long-term memory. the traditional view of long-term memory capacity analogy: “scrapbook” or...
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Long-Term Memory
The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryCapacity
Analogy:“Scrapbook” or “treasure chest”
What type of info is stored?
Some think LTM is unlimited
However….
I just sat
down.
I walked to
class.
Years Hours Minutes Now
I had lunch.
I got my
drivers
licence.
LTMSTM
The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryCoding
One explanation for errors of retrieval
Problems with encoding
Long-Term Potentiation
http://web.bvu.edu/faculty/ferguson/Course_Material/Cognitive_Processes/Images/LTP.jpg
The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryRetention Duration
Recognition:Recall:
Experiment 1: recall of Spanish
Experiment 2: recall of spatial layout of a city
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Forgetting
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
http://www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jpg
The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryForgetting
A learning task: Paired-associates learning
The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryForgetting
Interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
How does interference work?
Retrieval Cue
Fan effect
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Categorization
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificity
State-dependent memory 1. Environment (context effect)
1. Learn List
2. TestingLocation LandUnderwater LandUnderwater
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificityState-dependent memory
2. Physiological state
3. Mood
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificitySpacing effect
oEncoding variability
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificityCue overload
Amount of processing (black:white; black:train)
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
The Levels-of Processing ViewBasic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Superficial or shallow encoding
Deeper or semantic encoding
The Levels-of Processing ViewBasic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Experiment:Capital letters?
Rhyming?
Fit into sentence?
BABY monkey
cat fish
plate ocean
Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Memory
Time info stored
Capacity
Coding (form of storage)
Ways info retained or forgotten
Ways info retrieved
Suggestions for Studying1. Elaborate
2. Organize
3. Associate
4. Take breaks
5. Match learning and testing conditions
Question: Do lab experiments really tell us anything about how memory works in real life?
Reconstructive Nature of Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Reconstructive Nature of MemoryFlashbulb Memories
Reconstructive Nature of MemoryEyewitness Memory
Elizabeth Loftus experiments
Reconstructive Nature of MemoryThe Recovered/False Memory Debate
Neurological Studies
H.M. case
AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia
Affects LTM but not working memoryAffects memory regardless of modalitySpares general knowledgeSpares skilled performanceAlthough skilled performance depends on
context (hyperspecific memory)
AmnesiaRetrograde Amnesia
Temporal extent varies among patientsMost recent memories are most likely to be
lostSpares “overlearned” informationSpares skilled learning