lone star: the story of texas section 1: after the crash section 2: the dust bowl section 4: texas...

Lone Star: The Story of TexasLone Star: The Story of Texas

Section 1: After the Crash

Section 2: The Dust Bowl

Section 4: Texas Fight World War II

Chapter 17: Depression and War: 1929 - 1950

Section 5: The Home Front

Section 3: The New Deal

After the CrashAfter the Crash

What were the causes of the stock market crash of 1929?

How did the Great Depression affect American workers?

Why was the Great Depression less severe in Texas than in other parts of the country?

The Stock Market CrashThe Stock Market Crash

Stock is a share of ownership in a company.

Americans overinvested, causing stock values to be higher than their real worth.

Stock prices fell sharply. The stock market crashed.

On October 29, 1929, investors panicked and tried to sell their stocks before they lost value.

Many Americans began to invest in the stock market in the 1920s.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Causes of the Great Depression

Wealth in the United States was spread out unevenly. A small group of rich people held most of the nation’s wealth.

Most people did not have enough money to buy goods to keep businesses going.

Farmers faced hard times during the 1920s.

Foreign trade slowed in the late 1920s.

Impact of the Great Depression One out of four workers was

unemployed by 1932. President Hoover offered

government loans to help business and agriculture. The loans were not enough to help the economy recover, however.

Depression - a period of low economic activity and high unemployment.

The Great Depression in TexasThe Great Depression in Texas

The Depression was not as severe in Texas as in other parts of the country.◦ Few Texans owned stock. Few lost their savings in the

crash.◦ Texas had little industry. Few Texans lost their jobs when

factories closed.◦ Much of Texas had been rural and poor before the crash.

Many people felt little change in their lives after the crash.

◦ An oil boom in East Texas in 1930 and 1931 helped that part of the state.

About 400,000 Texans were out of work by 1932. Women, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans had the highest unemployment rates.

The Great Depression in TexasThe Great Depression in Texas

Some people turned to crime to solve their problems.◦ Bonnie and Clyde, two of America’s most famous

criminals, came from Texas.Government leaders in Texas took steps to provide relief during the Depression.◦ They created state jobs.◦ They passed a law in 1935 to provide pensions for the

elderly. A pension is a grant of money paid to someone who has retired.

Throughout the 1930s, Texas governors tried a variety of programs designed to boost the economy. None had the power to pull Texas out of the Depression.

After the Crash - AssessmentAfter the Crash - Assessment

Stock is a share of ownership in a ________ (A) building.(B) town.(C) school.(D) company.

Who were pensions designed to benefit?(A) Workers who were laid off from their jobs(B) Elderly people who had retired (C) College graduates who had trouble finding work(D) Minorities who had suffered from discrimination

The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl

How did human activity contribute to the creation of the Dust Bowl?

How did the Dust Bowl affect Texas farmers?

Origins of the Dust BowlOrigins of the Dust Bowl

A series of great dust storms blew through the southern plains of Texas in the 1930s. ◦The storms blew away topsoil (erosion).◦Dust filled the skies, making breathing difficult.◦Some storms lasted for more than three days.◦The worst storms could reduce visibility to zero.

These storms were called “black blizzards.”This environmental disaster was known as the Dust Bowl.

Causes of the Dust BowlCauses of the Dust Bowl

DroughtDrought OverplowingOverplowing

ErosionErosion Destruction of Grasslands

Destruction of Grasslands

Dust BowlDust Bowl

Impact of the Dust BowlImpact of the Dust Bowl

DestructionStorms destroyed crops

and killed farm animals.Dirt and grit disabled

car and tractor engines beyond repair.

Many farmers lost everything.

Human TollDust damaged people’s

eyes and lungs.Farmers lost animals,

crops, and equipment in the storms. They could not repay their bank loans, so banks foreclosed on the properties.

Thousands of farmers left the state to look for work.

The Dust Bowl - AssessmentThe Dust Bowl - Assessment

What natural causes contributed to the Dust Bowl?(A) High winds, cool temperatures, and erosion(B) Erosion, pollution, and drought(C) Drought, high temperatures, and high winds(D) High temperatures and high humidity

The worst storms of the Dust Bowl were called _________(A) black tornadoes.(B) black hurricanes.(C) black death.(D) black blizzards.

