looking forward: the new frontiers in high performance...

Looking Forward: The New Frontiers

in High Performance Building

high performance design webinar series:

• E-mail [email protected]

• Include your AIA number

This session is approved for 1.5 AIA Learning Units & 1.5 GBCI Credits

AIA Learning Units (LUs)

2

• Fill out the survey in your follow up e-mail

• E-mail [email protected] to receive

credit for attending the webinar

• Additional information will be sent to you

GBCI CE Hours

3

GEO/Recharge Colorado is a Registered Provider with The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES).

Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to

AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA

members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or

construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material

of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing,

or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

• In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please

access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES

Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the

left side of the page

Course Evaluations

4

5

Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• Discuss current advanced architectural, electrical and mechanical

technologies

• Define technologies and trends from Colorado’s major research

institutes in the areas of green building, energy and renewable

energy

• Identify local projects implementing the latest techniques and

technologies being implemented in Colorado

• Introduce new concepts into your own upcoming high

performance building projects

6

Agenda

• Introduction to GEO High Performance Building Program

• Current trends in market

• Current technologies

• Architectural

• Mechanical

• Reusing Waste

• Q & A

• Lighting & Daylighting

• Solar Energy

• Q & A

• Future technologies to watch from Colorado’s major research

institutions (NREL, CSU, CU)

• Q & A

• Resources

7

Presenters

Conor Merrigan, LEED-AP

Governor’s Energy Office

Commercial Buildings Program Manager

Renée Azerbegi, LEED-AP, CEM

Principal

Ambient Energy

Consultant to the GEO High Performance Building Program

Fred Andreas, AIA, LEED AP BD+C

Principal Architect, UNiT Design Studio

Assistant Professor Adjunct, University of Colorado – Denver, Boulder

8

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The Governor's Energy Office promotes sustainable economic

development in Colorado through advancing the state's energy market

and industry to create jobs, increase energy security, lower long-term

consumer costs, and protect our environment.

Promote the adoption of high performance building practices across

Colorado to enhance the built environment, utilize resources wisely,

and provide superior spaces for living, working and playing.

GEO High Performance Building Program

GEO Mission

Teaching to Fish

9

• Legislation

• Access to Information

• Advance the New Energy Economy

• Establish Colorado as a leader

• Build a knowledgeable workforce

10

Impact of Buildings

GEO Regional Reps

11

WesternJoani Matranga 970.366.6036

[email protected]

EasternMona Newton 303.809.0379

[email protected]

Central Angie Fyfe 303.866.2059

[email protected],us

GEO HPBP Program Services

12

Training & Education

• Webinars

• Workshops

• Tools

• Case Studies

Partner Program Technical Assistance

• Set high performance design goals

• Champion Energy Efficiency

• Review Plans and Models

• Comply with State Requirements

• Accepting applications for K12 only!

High Performance Tools Now Available

13

• Flex Energy

• Case Studies

• High Performance Building Owner’s Manual

• Best Practices by Building Type

• Contractor LEED Toolkit

• RFP and RFQ Templates

• http://tiny.cc/h7lgc

http://tiny.cc/h7lgc

Upcoming Workshops

14

• June 27: Beyond the Building: The Occupant Factor 201 in Denver

– http://www.planetReg.com/E51715161065

• June 30: Day-long series of High Performance Design Workshop in Aspen

– http://www.planetreg.com/E5161464665

– 8 - 10 a.m.: Daylighting 101 and 201 for Public Buildings

– 10:30 a.m. to noon: Energy & Envelopes: High

Performance Building Envelopes 201

– 1:30 - 3 p.m.: Practically Zero: The Colorado

Path to Net Zero Buildings 201

– 3:30 - 5 p.m.: Geoexchange for High

Performance Buildings 201

• PDFs: http://tiny.cc/u2n722g0bk

• Recorded webinars: http://vimeo.com/channels/geohpbp

http://www.planetreg.com/E51715161065

http://www.planetreg.com/E5161464665

http://tiny.cc/u2n722g0bk

http://vimeo.com/channels/geohpbp

Current Trends

Current Trends in Colorado

• Water resources hindering large

scale development

• Existing building market expands

• Monitoring and performance of

buildings becoming increasingly

critical to defining green buildings

• Net zero buildings RFPs/RFQs

increasing (NREL, DMNS, and

more)

• IGCC and ASHRAE 189 are just

around the corner….

