longman academic word list

8/2/2019 Longman Academic Word List

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1

An Introduction to the

Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New Zealand

What is the Academic Word List?

The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 0

word families that are commonly found inacademic texts. This list was selected byexamining a large corpus (or collection) of

written academic texts and selecting thewords that occurred:

1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science.

2 Over 00 times in the corpus overall.

3 At least 0 times in each academicfaculty section.

4 Outside the 000 most frequent wordson Michael Wests General Service List

(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.

These principles ensured that only words that

occurred reasonably frequently in a variety ofstudy areas were selected.

The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs mostoften in written academic texts. These wordsalso occur in newspapers but not as often as they

do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even

less in fiction. If your focus is learning academicvocabulary, you need to make sure you read

academic textbooks so that you encounter thesewords in context.

How is the AWL organized?

The AWL is organized into Word Families.

Word families are made up of the parent wordand family members. Take for example the wordmaximise. Its family members include inflections

of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the nounmaximum. The word family also includes the

British spelling of the noun maximisation, as wellas maximization, the US spelling.

If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able

to recognise other family members such as

maximised when you encounter them in your

reading. These words are closely related and themeaning is likely to be the same or similar. When

you are looking for words in this dictionary, thinkabout other word family members too.

Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur

on their own and do not have any inflections.Examples include nonetheless,so-called andbehalf.Why is the AWL important?

The AWL is intended as a reference for studentswho are studying or preparing to study at atertiary level in English. As a university lecturer,

I was aware of the difficulties that students hadin mastering the vocabulary necessary for writtenassignments. The AWL does not include content

vocabulary for particular subjects which studentsobviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses

instead on the non-subject-specific vocabularythat students of any discipline will need to masterin order to produce coherently-structured writtenassignments.

The AWL covers up to 0% of the vocabularycovered in written academic texts. This means

that, on average, one word in 0 in an academictextbook is in the AWL. Look at the following

extract from an academic text:

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental issues are truly global.Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have globaleffects and require global action. Someproblems link to the exploitation of globalcommons theresourcesshared by theinternational communitysuchas ocean beds and the atmosphere.Sometimes small local problems, such

as poisonous gases leaking from landfillsand water pollution, are multiplied somany times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. Theenvironment is a global concern requiringglobal policies.

Academic Word List


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Academic Word List 2

The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL

can help with decisions about which words areimportant for you to learn if you are studying in

an English-speaking country.

How can the AWL help me with

my academic studies?

Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital forstudents studying at an English-speaking

university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words anative English speaker might know by the age of

(approximately ,000 to 0,000 words) andhow many a learner who has had two or threehours of schooling in English over

several years (roughly 000 to 000 wordsdepending on the language background of thestudent), this gap is enormous. In order to read

and write successfully you need to be able torecognize as many words as possible in your

textbooks and use as many as possible in youressays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more youwill be able to cope with the high reading and

writing demands of your studies.

Academic writing tends to be quite formal in

style. The vocabulary items that you use in yourwriting can affect the level of formality. Writersneed to know whether a word can be used in a

particular situation. Take for example consequent.This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with

friends but you should use it in written English totake your language to a higher level of formality.

The AWL will help you to focus on issues offormality. Look out for the formal label in thisdictionary.

Remember that the AWL covers approximately0% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic

writing. You should aim to have roughly thesame percentage in your own academic writingtoo. If you go to theAWL highlighter website

by Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/

~alzsh/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you

can copy and paste your text into it and it will

highlight the AWL words for you. This will enableyou to see how many AWL words you are usingoverall and whether you repeat the same words

many times in your writing.

When looking up words from the AWL in thisdictionary you should also focus on the bold

phrases that are highlighted. These show you thekey grammatical patterns and collocations for

that word. Collocations are words that commonlyoccur together or near each other in a text, for

example effect on. Collocations and phrasesare important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a

higher level with academic vocabulary than justusing a word from your own language and itstranslation. The collocations in the following text

have been highlighted in blue.