The New DealThe New Deal

How did President Hoover respond to the Depression?

How did President Roosevelt give people hope during the Great Depression?

How did Texas leaders promote the New Deal?

Early Relief EffortsEarly Relief Efforts

President Herbert Hoover did not believe that the federal government should give money to people in need. He believed it would cause them to stop looking for work.

Hoover wanted private charities and local government to provide relief to those in need.

The economy worsened and unemployment grew. Private charities ran out of money. Growing numbers of homeless people lived in camps of cardboard shanties. Americans blamed Hoover for the economic ruin, and they called these camps Hoovervilles.

Texans joined the dark joke and nicknamed armadillos Hoover Hogs.

FDR and the New DealFDR and the New Deal

A More Active Government Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, government took a

more active role in fighting the Depression. Roosevelt temporarily closed the banks to prevent a

collapse of the banking industry. Congress created new rules to make banks more stable. In his radio messages, called Fireside Chats, Roosevelt

encouraged people to have hope.

The New Deal Roosevelt created a government program to reform the

economy. His program was called the New Deal.

Major New Deal AgenciesMajor New Deal Agencies

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Provided jobs to unemployed heads of families, mainly in construction projects

Provided relief to the unemployed

Works Progress Administration

Civilian Conservation Corps

Provided jobs mostly to single young men to work on conservation projects

National Youth Administration

Provided jobs, education, and recreation to people between the ages of 16 and 25

Public Works Administration

Sponsored large-scale public works, such as the construction of dams, bridges, and government buildings

Rural Electrification Administration

Provided electrical power to rural areas

Social Security Administration

Provided pensions, disability payments, and unemployment benefits

John Nance Garner

• Became Roosevelt’s Vice President• Used his power to ensure the passage of New Deal

laws

Jesse Jones • Chaired the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)• Helped expand industry in Texas to include steel and

chemicals

Sam Rayburn • Ran the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee• Helped pass the Rural Electrification Act• Helped pass a law to regulate the stock market

Lyndon B. Johnson

• Became director of the National Youth Administration• Made sure the agency assigned jobs fairly

The New Deal in TexasThe New Deal in Texas

Criticism of New Deal PoliciesCriticism of New Deal Policies

During Roosevelt’s second term, many Americans felt that he had grown too powerful.

He alarmed many people when he tried to “pack” the Supreme Court with justices who would support his New Deal programs.

Critics also believed that the government did too much to help the needy. They felt that the federal government had grown too large.

Many Texas critics resented the interference of the federal government in Texas.

The New Deal - AssessmentThe New Deal - Assessment

Who did President Hoover believe should provide relief to those in need?(A) The federal government(B) Private charities and local governments (C) Rich individuals(D) Religious and civic groups

What was the name of President Roosevelt’s plan to heal the economy?(A) The New Reform(B) The New Plan(C) The New Program(D) The New Deal

Texans Fight World War IITexans Fight World War II

When did the United States enter World War II?

How did Texas serve as a training ground during the war?

Which Texans made notable contributions to the war effort?

The Causes of World War IIThe Causes of World War II

Dictators and Empires: Hitler became dictator of the Nazi Party in Germany. Mussolini created a Fascist Party in Italy. In Japan, military leaders took over the government.These countries sought to gain power by building empires. ◦ Dictator - a ruler who has complete power over a country◦ Fascism - a system in which the government has complete

control◦ Empire - a group of countries under the control of one ruler

The people of the United States supported the policy of isolationism in the 1930s. They wanted to stay out of the affairs of other countries. However, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States was drawn into World War II.

Texas and Texans in the WarTexas and Texans in the War

Texas was the largest training ground for the United States Army. Texas became a military aviation center. More than 750,000 Texans served in World War II, including

12,000 women. More than 23,000 Texans died in the war. The U.S.S. Texas became the only battleship that still survives

today that served in both world wars. More than 30 prisoner-of-war camps in Texas held about 80,000

captured troops. Aliens spent parts of the war years in Texas internment camps.

aliens - foreign-born residents of a country who have not yet become citizensinternment - confinement, especially during wartime

Texas Leaders and HeroesTexas Leaders and Heroes

Leaders Chester Nimitz - commander in

chief of the Pacific Fleet. Led the Allies to victory in the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway. Received Distinguished Service Medals from both the army and navy.