Current Technologies

Architectural:

- High performance glazing

- Air barriers

- Double skin facades

Suspended film glazing

Suspended film in double glazed

insulated unit

Reflects heat and harmful

ultraviolet radiation

Current installation –

CU-Boulder Visual Arts Complex

Electrochromatic glazing units

Voltage causes Lithium ions to

darken

Reversing voltage polarity causes

Lithium ions to return to their

original state

Current installation – NREL-RSFArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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High Performance Glazing

http://www.sage-ec.com/artwork/techdrawions.jpg



Phase change glazing

Four panes of tempered safety glass

that form three separate insulating

glazing units

Outer IGU with suspended prismatic

filter.

Inner IGU filled with a translucent

salt-hydrate phase-change material.

Phase Change Materials store heat

as they change phase from solid to

liquid (melt) and release heat as

they cool off.

Best suited for south/west facing

facades

Current installation – none in CO

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Architect: RB+B / Hutton

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Thermochromic glazing

Thermoreflective filters utilize

nanotechnology to change from clear

to tinted when it heats up.

Uses a thermotropic resin layer

doped with spherical nanocapsules

(30% polyvinylvaprolactam and 70%

water )

Becomes opaque at a temperature of

about 86°F, cutting off the

wavelengths in the visible and in the

infrared.

Tvis changes from 80% to 15%

Current installation – NREL-RSF


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Source of costs: erious wWndows rep, Sage Glass rep, and buildinggreen.com


Glazing Comparison


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Sage Glass Ravenbrick Glass X Serious Energy

Tvis

R-3.57

R-4.5

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Commercial Viability

• Suspended film glazing

• Serious Energy, Boulder

• $20-25/sq ft

• Electrochromatic glazing units

• Sage Glass, Minnesota

• $50 -75/sq ft

• Phase change glazing

• GlassX, Germany

• $60-90/sq ft

• Thermochromic glazing

• Ravenbrick, Denver

• $20-25/sq ft

Image: www.treehugger.comImage: www.buildinggreen.com

Image: www.consumerenergycenter.orgImage: www.inhabitat.com

Source of costs: Serious Wndows rep, Sage Glass rep, and buildinggreen.com


Air Barriers

How It Works

Control air leakage into and out of

the building envelope

Impermeable to air flow

Continuous over the entire building

enclosure

• Air barrier performance

• Materials: 0.02 l/sm2 @ 75Pa

• Assemblies: 0.2 l/sm2 @ 75Pa

• Enclosures: 2.0 l/sm2 @ 75Pa

• Materials and assemblies that do not

meet these requirements but are

designed and constructed to control

airflow are air retarders

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Exterior Air Barrier Using Precast/Site Cast Concrete


Cost: $15-25/sq ft

Energy savings: 30% of heating

and cooling cost

Local installations

UCD Pharmacy &

Pharmaceutical, Denver

DMNS Phipps Gallery, Denver


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Interior Air Barrier Using Polyethylene Sheet

Interior Air Barrier Using Gypsum Board

Source of cost: RSMeans, www.energysavers.gov

Air Barriers

How It Works

A system consisting of two

glass skins placed in such a

way that air flows in the

intermediate cavity.

