long-term effect of varying nutrient management practices on the distribution of native iron and...

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Long-term effect of varying nutrientmanagement practices on thedistribution of native iron andmanganese in various chemical poolsunder rice – wheat croppingKaramjit Singh Sekhon a , Jai Pal Singh b & Dalel Singh Mehla ca PAU Regional Research Station , KVK Building, Bhatinda Punjabb Department of Soil Science , CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity , Hisarc CCS HAU Regional Rice Research Station , Kaul, Haryana, IndiaPublished online: 16 May 2007.

To cite this article: Karamjit Singh Sekhon , Jai Pal Singh & Dalel Singh Mehla (2007) Long-termeffect of varying nutrient management practices on the distribution of native iron and manganesein various chemical pools under rice – wheat cropping, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 53:3,253-261, DOI: 10.1080/03650340701306224

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Long-term effect of varying nutrient management practiceson the distribution of native iron and manganese in variouschemical pools under rice – wheat cropping

KARAMJIT SINGH SEKHON1, JAI PAL SINGH2, & DALEL SINGH MEHLA3

1PAU Regional Research Station, KVK Building, Bhatinda Punjab, 2Department of Soil Science, CCS

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, and 3CCS HAU Regional Rice Research Station, Kaul,

Haryana, India

(Received 11 November 2006; accepted 27 February 2007)

AbstractA long-term experiment under a rice – wheat system was used to investigate the effect of organicmanures and chemical fertilizers application on the distribution of Fe and Mn in various soil fractions.The cultivation of rice – wheat continuously for seven years without any fertilization did not deplete theamounts of Fe and Mn in various fractions from their original levels. Application of farmyard manure,press mud and green manure along with chemical fertilizers increased the Fe content by 37.5, 56.3 and75.0% in water-soluble plus exchangeable fraction, respectively compared to chemical fertilizer onlytreatment (N150P75K75Zn25). In organically bound Fe fractions, the increases due to correspondingtreatments over fertilizer-only treatment were 16.4, 20.7 and 10.3%, respectively. The water-solubleplus exchangeable Mn registered an increase of 84.6, 46.2 and 46.2% with N150P75K75Zn25þ farmyardmanure, N150þ press mud and N150P37.5K37.5Zn25þ green manure treatments, respectively, comparedto N150P75K75Zn25 treatment. The organically bound Mn fraction was almost 2.6 times greater inorganic manuresþ inorganic fertilizers treatments than fertilizer alone treatment. The amounts of bothFe and Mn in water-soluble plus exchangeable, organically bound and Mn-oxide fractions weresignificantly higher after rice than after wheat harvest.

Keywords: Long-term experiment, rice-wheat, organic manures, iron, manganese, chemical pools

Introduction

Iron and manganese in soils exit in different chemical pools and their bioavailability is a

function of physical and chemical properties of soils. The distribution of Fe and Mn among

various forms is sensitive to cultivation and management practices (Shuman & Hargrove

1985). The Rice (Oryza sativa L.) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system represents

alternate flooding (reducing) and upland (oxidation) conditions that affect transformation of

Fe and Mn from one chemical form to another (Manchanda et al. 2003). Controlled

oxidation-reduction studies have shown that more Fe and Mn was transformed into the

Correspondence: Jai Pal Singh, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India.

E-mail: [email protected]

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science

June 2007; 53(3): 253 – 261

ISSN 0365-0340 print/ISSN 1476-3567 online � 2007 Taylor & Francis

DOI: 10.1080/03650340701306224

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exchangeable and organic fraction at low pH and reducing conditions than at high pH and

oxidizing conditions (Sims & Patrick 1978). Water-logging, i.e. submerged conditions

released Fe and Mn from the organic and oxides fractions and moved them to the soluble,

exchangeable, and inorganic forms (Iu et al. 1981). Han and Banin (2000) reported that

under saturation moisture regime, Fe and Mn were transformed from reducible oxides forms

into exchangeable and carbonate fractions. De Mello et al. (1998) found that there was no

significant transformation of crystalline Fe oxides into more soluble forms under flooded

conditions. On the contrary, Kashem and Singh (2004) found that flooding over a period of

24 weeks significantly increased the concentration of Fe and Mn in the mobile fraction.