Dwight D. Eisenhower - became the supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Led the Allies in their successful D-Day attack.

Oveta Culp Hobby - first commander of the Women’s Army Corps. She received the Distinguished Service Medal.

Heroes Audie Murphy - single-

handedly stopped a German tank attack

Samuel Dealey - commanded a submarine that sank 16 enemy ships

Doris Miller - the first African American hero of World War II

Macario Garcia - destroyed two German machine gun nests

Cleto Rodriguez - one of only six Hispanic Americans to win the Medal of Honor

Texans Fight World War II-Texans Fight World War II-AssessmentAssessment

Under fascism, a country is completely controlled by __________(A) the military.(B) one religious leader.(C) one ruler.(D) the government.

Which of the following is a true statement?(A) Texas was the largest training ground for the United States

Army.(B) Texas was the only state with no camps for prisoners of war.(C) Texas soldiers stayed in internment camps before heading to

the war front.(D) The U.S.S. Houston was the only battleship to serve in both

world wars.

The Home FrontThe Home Front

What sacrifices did Texans make to help the war effort?

Why did Texans move to the cities during World War II?

How did the war improve the Texas economy?

How did World War II change Texas society?

Hard Times on the Home FrontHard Times on the Home Front

Sacrificing for Victory Rationing made everyday items available in limited

amounts. Texans served in the Red Cross, planted “victory gardens,”

and collected scrap metal to be converted into war materials.

Texans bought war bonds to help the war effort. A bond is a certificate, issued by a corporation or

government, which promises to repay with interest the amount it borrowed from the buyer.

Texan towns set up civil defense units, and coastal cities strengthened their defenses. For a short time, Galveston tried blackouts. During a blackout, a city keeps its lights out at night.

The War’s Political Impact on The War’s Political Impact on TexasTexas

By World War II, the Texas Democratic Party had split into two wings—liberals and conservatives. Conservative Democrats felt the New Deal was too liberal.

During the war, more than half a million Texans moved from rural areas to the cities. In cities, industry was strong and jobs were available.

Texas cities became more diverse during the war. Diversity added to the urban culture. It also led to racial tensions as people from different races competed for jobs and housing.

The War’s Economic Impact on The War’s Economic Impact on TexasTexas

War Production Shipyards expanded in the

coastal areas. Businesses provided services

for the military bases in Texas.

Texas industrial plants produced rubber, ammunition, steel, paper, and tin.

Texas produced gas and oil. Texas farmers produced

more food during the war.

Recovery and Growth The war helped Texas

recover from the Depression. The Gulf Coast became a

leading petrochemical center.

The diverse wartime economy created thousands of new jobs in Texas.

Skilled labor was in great demand, so workers’ wages increased.

Unemployment in Texas dropped sharply.

The War’s Social Impact on TexasThe War’s Social Impact on Texas

Racial Issues During the war, African Americans trained at segregated bases.

After fighting in the war, African Americans still could not vote in primaries. They also received lower pay than white Texans did.

The American G.I. Forum was an organization that fought the unfair treatment that Mexican Americans soldiers and veterans often faced.

Gender Issues To help with the war effort, women worked on farms, on ranches,

and in factories. When the war ended, women lost those jobs to the returning soldiers and other men.

Under Texas law, women could be paid less than men. They could not serve on juries or even buy a car without their husband’s signature.

The Home Front - AssessmentThe Home Front - Assessment

Rationing made everyday items available ___________(A) in great supply.(B) only to soldiers. (C) in only limited amounts.(D) only to white males.

What happens during a wartime blackout?(A) War correspondence is cut off.(B) Cities keep their lights off at night.(C) Certain rationed items are stockpiled and then sold at inflated

prices.(D) The public is kept in the dark about military plans.

lone star: the story of texas section 1: after the crash section 2: the dust bowl section 4: texas...

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crash section

texas governors

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great depression causes

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