Incorporates natural

ventilation, daylight and solar

heat gain

Types

Buffer System,

Extract Air System

Twin Face System

Image: www.archrecord.construction.com

Buffer Façade Extract Air

Façade

Twin Face

Façade

Double Skin Façade


Cost

Premium of 2.5% based on

Gross internal floor area

4-5 times cost of a typical

façade

Local Installations

Museum of Contemporary Art

Architect: RB+B / HuttonArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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Source of cost: www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca

Double Skin Façade

Mechanical

- Active chilled beam systems

- Custom water to water heat pumps

- Variable volume refrigerant system

How It Works – chilled beams

4 types of beams

Radiant Panels at 25 Btu/sf

Uses radiant heat transfer

Chilled Sails at 50 Btu/sf

Radiant & convective heat

transfer

Passive beams at 415 Btu/sf

Convective heat transfer

Active beams at 645 Btu/sf

Convective heat transfer

Great in temperate dry climates

Avoid high humidity areas Price

-HV

AC

Active Chilled Beams

How It Works – active chilled beams

Active chilled beams have much higher

capacities than passive chilled beams

Active chilled beams have integrated

ventilation and more fan energy

All Chilled Beams must operate with

surface temperatures above the dew point

of the space to avoid condensation

Compared to VAV systems

Increased 1st costs

Reduced infrastrucure and energy cost

~ $13/sf of Radiant Panel


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Commercial Viability – active chilled beams

Compared to VAV systems

Reduced infrastructure

Reduced maintenance:

Higher supply air temperatures

Reduced air flow volumes

Cost Premium over VAV systems

Same heat rejection capacity

15 – 25% higher initial costs

12-15 yrs simple payback


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Manufacturers & Local Examples – active chilled beams

Manufacturers

Trox Technik:

http://www.troxusa.com/usa/pr

oducts/air_water_systems/inde

x.html

Price: www.price-hvac.com

Local Installations

Slaterpaull Architects Office

Pikes Peak Regional Building

Department

Dear Creek Middle School

CSU Pueblo Library


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http://www.troxusa.com/usa/products/air_water_systems/index.html



http://www.price-hvac.com/




How It Works

Water to Water Heat Pumps

Moves heat from one loop to

another (ie moving heat from a

chilled water loop to a hot

water loop)

Variety of ways to use W2W

heat pump for domestic hot

water, reheat hot water, or heat

recovery applications

Any buildings that heats and

cools simultaneously

Selected in compressor horse

power and cooling and heating

capacities Architect: RB+B / Hutton

Custom

W2W Heat

Pump

47⁰ F 43⁰ F

120⁰ F 140⁰ F

Chilled Water Loop

Hot Water Loop

+ Compressor

Heat

Custom Water to Water Heat Pump

Manufacturers & Local Examples

Manufacturers & Pricing

Heat Harvester

WaterFurnace International

McQuay

1000 $/hp of compressor hp

Local Installations

Family Health Centers

Commerce City & Fort Morgan

CSU RIC Building

Fort Collins

CU Biosciences Building

BoulderArchitect: RB+B / Hutton


Image of Heat Harvester Heat Pump

How It Works – open loop water to water heat pump

Uses Municipal non potable

water (where available) as

heat source and sink for

building heat pump

Heat pumps produce heating

hot water or chilled water to

circulate throughout the

building

Local Installations

Denver Museum of Nature

and Science,

ECF, Denverwww.groundwatersolutions.com


How It Works

One condensing unit,

multiple evaporators

Variable refrigerant flow to

each evaporator (VRF)

Retrofit projects: Longer pipe

length smaller pipe diameter

than DX

Buildings needing

simultaneous heating and

cooling and individual control

zones

Hotels, office, hospitals


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Heat Pump Units

Variable Volume Refrigerant Systems


Comparison to conventional

split system / heat pump system:

20-40% premium first costs

10% savings in operating costs


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Mitsubishi

http://www.mehvac.com/

Daikin Industries

http://www.daikin.com/

Toshiba

http://www.toshiba.com/

Fujitsu

http://www.fujitsu-general.com/

Local Installations

Gateway Canyons Resort,

Colorado Springs

Total Community Options,

Aurora





http://www.daikin.com/

http://www.toshiba.com/




Other Mechanical Ideas

Underfloor Air Distribution

Displacement Ventilation

Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling

Wind Scoop

Cool Tower

Condensing Boilers

Instantaneous Water Heaters

Ground Source Heat Pumps



Reusing Waste

- Living/Eco Machines

- Trash to Power

- Poop to Power

How It Works

Biological systems cleanse

the water for reuse

Aerobic and anaerobic

processes

Treats wastewater,

stormwater, and bio-solids

Applicable for all project

types (industrial with heavy

metals may require pre-

treatment)

