logic 102 lesson 07 sh. safdar razi. the conditional syllogism arabic: al-qadiyaa al-shartiyya...
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LOGIC 102lesson 07
Sh. Safdar Razi
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The Conditional Syllogism
• Arabic: al-qadiyaa al-shartiyya• Definition:
– Is composed of two predicative/propositional statements or three parts:
1. The first part (al-muqadama)2. The second part (al-taalie)3. The connector (al-raabitta/nisba)
• This is not like the predicative syllogism, in that the nisba here is not used to prove/affirm the predicative to the subject.
• Instead it connects the two statements.
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Perspective Two:Types of Conditional
• The conditional syllogisms with respect to the nature of the:
1. Connection in the Associative (talaazum)
2. The lack of a connection in the Dissociative (ta’aanud)
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Types of Conditional
1. Connected (muttasilla)a) The Related Association (al-luzoomiyya)b) The Unrelated Association (al-ittifaaqiyya)
2. Disconnected (munfasilla)1. The Opposite Dissociation (al-’inaadiyya)2. The Unrelated Dissociation (al-ittifaaqiyya)
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1a. The Related Association
• Arabic: al-luzoomiyya• Definition:
– A true connection and an inseperable assocation.
• Example:– Cause and effect:
If metal is heated then it will expand.– If water is unavailable for wudhu then we must
perform tayamum.
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1b. Unrelated Association
• Arabic: al-ittifaaqiyya• Definition:
– The connection between them does not make an imperative association. However, the occurrence of taalie is in agreement with the occurrence of the muqadimma.
• Example:– Whenever Mohammad comes class, the teacher
will have already started the class.
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2a. The Opposite Dissociation
• Arabic: al-’inaadiyya• Definition:
– There is a true opposition between the two choices of the munfasilla because it is their essence to be opposed to each other.
• Example:– An integer is either even or odd.– A human is either male or female.
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2b. The Unrelated Dissociation
• Arabic: al-ittifaaqiee• Definition:
– The opposition between the two is due to something outside of their essence.
• Example:– The person sitting in the living room is either
Muhammad or Ali.– This book is either a book of logic or it is owned by
Ahmad.
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Other Types of Munfasilla:
• With respect to the meeting and elevation of the two parts of the syllogism (maqadimma and taalie) or lack thereof.
• Three Types:1. True (haqeeqiyya)
2. Prevents Meeting (maani’at al-jame’)
3. Prevents Emptiness (maani’at al-khulluw)
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1. True
• Arabic: haqeeqiyya
• Definition:– Two types:
a) + ve:Do not meet and do not elevate.
b) - ve: Do meet and do elevate.
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Continued…
• Example:– +ve:
A number is either even or odd.– -ve:
An animal is not either intelligent or capable of learning. (meets in ma and elevates in other than him)
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2. Prevents Meeting• Arabic: maani’at al-jame’• Definition:
– Wrt jame’Here the two sides do not meet and elevate at the same time.
– Two types:a)+ ve:Do not meet and do elevate.b)- ve: Do meet and do not elevate.
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Continued…
• Example:– +ve:
A body is either black or white. (elevate wrt red)
– -ve: A body is not either other than white or other than black. (eg., meet in red)
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3. Prevents Emptiness• Arabic: maani’at al-khulluw• Definition:
– Wrt khulluw– Two types:
a)+ ve:Do meet but do not elevate.b)- ve: Do not meet and do elevate.
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Examples:
– +ve: A body is either other than black or other than white.A body is either in water or not drowning.
– -ve: A body does not have to be either other than white, or other than black.
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Important Notes:
• The exceptional syllogism can be composed of several syllogisms which could be predicative and conditional (connected or disconnecte or )
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EXAMPLES
1. If knowledge is a reason for happiness then if a man is a scholar then he is happy.
FLOW: connected-predicative-connected
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Continued…
2. If a word is singular then it is either a noun, or a verb, or a particle.
FLOW: connected-predicative-disconnect with 3 sides
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Continued…
3. Either the state of the earth causes an eclipse of the moon or if the earth comes between the moon and the sun then the moon is eclipsed.
– FLOW: disconnected-predicative connected.
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The Deviated Syllogism
• This type of syllogism, is not stated in a clear fashion.
• This type of syllogism must be restated by the logician for it to:
a) Make sense
b) Be easy to follow
c) Be fixed before deduction
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Examples:
1. The Predicative Syllogism:a) Humans are some of animals.
Restated:Some animals are humans.
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Continued…
1. The Conditional Syllogism:b) DISCONNECTED:
Either the sun is out and either daylight exists. Restated:If it is a day, either the sun is out or it is not.