DECLINING BIODIVERSITY

Whatever the effects on this planets

climate, rain-forest clearance has anotherundeniable impact. The disappearance ofrain forests is a major factor eroding theearths biodiversity, or, more simplycausing many thousands of species of plantand animal life to disappear forever. Whilerain forests account for just seven percent ofthe earths surface, they are home to almosthalf of this planets living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high

as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, haveidentified more than 1,000 species of antsalone (Wilson, 1991).

What strategies can I use to help

learn the AWL words?

Remember that building your vocabulary takestime. You are not likely to learn everything youneed to know about a word the very first time you

see it. And dont expect to remember everythingabout a word after looking it up in a dictionary

once. Try some of these ideas to help you withvocabulary building:

Make the most of the information given inthis dictionary to build up your knowledge of a

word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted inthe entry. These show important grammaticalpatterns and collocations. Learn these rather

than the word in isolation.

Even if you think you already know a word,look it up in the dictionary to see if there is anyadditional information that you dont know.

Research has shown that repetition helpspeople to remember things. Make sure youbuild repetition into your learning. You coulddo this through using word cards to test

yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.


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Academic Word List3

Studying words actively will help yourlearning. People do learn words through

reading but the chances of rememberingvocabulary is higher when you focus on the

words and make a conscious effort to learnthem.

Look out for common collocations, phrasesand grammatical patterns of words when youare reading academic texts.

Work with the AWL alongside you when youare writing. Try to use words from the list thatare relevant to your writing.

How is the AWL shown in this dictionary?

The words on the AWL are marked with AC in thisdictionary.

The AWL does not include the 000 mostfrequent words used in general everyday English.

In this dictionary, however, the 000 most frequentwords in written English are also marked with W1 W2 and W3 and the 000 most frequent words in

spoken English are marked with S1 S2 and S3 .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.

Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposes

at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. She

compiled the AWL in 000. For further information on the AWL go to

Averils website at http://language.massey.ac.nz/staff/awl/

index.shtml.

Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy

and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:

A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,

Pearson Education Limited 2005.

abandonv

abandoned adj

abnormal adj

abstractadj

abstractn

abstractv

abstraction n

academicadj

academicn

academyn

accessnaccessv

accessible adj

accommodatev

accommodation n

accompaniment n

accompanyv

accumulatev

accuracy n

accurateadj

achievev

achievement nacknowledgev

acknowledgement n

acquirev

acquisition n

adaptv

adaptable adj

adaptation n

adequateadj

adjacentadj

adjustv

adjustment n

administration n

administrative adj

adultn

adultadj

advocacy n

advocatev

advocate n

affect vaggregate n

aggregate adj

aggregate v

aid n

aid v

albeit conj

allocate v

allocation n

alter v

alteration n

alternate adjalternate v

alternative adj

alternative n

ambiguity n

ambiguous adj

amend v

amendment n

analogous adj

analogy n

analyse v

analysis n

analyst n

analytical adj

analyze v

annual adj

anticipate v

anticipation n

apparent adj

append vappendix n

appreciable adj

appreciate v

appreciation n

approach v

approach n

appropriate adj

approximate adj

approximate v

approximation n

arbitrary adjarea n

aspect n

assemble v

assembly n

assess v

assessment n

assign v

assignment n

assist v

assistance n

assume v

assuming conj

assumption n

assurance n

assure v

attach v

attachment n

attain v

attainment nattitude n

attributable adj

attribute v

attribute n

author n

author v

authoritative adj

authority n

authorship n

automate v

automated adjautomatic adj

automatically adv

automation n

available adj

aware adj

awareness n

Academic Word List

The following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary.Words shown in bold are one of the parent words.