Can be used for toilet

flushing, irrigation, AC

makeup, aquifer recharging

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Living/Eco-Machines


Price Range (compared

to conventional

wastewater systems)

Construction –

cost competitive

Operations –

less expensive

(sometimes

significantly)

Can realize large

savings in rural areas

with no municipal

supplyImage: www.livingmachines.com


Living/Eco-Machines


John Todd Ecological Design

Eco-Machines

www.toddecological.com

[email protected]

Worrell Water Technologies

Living Machine

Examples

El Monte Sagrado Resort,

Taos, NM

Las Vegas Regional Animal

Hospital, Las Vegas, NV

3 Colorado projects being

consideredArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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Living/Eco-Machines

http://www.toddecological.com/

http://www.livingmachines.com/

How It Works

Method 1. Methane from landfills

is burned to produce heat

which turns turbines to produce

electricity (large scale

application)

Method 2. Trash is used to

produce a synthetic

hydro/carbon gas used for

heating and electricity (small to

large scale applications)

Method 3. Trash (biomass) is

burned in an incinerator

creating heat for heating or

turning turbines to create

electricity (small to medium

scale applications)

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Heatpipe Reformer: Hydro/carbon gas generator

Trash to Power


Waste Management

Currently owns 111 landfill-based

gas plants, including Colorado

Invested in:

Agnion Energy: trash to

synthetic hydro/carbon gas

Enerkem: trash to

transportation fuel

Agilyx: plastics into crude oil

Agri-Power

Creates heat and power from waste and biomass*

Moveable system

Each system customized per application

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Trash to Power

http://www.rainharvest.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/trash-power.jpg

How it Works

Gassification process

Mechanical press

squeezes liquid out of

the dung

Extracted liquid is

combined with bacteria

and graphite in a

reactor to create

electricity

Solid mass is burned to

create heat

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Poop to Power

How It Works

Anaerobic digesters

Microorganisms break

waste down and create

gas

Used for heat or electricity

Applications: Anywhere

with a local supply of

solid mass waste

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Poop to Power


Denver Zoo

Elephant dung gassification

Will saves $200,000/year

Heartland Renewable Energy,

Longmont, CO

Cattle dung

80 acre gassification plant

Will power 20,000 homes

Carbondale Dog Park

Investigating anaerobic

digester to power a gas lamp

Methane created by on-site

dog waste

www.parksparkproject.com

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Poop to Power

http://www.parksparkproject.com/

Lighting & Daylighting

- Wireless lighting control systems

- Solid State / LED lighting

- Daylight harvesting

How It Works - TwistHDM – LimeLight

Wireless controls system for

fluorescent or LED fixtures in

Parking Garages, managed by

remote, web enabled software

automatically monitoring light

output, energy consumption, and

garage activity.

Two types

Open Access

Fluorescent

Linear

LEDArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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Wireless Lighting Control System

Commercial Viability & Price Range - TwistHDM LimeLight

Cost

Linear: $450 per fixture includes

controls, fluorescent fixture,

installation, labor and Cx

Open Access: $670-820 per

fixture for the controls (mini

computer and sensor pods),

LED fixture, installation, labor,

and Cx

Energy savings around 65%

Local installations

RTD parking garage,

Westminster

Parking garage at USAFA, CO

Springs


Image: www.twisthdm.com

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How It Works - Encelium

Integrated lighting control and

energy management solution

Use 6 different energy

management strategies

Utilizes a universal input/output

module that connects to

standard lighting components

Central control software enables

facility managers to control each

fixture in a building remotely

Image: www.encelium.com


Commercial Viability - Encelium

Cost

$2/sf for installations over

25,000 sf; $3/sf installations

under 25000 sf.