Under controlled Eh and pH conditions, Atta et al. (1996) observed that at an Eh value of

7330 mV, soil suspension contained approximately double the amount of water-soluble plus

exchangeable Fe as compared with at Eh value of þ300 mV. Porter et al. (2004) reported that

Mn concentrations increased by 100 – 1000 fold with the addition of green manure under

reducing conditions compared to no manure at field capacity in acid soils.

Agbenin (2003) from a long-term study concluded that sole application of FYM for 50

years or in combination with NPK rather than NPK alone mobilized non-labile Mn and

Fe sources into labile and plant available forms in a savanna Alfisol. Kumar and Yadav

(2005) found an increase in DTPA extractable Fe and Mn due to application of NP

fertilizers after 23 cycles of rice – wheat cropping. Incorporation of organic substances

increased the Fe and Mn concentration in soil solution to different extents depending

upon the supply of reducing and chelating substances (Bijay-Singh et al. 1992). The

enhanced availability of Fe and Mn upon flooding benefits rice because wetland rice has

comparatively high degree of tolerance for these elements (Randhawa et al. 1961). In the

rice – wheat system, the incorporation of organic manures such as farmyard manure and

green manure that are generally made in the rice crop, make the system more sustainable

(Timsina & Connor 2001) and improve the availability of Fe and Mn in soils (Nayyar &

Chhibba 2000). Regular cultivation of rice in soils may cause Mn deficiency in the

following wheat crop because of excessive leaching of soluble Mn resulting from

submergence during rice and oxidation of available Mn in surface soil to its higher

oxides during wheat (Takkar & Nayyar 1981). The present investigation was undertaken

therefore to assess the long-term effect of nutrient management practices on the

distribution of Fe and Mn fractions in soil under rice – wheat system.

Materials and methods

Experimental site, treatments and soil sampling

A long-term rice – wheat cropping system experiment was established in 1997 at Chaudhary

Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Rice Research Station, Kaul,

Haryana, India situated at 29.68510 N latitude and 768400 E longitude. The site is about

266 m above sea level and has a subtropical to semi-arid climate with an average rainfall of

around 700 mm. The soil of the experimental field is clay loam, mixed hyperthermic Typic

Ustochrept with a pH of 7.8, electrical conductivity 0.22 dS m71, organic C 4.2 g kg71,

cation exchange capacity 12.9 cmol (pþ) kg71, alkaline permanganate extractable N 136 kg

ha71 (Subbiah & Asija 1965), 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable P 24 kg ha71 (Olsen & Sommers

1982) and 1 N NH4OAc extractable K 305 kg ha71 (Knudsen et al. 1982).

The experiment included two crops per year, rice (July – October) and wheat (November –

April) with 18 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with three

replications. In the present study, only six treatments were used, the details of which have been

254 K. S. Sekhon et al.

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given in Table I. The rice crop was irrigated to maintain a submerged condition (4 – 5 cm

water layer) until one week before rice harvest. Depending on the seasonal rainfall, 3 – 4

flood irrigations of about 7.5 cm were applied in wheat at crown root initiation, maximum

tillering, and flowering and at the milking stage. The chemical compositions of different

organic materials applied to rice crop are presented in Table II. Farmyard manure and

press mud (by product of suphinated sugar factory) were applied at 15 and 7.5 Mg ha71

on fresh weight basis or 7.5 and 6.0 Mg ha71 on dry weight basis, respectively. The burnt

rice husk was applied at 7.5 Mg ha71 on dry weight basis. The Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata

L.) green manure was grown in situ for 45 days in the plots of T5 treatment and fresh

biomass amounting to 20 Mg ha71 (containing 750 g water kg71) was incorporated into

soil two days before transplanting of rice. After rice harvest, a uniform application of

150 kg N as urea, 75 kg P2O5 as single super phosphate and 75 kg K2O ha71 as

potassium chloride was made every year in all the plots except control for wheat crop. The

surface (0 – 15 cm) soil samples from each treatment were taken after seven years of the

initiation of experiment using a 5 cm diameter auger. Each sample was a composite from

five locations with in a plot. The soil samples taken immediately after the harvest of rice

were kept in a refrigerator until further chemical analysis. The soil samples collected after

harvest of wheat were mixed thoroughly, air-dried in shade, crushed to pass through a

2-mm sieve, and stored in sealed plastic jars for analysis.

Table I. Treatments applied to rice and the amounts of iron and manganese added through organic manures each

year in rice-wheat experiment.

Tr. No.

Amount added (mg kg71

soil)

Treatments applied to rice every year Fe Mn

T1 Control 0 0

T2 N*150P*75K*75Zn*25 0 0

T3 N150P75K75Zn25þ15 Mg farmyard manure ha71 4.39 0.28

T4 N150þ 7.5 Mg press mud ha71 1.39 0.18

T5 N75P37.5K37.5Zn25þ20 Mg green manure ha71 0.47 0.08

T6 N150P75K75Zn25þ7.5 Mg burnt rice husk ha71 2.49 0.54

*N, P, K and Zn stand for N, P2O5, K2O and ZnSO4, respectively, and applied in kg ha71.

Table II. Average chemical composition of different organic materials.

Nutrient/property

Organic materials

Farmyard manure Green manure Press mud Burnt rice husk

O.C. (%) 26.8 40.6 38.8 0.46

N (%) 1.10 2.22 1.82 0.02

P (%) 0.38 0.24 1.26 0.30

K (%) 1.11 2.03 0.43 1.0

Zn (mg kg71) 24.0 35.7 114.3 82.0

Cu (mg kg71) 3.3 6.5 14.5 6.7

Fe (mg kg71) 1169.6 186.4 461.7 665.0

Mn (mg kg71) 74.0 33.2 60.8 142.8

Long-term effect of cultivation on Fe and Mn in soil 255

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Fractionation procedure and statistical analysis

The Fe and Mn in soil were fractionated into water-soluble plus exchangeable (WSEX),

carbonates bound (CARB), organically complexed (OM), manganese oxides bound

(MnOX), amorphous iron oxides bound (AFeOX) and crystalline iron oxides bound

(CFeOX), and residual (RES) forms by the procedures described in Table III and modified

after Shuman (1985). The Fe and Mn in all soil extracts was determined by atomic absorption

spectrophotometry. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using randomized

complete block design and least significant difference at the 5% level of probability was used

to compare the treatment effects.

Results and discussion

Distribution of iron forms

Seven years of rice – wheat cultivation without any fertilization or organic amendments

(control, T1) did not affect the contents of Fe associated with various fractions signifi-

cantly compared to their initial status in surface soil at wheat harvest (see Table IV). The water-

soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed Fe fractions were significantly higher in

fertilizers only, i.e. N150P75K75Zn25 treatment (T2) than in control treatment (T1). The

N150P75K75Zn25þFYM (T3), N150þ press mud (T4), N150P37.5K37.5Zn25þ green manure

(T5) and N150P75K75Zn25þ burnt rice husk (T6) treatments resulted in significant increase in

the amounts of Fe in water-soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed fractions

over fertilizers alone treatment (T2) (see Table IV). The water soluble plus exchangeable

Fe was 37.5, 56.3 75.0 and 12.5% higher with N150P75K75Zn25þFYM (T3), N150þ press

mud (T4), N75P37.5K37.5Zn25þ green manure (T5) and N150P75K75Zn25þ burnt rice

husk (T6) treatments, respectively than with N150P75K75Zn25 (T2) treatment. The organic

Zn fraction significantly increased by 16.4, 20.7, 10.3 and 7.5% due to application

N150P75K75Zn25þFYM (T3), N150þ press mud (T4), N75P37.5K37.5Zn25þ green manure

(T5) and N150P75K75Zn25þ burnt rice husk (T6) treatments, respectively, compared to

N150P75K75Zn25 (T2) treatment. Similar to these findings, Agbenin (2003) reported that

Table III. Sequential extraction procedure used for fractionation of Fe and Mn in soil.