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behalf n

beneficial adj

beneficiary n

benefit n

benefit v

bias n

bias vbiased adj

bond n

bond v

brevity n

brief adj

brief n

brief v

briefing n

briefly adv

bulk n

bulky adj

capability n

capable adj

capacity n

category n

cease v

challenge n

challenge v

challenging adj

channel n

channel

vchapter n

chart n

chart v

chemical n

chemical adj

circumstance n

citation n

cite v

civil adj

clarification n

clarify v

clarity n

classic adj

classic n

classical adj

clause n

code n

code v

coded adj

coding n

coherence n

coherent adj

coincide vcoincidence n

coincident adj

coincidental adj

collapse v

collapse n

colleague n

commence v

commencement n

comment n

comment v

commentary n

commentator n

commission n

commission v

commit vcommitment n

committed adj

commodity n

communicable adj

communicate v

communication n

communicative adj

community n

compatibility n

compatible adj

compensate vcompensation n

compensatory adj

compilation n

compile v

complement n

complement v

complementary adj

complex adj

complex n

complexity n

component

ncomponent adj

compound n

compound v

compound adj

comprehensive adj

comprise v

computation n

compute v

computer n

computing n

conceivable adj

conceive v

concentrate v

concentration n

concept n

conception n

conceptual adj

conclude v

concluding adj

conclusion n

conclusive adj

concurrent adj

conduct vconduct n

confer v

conference n

confine v

confined adj

confirm v

confirmation n

conflict n

conflict v

conform v

conformation n

conformist adj

conformity n

consensus n

consent nconsent v

consequence n

consequent adj

consequently adv

considerable adj

considerably adv

consist v

consistency n

consistent adj

constancy n

constant adjconstant n

constantly adv

constituency n

constituent n

constituent adj

constitute v

constitution n

constitutional adj

constrain v

constrained adj

constraint nconstruct v

construct n

construction n

constructive adj

consult v

consultancy n

consultant n

consultation n

consultative adj

consume v

consumer n

consumption n

contact n

contact v

contact adj

contemporary adj

contemporary n

context n

contextual adj

contextualize v

contract n

contract v

contractor ncontradict v

contradiction n

contradictory adj

contrary n

contrary adj

contrast n

contrast v

contrasting adj

contribute v

contribution n

contributor n

controversial adj

controversy n

convene v

convention nconventional adj

converse adj

conversely adv

conversion n

convert v

convertible adj

convince v

convinced adj

convincing adj

cooperate v

cooperation ncooperative adj

coordinate v

coordinate n

coordinate adj

coordination n

coordinator n

core n

core adj

core v

corporate adj

corporation ncorrespond v

correspondence n

corresponding adj

couple n

couple v

create v

creation n

creative adj

creativity n

creator n

credit n

credit v

creditor n

criterion n

crucial adj

cultural adj

culturally adv

culture n

currency n

cycle n

cycle v

cyclic adj

data n

debatable adj

debate n

debate v

decade n

decline n

decline v

deduce v


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Academic Word List5

deduction n

define v

definite adj

definitely adv

definition n

definitive adj

demonstrable adjdemonstrate v

demonstration n

demonstrative adj

demonstrator n

denial n

denote v

deny v

depress v

depression n

derivation n

derivative nderivative adj

derive v

design n

design v

designer n

despite prep

detect v

detection n

detective n

detector n

deviate

vdeviation n

device n

devote v

devoted adj

devotion n

differentiate v

dimension n

diminish v

diminution n

discrete adj

discretion n

discretionary adj

discriminate v

discrimination n

disestablish v

displace v

displacement n

display n

display v

disposable adj

disposal n

dispose v

disproportion ndisproportionate adj

dissimilar adj

distinct adj

distinction n

distinctive adj

distinctly adv

distort v

distribute v

distribution n

distributive adj

diverse adj

diversify v

diversity n

document n

document vdocumentation n

domain n

domestic adj

domesticate v

domesticated adj

dominance n

dominant adj

dominate v

draft n

draft v

draft adjdrama n

dramatic adj

dramatist n

dramatize v

duration n

dynamic adj

dynamic n

economic adj

economical adj

economically adveconomics n

economist n