Reduces commercial lighting

energy costs by 50-75%

Best application: Offices, Higher

Education

Local installations

UCD Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Building

NREL RSF

Image: www.encelium.com

Source of cost: www.encelium.com


How It Works

When a light-emitting diode is

switched on, electrons

recombine with electron holes

within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons

resulting in electroluminescence

Benefits

Lower energy consumption

Longer lifetime

Improved robustness

Smaller size

Faster switching

DimmableArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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LED – Solid State Lighting


Cost

High range of costs

Manufacturers

Lumascape

Phillips

Osram Sylvania

CREE

Local installations

Denver Art Museum

NREL RSF

Denver International Airport


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LED – Solid State Lighting

How It Works - Sundolier

Tracks the sun to maximize

daylight delivered to interior

spaces with two-axis tracker

High quality indirect daylight —

no hot spots, no direct beam and

no glare

Dramatically decreased roof

penetration versus other

solutions

One Sundolier can light 1000-

3000 sq ft of space depending

on the ceiling height


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Daylight Harvesting


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Daylight Harvesting

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Daylight Analysis - Sundolier

Commercial Viability - Sundolier

Cost:

$7-24/sq ft

One Sundolier costs $18,000

without installation

Best application: large interior

open spaces

Local installations

Phillip S. Miller Library, Castle

Rock

St. Vrain Valley School District,

Longmont

Cherry Creek School District,

AuroraArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

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Source of cost: Sunflower Corporation Inc.

Daylight Harvesting

Solar Energy

- Cylindrical solar PV

- Solar air heating

How It Works

360 degree surface to capture sunlight

Converts direct, diffuse, and reflected sunlight into electricity

Advantages

Reduced energy loss from dirt

Increased weather resistance

No tilting or spacing required

Self-ballasted, easy to install

Non-penetrating

Applications

Anywhere with available roof area

Improved performance on white roofs

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Cylindrical Solar PV


Efficiency

14% efficiency

8 watts / sq ft

Price Range

$4.50 - $6.00 / sq ft installed

Qualifies for solar PV tax

incentives and rebates

Tax credits for new white roof and

Solyndra combo decreases total

cost


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Solyndra Factroy Fremont, CA

Dorfman Pacific distribution facility, CA



Solyndra

www.solyndra.com

Local installations

Racine’s Restaurant – Denver

Steuben’s Restaurant –

Denver

Howard Electric –

Golden

Manufacturer location

Fremont, CA

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http://www.solyndra.com/

How It Works – Solar Air Heating

Glazed solar air collector for direct space heating

Draws air from interior space, heats, then returns to interior space

through duct

Provides up to 20k Btu/day per unit

Wall or roof mounted

Fan is self-powered by

small PV panel

T-stats allow units to be

turned off in summer

Each 7 ½’ x 3 ½’ unit can

heat ~1,000 sq ft


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Solar Air Heating

How It Works – Transpired Solar Collector

Metal solar collector for

preheating air

Mounted on exterior wall

Perforated panels draw

preheated air into HVAC

system

Provides up to 4 cfm of

preheated air per sq ft

of panel

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Solar Air Heating


Solar Air Heating Commercial Viability

Current installations include some small

commercial buildings and DIY homes

Transpired Solar Collector


Numerous large scale commercial

installations nation wide

Pricing

Solar air heating panels: $1,000 to

$1,500 per panel or about $38 to $57/sf

Transpired solar collector: $14 to $25/sf


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Solar Air Heating


SolarSheat (Ontario, Canada)

Solar Air Heating

Manufactured by Your Solar Home

InSpire (Allenstown, PA)

Transpired Solar Collector

Manufactured by Atas

Installed on Summit County Fleet

Maintenance Facility in Frisco

SolarWall (Buffalo, NY)

Transpired Solar collector

Installed on Carbon Valley Regional

Library, Firestone, and FedEx, Denver


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Solar Air Heating

Future Technologies:

