (rom Rector. D D 19111 ~/. 5l1ll'I:.YQF RHODE ISlAND U.s DA Svil elJ",<C:"'''''~In Se"'ice. W' .... I Wa"'lCk. RI !IX) pp.

n ..... ·r . R, W,)r 19l!9. In71A1\'OSOI-' HI/OOH I.\JANI) U.s. Fbh ~ Ild \II'iklllfe 5<-... ;....,. N~ .... tl)n C<lI"llCr , MA_ "f11'1}

Se.1 Cnn"O:1'\':IIM'" Semce I I" pubIi>Ik.~1 d:l':I Hydri .. loOil ~~' coomyfur ,Ite Sale n(~"lIIh l)akotJl_ 198R_

Fr}'\.". ItG 198"'_ Rouornl;md ron"" .... ts ,rum.,,1 ,uppiv. '1~1us.. tw.taI qwll\' :and WIUn: unp;k\S fnom "-"",,,,\ ... r. In INrERltGENO' 'tI.~1OI' ON n 11-; fOm.\ ANI) /,CXJLOGt'OF BOTiUl flANI) lIi\R1)VOOOS IN T1-~'iA\

TeJCl< p,uk, 1l'ikJhf~ 1).,1'1, AU'>lin, TX

, 'en, Pam ~nd \II-,Idi,fe 1),:,I'"nm.:nl 198!l The Ten< \II c'~"l<b plan· ,\lIdt,ndum tl) the 1<)tI~ T"""" OUIO"U< I'l ... n:ali .. ", pl:!u }~ PP

Orilt'nal weIland ~"ioIlm:lI~'" basc.xl.In CIU.,uuJil :..:n:"KL"' plus "ntl in OIjUkuhur:lIII",,,14I<' :l> ",dk":ll~,1 hi' (9)

jen-.rn. au. F 19"T~ I:.'vliJ./· ... nONOI-· ,::XJ571,\'G IKJ,"II.o\.\'n IfNlfTliT IN l-TAlI Ut:lh I)".". , ... '1awr:l1 Rt. ....... nb. Ot .............. of IXIkU,k Rc.oun"'eS Pub \;(, ~".1""

L'I:;ll D, .... ,"'" , __ P-JrX., and Rt."'l\.o;IIN'" ~nd \ 'I~II n..,"'"11l<:1II ,i "'~,ul1ll Rt.. ... Rll\.l. ... l~ I-TNI"\ "';/071.IIX/J!> ,I.\' 1.lIPOK1il \-T 01. 7/)()()R RJ:'CRrA1"I()N

RIo:SOl 'HCE. i\ PI'.

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