economy n

edit v

edition n

editor n

editorial adj

editorial n

element n

eliminate v

elimination n

emerge v

emergence n

emergent adj

emerging adj

emphasis n

emphasize v

emphatic adj

empirical adj

empiricism n

enable v

enabling adj

encounter vencounter n

energetic adj

energy n

enforce v

enforced adj

enforcement n

enhance v

enhanced adj

enormity n

enormous adj

enormously adv

ensure v

entity n

environment n

environmental adjenvironmentalist n

equate v

equation n

equip v

equipment n

equivalent adj

equivalent n

erode v

erosion n

erroneous adj

error nestablish v

established adj

establishment n

estate n

estimate n

estimate v

estimation n

ethic n

ethical adj

ethnic adj

ethnic

nevaluate v

evaluation n

eventual adj

eventuality n

eventually adv

evidence n

evident adj

evidential adj

evidently adv

evolution n

evolutionary adj

evolve v

exceed v

exclude v

excluding prep

exclusion n

exclusive adj

exclusively adv

exhibit v

exhibit n

exhibition n

expand v

expansion nexpansionism n

expansive adj

expert n

expert adj

expertise n

explicit adj

exploit v

exploitation n

export n

export v

exporter n

expose v

exposed adj

exposure n

external adjexternalize v

extract v

extract n

extraction n

facilitate v

facilitator n

facility n

factor n

factor v

feature nfeature v

federal adj

federation n

fee n

file n

file v

filing n

final adj

final n

finality n

finalize vfinally adv

finance n

finance v

financial adj

financier n

finite adj

flexibility n

flexible adj

fluctuate v

fluctuation n

focus v

focus n

focussed adj

format n

format v

formula n

formulate v

forthcoming adj

found v

foundation n

founder n

founding n

framework nfunction n

function v

functional adj

fund n

fund v

fundamental adj

fundamentally adv

funding n


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furthermore adv

gender n

generate v

generation n

globalization n

globe ngoal n

grade n

grade v

graded adj

grant v

grant n

guarantee v

guarantee n

guideline n

hence advhierarchical adj

hierarchy n

highlight v

hypothesis n

hypothesize v

hypothetical adj

identical adj

identifiable adj

identification n

identify videntity n

ideological adj

ideology n

ignorance n

ignorant adj

ignore v

illegal adj

illogical adj

illustrate v

illustration n

illustrative adj

image n

imagery n

immature adj

immigrant n

immigrate v

immigration n

impact n

impact v

implement v

implement n

implicate v

implication nimplicit adj

imply v

impose v

imposition n

imprecise adj

inaccessible adj

inaccuracy n

inaccurate adj

inadequacy n

inadequate adj

inappropriate adj

incapable adj

incapacitate v

incentive n

incidence nincident n

incidentally adv

inclination n

incline v

incline n

incoherent adj

income n

incompatible adj

inconceivable adj

inconclusive adj

inconsistency ninconsistent adj

incorporate v

incorporated adj

indefinite adj

indefinitely adv

index n

index v

indicate v

indication n

indicative n

indicative

adjindicator n

indiscretion n

indistinct adj

individual adj

individual n

individualism n

individualist n

individuality n

individually adv

induce v

induction n

inevitability n

inevitable adj

inevitably adv

infer v

inference n

infinite adj

infinitely adv

inflexible adj

infrastructure n

inherent adj

inhibit v

inhibition ninitial adj

initially adv

initiate v

initiation n

initiative n

initiator n

injure v

injured adj

injury n

innovate v

innovation n

innovative adj

innovator n

input n

input vinsecure adj

insert v

insertion n

insight n

insightful adj

insignificant adj

inspect v

inspection n

inspector n

instability n

instance ninstance v

institute n

institute v

institution n

institutional adj

institutionalized adj

instruct v

instruction n

instructive adj

instructor n

insufficient adjintegral adj

integrate v

integrated adj

integration n

integrity n

intelligence n

intelligent adj

intense adj

intensify v

intensity n

intensive adj

interact v

interaction n

interactive adj

intermediate adj

internal adj

internalize v

interpret v

interpretation n

interpretative adj

interpretive adj

interval n

intervene vintervening adj

intervention n

intrinsic adj

invalidate v

invalidity n

invariable adj

invariably adv

invest v

investigate v

investigation n

investigative adj

investigator n

investment n

investor n

invisible adjinvoke v

involve v