- NREL

- Colorado State University

- University of Colorado

Sliced monocrystalline silicon (Siemens)

Multicrystalline silicon cast ingot slices

(Kyocera)

Multicrystalline silicon ribbon or sheet

grown directly from the melt (Schott)

Amorphous silicon think film (Uni-Solar)

Amorphous silicon on monocrystalline

silicon slice (SANYO’s HIT cell)

Concentrators using silicon cells (Amonix)

Cell Efficiency:

Sanyo (19.3%)

SunPower (20.4%)

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Photovoltaic Trends: Silicon Technologies

NREL: Future Trends

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) modules (Antec)

CIS* cells (Shell Solar, Würth Solar, Global Photovoltaics)

CIGS** (Nanosolar), Copper indium gallium (di)selenide

High efficiency III-V concentrators made from Gallium compounds

(Spectrolab, Boeing)

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Nanoparticle Ink

Photovoltaic Trends: Emerging Non-Silicon Alternatives:

NREL: Future Trends

Solar Thermal Trends

Bigger troughs

Frame development

Direct steam generation

Hybrid cooling (absorbtion)

Non-glass / aluminum mirrors


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Steam generation

Aluminum mirrors

NREL: Future Trends

Bigger Wind Turbines

Enercon E-126 is world’s largest wind

turbine

7.58 MW, 198 m (650 ft) tall, 24 in EU

10+ MW turbines are being developed

Cost / kW decreases as size of

turbines goes up

Offshore wind development


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NREL: Future Trends

Professor W.S. Sampath,

[email protected]

Director, National Science Foundation

Industry and University Cooperative

Research Program

Focus on Thin film Cadmium Telluride

(CdTe) photovoltaics. CdTe is a compound

made from by-products of zinc and copper

mining operations.

Abound Solar, one of the most successful

CSU spinoffs with, one of five center

members


CSU: Low Cost PV

Low Cost PV

mailto:[email protected]

Urban Water Center at CSU

Larry Roesner and Sybil

Sharvelle

Assisted by Water Legacy

of Colorado

Sink, shower, and laundry water

is treated/purified and used for

sub-surface irrigation or for

toilet flushing

Plant and soil samples collected and

analyzed for human health concerns

Case Study: Aspen Hall

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CSU: Graywater Research

Graywater for Irrigation

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CSU: Graywater Research

Urban Water Center at CSU

Larry Roesner and Sybil Sharvelle

Free surface wetland vs. subsurface

gravel wetland

Shower and laundry water hauled to

wetland area

Testing for pathogen indicator

organisms to determine efficacy

Preliminary results show reduction in

solids, biochemical oxygen

demand and nitrogen

species

Water savings & cost reduction

Constructed wetland treatment of graywater:

How Anaerobic Digestion Works


High CarbonWaste

Organics Acids

Acids CH4

High NutrientLow Odor

Waste

Anaerobic Environment

Cogeneration

Hot Water

CH4

Green Power

Near Complete Pathogen Removoal

CSU: Anaerobic Digester for Energy

Uses for Methane


Methane Gas

Cogeneration

Electricity Hot Water

Purification to Supply

Natural Gas LinesBoiler


CH4

How And Where It Works

Sybil Sharvelle, Dept of Civil &

Environmental Engineering

Applicable for high organic

content waste

In absence of oxygen, carbon is

converted to methane

Most applicable at dairies

Can generate 5 kWh per

day per cow

CSU investigating Separate

Stage Leachate Bed System



Artificial Intelligence to Inform Building Operation

Dr. Gregor Henze

Peter May-Ostendorp

[email protected]

Building Systems Program, CU

Boulder

USGBC-funded project:

―HVAC Control Algorithms for

Mixed-Mode Buildings‖


Explore operation strategies

Extract enhanced

operational rules

Embed rules in BAS

Simulation

Implementation

CU: Predictive Intelligence for Buildings


Artificial Intelligence to Inform Building Operation

Concept:

Use model-predictive control to

explore better operational

strategies for high performance

buildings

―Extract‖ the lessons learned into

computationally simplified ―rules‖

that can be implemented in today’s

building automation systems

Simulation results indicate HVAC

cooling energy savings > 10% with

improved comfort


Explore operation strategies

Extract enhanced

operational rules

Embed rules in BAS

Simulation

Implementation

CU: Predictive Intelligence for Buildings

Mixed-Mode Building Optimal Control: Dealing with

uncertainty in stochastic human-building interaction.