Step Forms Solution

g soil:ml71

solution Conditions

1 WSEX 1 M Mg(NO3)2 (pH 7) 10:40 Shake 2 h

2 CARB 1 M NaOAc (pH 5) 10:40 Shake 5 h

3 MnOX 0.1 M NH2OH �HCl (pH 2) 5:50 Shake 30 min

4 OM 0.1 M K4P2O7 5:50 Shake for 16 h

5 AFeOX 0.25 M NH2OH �HClþ 0.25

M HCl

5:50 Shake 30 min at 508C in

water bath

6 CFeOX 0.2 M (NH4)2C2O4þ0.2 M

H2C2O4 (pH 3)þ 0.1 M

ascorbic acid

5:50 30 min in boiling water bath,

stir occasionally

7 RES Conc. HFþ conc. HClO4 and

conc. HCl in sequence

0.5:25

WSEX, Water-solubleþ exchangeable; CARB, Carbonates bound; OM, Organically complexed; MnOX, Manganese

oxides bound; AFeOX, Amorphous iron oxides bound; CFeOX, Crystalline iron oxides bound; RES, Residual.


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farmyard manure field had significantly greater amount of soluble Fe than any other nutrient

management practices and this was attributed to mobilization of Fe by soluble organic matter

through the formation of soluble Fe-organic complexes. Nayyar and Chhibba (2000) reported

that green manuring continuously for five years in rice-wheat system resulted in the increase in

DTPA-extractable Fe at the expense of crystalline oxides bound Fe.

The Fe associated with carbonate fraction showed an increase in all the treatments but only

attained statistical significance in N150P75K75Zn25þ burnt rice husk treatment (T6) compared

to its initial level in soil. The Fe in manganese oxides fractions though was higher in organic

amended treatments compared to control or fertilizer only treatment but the increase was

non-significant. The amorphous oxides bound Fe increased and that bound to crystalline

oxides decreased but not significantly (see Table IV), in all the inorganic fertilizerþ organic

manures treatments compared to that received inorganic fertilizers alone. Organic matter

additions caused movement of Fe to amorphous oxides fraction at the expense of crystalline

oxides fraction (Shuman 1988). Agbenin (2003) found significantly higher amounts of Fe in

amorphous oxide fractions in soil receiving farmyard manure and farmyard manureþNPK,

probably because of the perturbation of iron crystallization by organic matter.

Averaged across treatments, water-soluble plus exchangeable, carbonate bound, organically

complexed, and manganese oxides fractions were found to account for less than 0.2% of total

Fe. This is consistent with the data of Tessier et al. (1979) and Shuman (1985). The

amorphous oxides fraction constituted about 3.0% of total Fe. As has been reported by others

(Sims & Patrick 1978; Shuman 1985; Agbenin 2003), the bulk of the total Fe was found in

residual (62.8%) and crystalline oxides (34.0%) fractions.

In surface soil, the Fe associated with water-soluble plus exchangeable, organically

complexed and manganese oxides bound fractions was significantly higher after rice than at

wheat harvest (see Table V). Under submerged condition, much of the Fe3þ in crystalline

iron oxides underwent dissolution due to its reduction to the Fe2þ form, a portion of which

entered into the soil exchange complex and remained in solution (Hazra et al. 1987).