involvement n

irrational adj

irrelevance n

irrelevant adj

irreversible adj

isolate v

isolated adj

isolation n

isolationism nissue n

issue v

item n

job n

journal n

justifiable adj

justification n

justified adj

justify v

label n

label v

labor n

labored adj

labour n

labour v

laboured adj

layer n

layer v

lecture n

lecture v

lecturer n

legal adj

legality n

legally adv

legislate v

legislation n

legislative adj

legislator n

legislature n

levy v

levy n

liberal adjliberal n

liberalism n

liberalize v

liberally adv

liberate v

liberated adj

licence n

license v


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Academic Word List7

licensed adj

likewise adv

link v

link n

linkage n

locate v

location nlogic n

logical adj

logician n

maintain v

maintenance n

major adj

majority n

manipulate v

manipulative adj

manual adjmanual n

margin n

marginal adj

marginally adv

maturation n

mature adj

mature v

maturity n

maximize v

maximum adj

maximum

nmechanism n

media n

mediate v

medical adj

medium adj

medium n

mental adj

mentality n

method n

methodical adj

methodology n

migrant n

migrate v

migration n

migratory adj

military adj

military n

minimal adj

minimize v

minimum adj

minimum n

ministerial adj

ministry nminor adj

minority n

misinterpret v

mode n

modification n

modify v

monitor v

motivated adj

motivation n

motive n

motive adj

mutual adj

mutually adv

negate vnegative adj

negative n

network n

network v

networking n

neutral adj

neutrality n

neutralize v

nevertheless adv

nonconformist n

nonetheless advnorm n

normal adj

normal n

normality n

normalize v

normally adv

notion n

notwithstanding prep

nuclear adj

objective

nobjective adj

objectively adv

obtain v

obtainable adj

obvious adj

obviously adv

occupancy n

occupant n

occupation n

occupational adj

occupier n

occupy v

occur v

occurrence n

odd adj

odds n

offset v

ongoing adj

option n

optional adj

orient v

orientate v

orientated adjorientation n

oriented adj

outcome n

output n

output v

overall adj

overall adv

overestimate v

overestimate n

overlap v

overlap n

overseas adv

overseas adj

panel nparadigm n

paragraph n

parallel n

parallel adj

parallel v

parameter n

participant n

participate v

participation n

participatory adj

partner npartnership n

passive adj

passive n

perceive v

percent adj

percent n

percentage n

perception n

period n

periodic adj

periodical npersist v

persistence n

persistent adj

perspective n

phase n

phase v

phenomenal adj

phenomenon n

philosopher n

philosophical adj

philosophize v

philosophy n

physical adj

physically adv

plus prep

plus n

plus adj

policy n

portion n

pose v

pose n

positive adj

positively advpotential adj

potential n

potentially adv

practitioner n

precede v

precedence n

precedent n

preceding adj

precise adj

precisely adv

precision n

precision adj

predict v

predictable adj

prediction npredominance n

predominant adj

predominantly adv

predominate v

preliminary adj

preliminary n

presumably adv

presume v

presumption n

previous adj

previously advprimacy n

primarily adv

primary adj

prime adj

principal adj

principally adv

principle n

principled adj

prior adj

prioritize v

priority

nprocedural adj

procedure n

proceed v

proceeding n

proceeds n

process n

process v

processed adj

professional adj

professional n

professionalism n

professionally adv

prohibit v

prohibition n

prohibitive adj

project n

project v

projection n

promote v

promoter n

promotion n

proportion n

proportional adjproportionate adj

prospect n

prospective adj

protocol n

psychological adj

psychologist n

psychology n

publication n


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publish v

publisher n

publishing n

purchase v

purchase n

pursue v

pursuit n

qualitative adj

quotation n

quote v

quote n

radical adj

radical n

random adj

range n

range vratio n

rational adj

rationalism n

rationalize v

react v

reaction n

reactionary adj

reactionary n

reactivate v

reactive adj

reactor nreadjust v

reassess v

reconstruct v

reconstruction n

recover v

recovery n

recreate v

redistribute v

redistribution n

refine v

refined adj

refinement n

regime n

region n

regional adj

register n

register v

registration n

regulate v

regulation n

regulator n

regulatory adj

reinforce vreinforcement n

reinvest v

reject v