• Dr. Gregor Henze,

• Ryan Tanner

[email protected]

• Building Systems Program, CU

Boulder

• Buildings need to be controlled

in concert with occupant actions.

• Buildings are tasked with

maintaining the indoor

environment while responding

to disturbances (occupant

actions, weather).

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CU: Stochastic Optimal Controls


Mixed-Mode Building Optimal Control: Dealing with

uncertainty in stochastic human-building interaction.

• Occupants can help or hinder

building operation (decrease or

increase operating cost).

• People open windows, adjust

thermostats, adjust lighting

and shading devices, etc.

• Occupants are largely

predictable, but inconsistencies

in behavior can result in

significant building under-

or over-compensation.

• Challenge: Lower building energy consumption while

increasing occupant comfort.

• Solution: Coming Soon!

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CU: Stochastic Optimal Controls

NSF– EFRI Seed: Living Wall


NSF – EFRI Seed: Living Wall

Living Wall Materials and Systems for Automatic Building

Thermo- regulations

Goal:

Radical reduction of heating/cooling energy of buildings

towards achieving net-zero-energy buildings by 2030.

Approach:

Apply biomimetic design principles to develop an intelligent

and integrated LIVING building wall system with smart

materials and innovative structures.



Living Wall is …

Two sets of optimized micro-

vascular networks and

distributed phase change

medium (PCM) are

Embedded into an innovative

polymer-based wall unit

Allow autonomous movement of

air and liquid and charge/

discharge of PCM to

Dynamically regulate the thermal

behaviors of building envelope

and entire dwelling.



Air

Air

Air

Air

Water

PCM

holding material

MVFS_L

flow - liquid

flow - air

air vents

PCM

holding material

MVFS_L

flow - liquid

flow - air

air vents

Research and Education/Outreach Plan:

Design, synthesize and process functional hydrogels and holding

materials

Explore thermo-mechancial properties of thermally responsive

hydrogels (TRH)

Optimize the design and integration of micro-vascular networks,

PCM distributions and holding materials for autonomous control of

heat and mass flow in the wall

Quantify automatic thermal regulation processes and long-term

performance of integrated living wall systems under dynamic

climatic and operating conditions

Integrate living wall design with whole net-zero-energy building

design and construction

Develop new interdisciplinary academic and outreach program in

Bio-Architectural Science and Engineering (BASE)




Micro-scale

materials

(polymer)

Micro-vascular

fluid channels &

networks

System-scale

whole building

systems

micro-scale meso-scale macro-scale system-scale

Macro-scale

individual wall

units


Passive Heating and Cooling

Heating and Cooling – Day



Heating and Cooling – Day

Wind tower

rotates with

wind venturi

effect pulls air out

(fan assisted)



Night Flush

Wind scoop,

evaporative

cooling



Night Flush

Interior daytime

heat vented

through atrium at

night through

Venturi Effect and

envelope inlets.

Heat collected

with air to liquid

heat exchangers.