Reducing conditions in soil mobilize iron oxides fractions into exchangeable, organic and

manganese oxides fractions (Shuman 1991). Swarup (1989) reported that submergence led to

increase in the water-soluble plus exchangeable fraction of Fe and Mn in high pH soil which

ultimately resulted in better nutrition of rice crop. The content of Fe in carbonate bound,

amorphous oxides, crystalline oxides and residual fractions were statistically at par between

rice and wheat harvest.

Table IV. Long-term effect of different treatments on the amount and distribution of Fe in soil after wheat harvest.

Treatments

Iron forms (mg kg71)

WSEX CARB OM MnOX AFeOX CFeOX RES Total Fe (mg kg71)

T1 1.1 16.8 11.3 59.6 1210 13861 25630 40789.8

T2 1.6 17.0 11.6 59.4 1211 13863 25630 40793.6

T3 2.2 16.6 13.5 63.2 1224 13859 25628 40806.5

T4 2.5 16.5 14.0 63.9 1222 13855 25628 40801.9

T5 2.8 16.3 12.8 63.8 1221 13853 25630 40799.7

T6 1.8 17.3 11.8 59.2 1211 13864 25628 40793.1

Initial 1.0 15.9 11.3 59.9 1202 13870 25633 40793.1

LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.2 1.3 0.2 NS NS NS NS NS

WSEX, Water-solubleþ exchangeable; CARB, Carbonate bound; OM, Organically complexed; MnOX, Manganese



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Distribution of manganese forms

The Mn fractions in control (T1) treatment did not change much after seven cycles of rice-

wheat cropping (see Table VI). However, application of N150P75K75Zn25 (T2) alone

significantly increased the water-soluble plus exchangeable and organic Mn fractions over

control treatment and initial levels as well. The N150P75K75Zn25þFYM (T3), N150þ press

mud (T4) and N75P37.5K37.5Zn25þ green manure (T5) treatments significantly increased the

amounts of Mn in water-soluble plus exchangeable and organic Mn fractions over fertilizer

only (N150P75K75Zn25) (T2) treatment.

The effect of FYM (T3), press mud (T4) and green manure (T5) treatments was more

pronounced in increasing the Mn in water-soluble plus exchangeable and organic Mn

fractions as compared to burnt rice husk (T6) treatment. The increase in water-soluble plus

exchangeable Mn fraction due to farmyard manure (T3), press mud (T4) and green manure

(T5), respectively was about 70, 31 and 31% higher than the burnt rice husk treatment (T6).

Organic amendments increased organic Mn fraction more than any other fraction. The

organically complexed Mn in FYM, press mud and green manureþ inorganic fertilizers

treatments (T3 to T5) was almost 2.6 times greater than fertilizer alone (T2) treatment. Green

manuring with sesbania has been found to increase DTPA-Mn owing to the conversion of

Table V. Comparison of Fe pools in soil after rice and wheat harvest.

Different fractions (mg kg71)

Crops

LSD (p¼ 0.05)Rice Wheat

WSEX 4.1 2.0 0.72

CARB 15.5 16.6 NS

OM 18.5 12.5 3.8

MnOX 87.6 62.1 7.4

AFeOX 1191.4 1218.2 NS

CFeOX 13854.9 13858.3 NS

RES 25627.6 25629.2 NS



Table VI. Long-term effect of different treatments on the amount and distribution of Mn in soil after wheat harvest.

Treatments

Manganese forms (mg kg71)

Total Mn (mg kg71)WSEX CARB OM MnOX AFeOX CFeOX RES

T1 1.0 21.6 2.4 47.4 34.1 49.9 173.6 330.0

T2 1.3 20.8 3.8 48.4 33.8 49.6 174.7 332.4

T3 2.4 20.5 9.5 46.6 32.2 48.8 175.0 335.0

T4 1.9 20.7 9.7 46.2 32.3 47.7 175.8 334.3

T5 1.9 20.5 9.7 46.3 32.4 48.1 175.6 334.5

T6 1.5 20.9 4.0 48.6 33.6 49.6 174.8 333.0

Initial 1.1 22.6 2.4 48.7 35.1 50.5 174.0 332.4

LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.1 1.9 0.3 NS NS NS NS NS




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crystalline oxides bound Mn into easily reducible forms (Nayyar & Chhibba 2000). Agbenin