rejection n

relax v

relaxation n

release v

release n

relevant adj

reliable adj

reliance n

reliant adj

relocate v

reluctance n

reluctant adjrely v

removable adj

removal n

remove v

remove n

require v

requirement n

reschedule v

research n

research v

reside vresidence n

resident n

resident adj

residential adj

resolution n

resolve v

resolve n

resource n

resource v

resourceful adj

respond vrespondent n

response n

responsive adj

restoration n

restore v

restored adj

restrain v

restraint n

restrict v

restricted adj

restriction n

restrictive adj

restructure v

retain v

retainer n

retention n

retentive adj

reveal v

revealing adj

revelation n

revenue n

reversal n

reverse vreverse n

reverse adj

reversible adj

revise v

revision n

revolution n

revolutionary adj

revolutionary n

revolutionize v

rigid adj

role n

route n

route v

scenario nschedule n

schedule v

schematic adj

scheme n

scheme v

scope n

section n

section v

sector n

secure adj

secure vsecurely adv

security n

seek v

select v

select adj

selection n

selective adj

selector n

sequence n

sequencing n

sequential adjseries n

sex n

sexism n

sexual adj

sexuality n

shift v

shift n

significant adj

significantly adv

signify v

similar adj

similarity n

similarly adv

simulate v

simulated adj

simulation n

site n

sole adj

solely adv

somewhat adv

source n

source v

specific adjspecific n

specifically adv

specification n

specify v

sphere n

spherical adj

stability n

stabilize v

stable adj

statistic n

statistician n

status n

straightforward adj

strategic adj

strategist nstrategy n

stress n

stress v

stressed adj

stressful adj

structural adj

structure n

structure v

structured adj

style n

style vstyling n

stylish adj

stylized adj

submission n

submit v

subordinate adj

subordinate n

subordinate v

subsequent adj

subsequently adv

subsidiary

adjsubsidize v

subsidy n

substitute n

substitute v

substitution n

succession n

successive adj

successor n

sufficiency n

sufficient adj

sum n

sum v

summarize v

summary n

summary adj

summation n

supplement n

supplement v

supplementary adj

survey n

survey v

survival n

survive vsurvivor n

suspend v

suspension n

sustain v

sustainable adj

sustained adj

sustenance n

symbol n


9/9

Academic Word List9

symbolic adj

symbolism n

symbolize v

tape n

tape v

target ntarget v

task n

task v

team n

team v

technical adj

technically adv

technique n

technological adj

technology n

temporary adjtense adj

tension n

terminal adj

terminal n

terminate v

termination n

text n

textual adj

thematic adj

theme n

theoretical adjtheoretically adv

theorist n

theory n

thereby adv

thesis n

topic n

topical adj

trace v

trace n

tracing n

tradition n

traditional adj

traditionalist n

transfer v

transfer n

transference n

transform v

transformation n

transit n

transition n

transitional adj

transitory adj

transmission ntransmit v

transport n

transport v

transportation n

transporter n

trend n

trigger n

trigger v

ultimate adj

ultimately adv

unaccompanied adj

unaffected adj

unaided adj

unalterable adj

unambiguous adjunanticipated adj

unapproachable adj

unattached adj

unattainable adj

unavailable adj

unaware adj

unbiased adj

uncharted adj

unconstitutional adj

unconventional adj

undeniable adjunderestimate v

underestimate n

undergo v

underlie v

underlying adj

undertake v

undertaking n

underwent v

undiminished adj

uneconomical adj

unethical adjunfounded adj

unification n

unified adj

uniform adj

uniformity n

unify v

unique adj

unjustified adj

unlicensed adj

unobtainable adj

unparalleled adj

unprecedented adj

unpredictable adj

unprincipled adj

unpublished adj

unregulated adj

unreliable adj

unresolved adj

unresponsive adj

unrestrained adj

unrestricted adj

unscheduled adj

unspecified adjunstable adj

unstressed adj

unstructured adj

unsustainable adj

utility n

utilize v

valid adj

validate v

variable adj

variable n

variance n

variant n

variation nvaried adj

vary v

vehicle n

version n

via prep

violate v

violation n

virtual adj

virtually adv

visibility n

visible adjvisibly adv

vision n

visual adj

visualize v

visually adv

volume n

voluntarily adv

voluntary adj

volunteer n

volunteer v

welfare n

whereas conj

whereby adv

widespread adj

longman academic word list

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