Stack Effect & Thermal Up-lift

Atrium Ventilation

Air

movement

into atrium

via negative

pressure

generated

by thermal

uplift and

exhaust

Performance Goals

80% to Net Zero operations with

passive systems

Integrated systems, through BAS

Maximized, efficient heat collection

drawn into centralized system

Efficient stack effect with balanced

Living Wall heat distribution

Efficient/maximized fluid based

heat concentration, collection

and transport

Heating and cooling balanced in

simultaneous operation

BAS controlled seeding of interstitial

stacks for maximum thermal uplift Architect: RB+B / Hutton

FLUID TO AIR

LIVING WALL

COILS

HEAT

EXCHANGER

ENVELOPE

WALL DETAIL

Stack-Effect Heating & Cooling



Passive Ventilation



Central Space w/ Interstitial Walls



Interstitial Wall Ventilation



Interstitial Wall and Passive Ventilation System

Passive Cooling and Heating

System with Winter Sun

1. Interstitial Wall System

2. Blank

3. Exterior Vent

4. Interior Vent

5. Underfloor Plenum Space

6. Labyrinth Air Intake

7. Cooling Labyrinth

8. Supplemental Fans

9. Transparent Thin Film PV



Interstitial Wall and Passive Ventilation System

Passive Cooling System with

the Summer Sun

1. Interstitial Wall System

2. Blank

3. Exterior Exhaust Vent

4. Interior Vent

5. Underfloor Plenum Space

6. Labyrinth Air Intake

7. Cooling Labyrinth

8. Supplemental Fans

9. Transparent Thin Film PV

Design Goals

Passive heating, cooling

and lighting strategies

Integrated and

standardized systems

Predictable results

Tool for architects and engineer professionals

Quick design tools with predictable results

Quantification tools at schematic design phase & beyond

Computer tools for accurate PRM, Energy Modeling and CFD

Development of an Energy Plus model




Living Wall System Scale


Living Wall &

Interstitial Wall

Concept

Winter


Living Wall &

Interstitial Wall

Concept

Summer


Architectural Detail

of the Living Wall

Solar Winter Day


Architectural Detail

of the Living Wall

Solar Summer Day


Micro-Scale Living Wall

Resources

Electrochromatic Glazing:

Lighting Research and Technology: September 1, 2009 41: 261-283

Phase Change Glazing:

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2009)

322 – 327

Thermochromic Glazing

http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/143091/

Air Barriers:

www.buildingscience.com

Double Skin Façade:

www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca


Butler, D., et al. 2007. 3. Chilled Beam Application Guidebook,

second ed. Belguim: REHVAArchitect: RB+B / Hutton

Resources

http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/143091/

http://www.buildingscience.com/

http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/

Resources


http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5547

Living Machines

www.livingmachines.com

Eco Machines

John Todd, [email protected]

Agri-Power

Barry Berman, [email protected]

Poop to Power

www.parksparkproject.com

Wireless lighting control systems

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/electriclighting.php


Resources

http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5547

http://www.livingmachines.com/



http://www.parksparkproject.com/

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/electriclighting.php

Resources

Solid State / LED Lighting

www.newbuildings.org

Daylight Harvesting

www.ecw.org


www.eere.energy.gov

Solar Air Heating

www.energysavers.gov

NREL

Andy Walker, [email protected]

CSU – Low Cost PV

W.S. Sampath, [email protected]


Resources

http://www.newbuildings.org/

http://www.ecw.org/

http://www.eere.energy.gov/

http://www.energysavers.gov/




Resources


Resources

CSU – Graywater for Irrigation and Constructed Wetland Treatment of

Graywater

Larry Roesner, [email protected]

Sybil Sharvelle, [email protected]

CSU – Anaerobic Digester

Sybil Sharvelle, [email protected]

CU – Predictive Intelligence for Building

Peter May-Ostendorp, [email protected]

CU – Mixed Mode Building Ocntrol

Ryan Tanner, [email protected]

CU – Living Wall

John Zhai, [email protected]

Fred Andreas, [email protected]








Resources


Resources

CU – Green Building Resources

Fred Andreas,

[email protected]

http://tiny.cc/rnpeb - Vol 4

Vol 1 Green building high tech

materials

Vol 2 MEP high tech systems

Vol 3 Residential high tech

Vol 4 High tech commercial


http://tiny.cc/rnpeb

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing

Education Systems Course

[email protected] Merrigan

[email protected]ée Azerbegi

[email protected] Andreas

looking forward: the new frontiers in high performance...

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