(2003) reported that application of farmyard manureþNPK increased the Mn in exchange-

able and organic fractions several folds over NPK-alone treatment. These results concur with

the findings of Shuman (1988), who reported increase in exchangeable and organically

bound-Mn with the increase in organic matter levels in the soil.

Application of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic materials (T3, T4, and T5)

significantly decreased the carbonate bound Mn fraction over its initial status (see Table VI).

The decrease in carbonate Mn fraction due to incorporation of farmyard manure (T3), press

mud (T4) and green manure (T5) amounted to 9.3, 8.4 and 9.3%, respectively. The organic

matter additions seem to redistribute Mn from less soluble forms to more soluble forms

(Shuman 1988). The amounts of Mn recovered in manganese oxides, amorphous and

crystalline oxides fractions under different treatments were statistically at par (see Table VI),

as even though they decreased slightly in T3 to T5 as compared to T2. The residual Mn

remained almost unaltered due to various treatments after completion of seven cycles of rice-

wheat cropping.

On average, residual manganese accounted for about 53% of total Mn, whereas, the labile

fractions particularly the water-soluble plus exchangeable and organic fractions accounted

for less than 3%. Other studies have also found less than 1% of total Mn in exchangeable

fraction and more than half in residual fraction (Shuman 1985; Singh et al. 1988;

Agbenin 2003).

The contents of Mn recovered in water-soluble plus exchangeable and organic fractions

were significantly low after wheat harvest as compared to their status after rice harvest (see

Table VII). Under reducing conditions, most of the mobilized Mn becomes associated with

water soluble and exchangeable fractions (Sims & Patrick 1978). The increase in organic

fraction can probably be ascribed to the formation of organic complexes of Mn with organic

acids produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials (Sadana & Bajwa

1985). The amorphous and crystalline oxides fractions were slightly higher at wheat than at

rice harvest. This indicated that a part of Mn which was solublized during rice growth was

subsequently precipitated with iron oxide fractions which may result in Mn deficiency

during wheat growth. However, the levels of Mn in present study were well above the

critical limit of 2 mg Mn kg71 soil after 7 cycles of rice – wheat cropping (Sharma 2005).

This indicated that there is no probability of Mn deficiency developing in wheat in near

future. The carbonate and manganese oxides fractions remained almost unaffected due to

cultural practices of either crop.

Table VII. Comparison of Mn pools in soil after rice and wheat harvest.

Different fractions (mg kg71)

Crops

LSD (p¼ 0.05)Rice Wheat

WSEX 2.8 1.7 0.46

CARB 20.0 20.7 NS

OM 12.5 7.1 2.2

MnOX 47.8 47.2 NS

AFeOX 28.9 32.9 NS

CFeOX 47.0 48.8 NS

RES 173.9 175.0 NS




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Conclusion

The continuous rice – wheat cultivation with out any fertilization for seven years did not affect

the Fe and Mn fractions compared to their initial levels in soil. Organic amendments, namely,

farmyard manure, press mud and green manure increased the amounts of Fe and Mn in

water-soluble plus exchangeable (WSEX) and organically bound fractions (OM), which are

considered plant available forms. The recovery of Fe and Mn in WSEX and OM fractions was

significantly higher after rice than after wheat harvest. The enhanced availability of Fe and Mn

in the present study can be considered beneficial for rice cultivation, since no adverse effect of

these elements was observed on crop growth. A major portion (more than 50%) of both Fe

and Mn was found in residual fraction followed by crystalline and amorphous oxides

fractions.

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long-term effect of varying nutrient management practices on the distribution of native iron and...

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