lofted final report
TRANSCRIPT
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LOFTEDLOFTED Housing for the UNC Coastal Studies Institute
Adam DunnAbhilash Kunnatoor Margabandu
Courtney RichesonCarlos Vega
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CONTENT 4
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Introduction
Site Analysis
Code Research
Precedents
Building + Site Program
Structure
Sustainable Strategies + Systems
Hazards
Construction Sequencing
References
Decision Support Spreadsheets
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Our initial response to this site, in a boathouse proposal, was to express the horizontality of the landscape. We proposed a line on the landscape in the form of a bridge.
THE HORIZONTALAXISTHE HORIZONTALAXIS
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With this project we realized that the landscape is more nuanced. Vertical elements that break the horizon are few and scattered, but they are special moments and means of shelter against a harsh landscape. We sought to achieve this essence by building not in the plain, but in the forest.
THE VERTICALAXISTHE VERTICALAXIS
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SIT
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SIS
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Flood Water at 10’This diagram shows the portions of the site that would be fl ooded 10’ above sea level, which is the requried elevation for structures based on the Base Flood Elevation (8’), Freeboard requirements for Dare County (which add an additional foot), and the International Building Code for buildings in Coastal A Flood Zones (which add another foot).
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Prevailing WindsThis diagram shows the minor prevailing winds coming form the northeast during September and October, and the major prevailing winds coming from the southwest from November to August.
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No-Build Zone and SetbacksThis diagram shows the three major setbacks on the site, all measured from the edge of the wetlands: a 30’ CAMA setback, a 50’ DWQ setback, and a 75’ AEC setback.
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Soil SurveyThis diagram shows the various soil types found on the site.
HoA
BvA
BaC
IcA
LeA
JoA
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CO
DE
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AR
CH
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IMPORTANTDEFINITIONSIMPORTANTDEFINITIONS
Base Flood Elevation (8’)The elevation of the base fl ood, including wave height, relative to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum, North American Vertical Datum, or other datum specifi ed on the Flood Insurance Rate Map.
Freeboard (+1’)Dare County’s required height to add to base fl ood elevation, calculated below the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member. This must be added to any elevation required by the IBC. IBC adds an additional 1’ requirement, meaning that the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member must be at a 10’ elevation.
Flood Zone AEFlood insurance rate zone used for the 1-percent-annual-chance fl oodplains that are determined for the Flood Insurance Survey (FIS) by detailed methods of analysis. In most instances, Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals in this zone. Mandatory fl ood insurance purchase requirements apply. AE zones are areas of inundation by the 1-percent-annual-chance fl ood, including areas with the 2-percent wave runup, elevation less than 3 feet above the ground, and areas with wave heights less than 3 feet. These areas are subdivided into elevation zones with BFEs assigned. The AE zone will generally extend inland to the limit of the 1-percent-annual-chance Stillwater Flood Level (SWEL).
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INTERNATIONALENERGYCONSERVATIONCODE
INTERNATIONALENERGYCONSERVATIONCODE
Insulation and Fenestration Requirements by ComponentClimate Zone 3
Fenestration U-Factor
Skylight U-Factor
Glazed Fenestration SHGC
Ceiling R-Value
Wood Frame Wall R-Value
Mass Wall R-Value
Floor R-Value
Basement Wall R-Value
Slab R-Value + Depth
Crawl Space Wall R-Value
0.35
0.55
0.25
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20 or 13+5
8/13
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5/13
0
5/13
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Interior FinishesInterior fi nishes, trim, and decorative materials must be below design fl ood elevation
Interior EnvironmentOpenings for under-fl oor ventilation may meet fl ood opening requirements of ASCE 24 provided that they are designed/ installed in accordance with ASCE 24 standard (see attachments)
Exterior WallsExterior walls below fl ood elevation must be constructed with fl ood damage-resistant materials. Wood must be pressure-preservative treated or decay-resistant heartwood of redwood, black locust, or cedar.
If potentially exposed to wave action, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing system components may not be mounted or penetrate through breakaway walls
Soils and FoundationsFill must be placed, compacted, and sloped to minimize shifting, slumping, and erosion during the rise of fl oodwater. Must not exceed a slope of 2H:1V
Encroachment on fl oodways and fl ood hazard areas cannot increase the design fl ood elevation more than 1 foot at any point
Finished ground level of an under-fl oor space such as a crawl space must be equal to or higher than the outside fi nished ground level on at least one side
Site improvementSewer and water facilities must be designed in a way that minimizes or eliminates infi ltration of fl oodwaters into the systems, and discharge from the systems into the fl oodwaters. Storm drainage must convey the fl ow of surface waters to minimize damage to persons/property.
Streets and sidewalks must be designed to minimize potential for increasing or aggravating fl ood levels
Manufactured HomesDefi ned as a structure that is transportable in one or more sections, built on a permanent chassis, or designed for use without a permanent foundation. Includes mobile homes, park trailers, travel trailers, and similar transportable structures that are placed on a site for 180 consecutive days or longer.
Lowest fl oor must be elevated above design fl ood elevation.
Must be placed on permanent, reinforced foundations.
Must be anchored to an anchored foundation system in a way that resists fl otation, collapse, and lateral movement. Use of over-the-top or frame ties to ground anchors is acceptable.
Tanks and Detached Accessory StructuresUnderground tanks must be anchored to prevent fl otation, collapse, or lateral movement
Above ground tanks must be at or above the design fl ood elevation, or anchored to prevent fl otation, collapse, or lateral movement
Tank inlets and vents must be at or above the design fl ood elevation, or fi tted with covers designed to prevent infl ow of fl oodwater or outfl ow of contents. They must also be anchored.
Detached accessory structures must be anchored. Fully enclosed accessory structures must have fl ood openings to allow for automatic entry and exit of fl oodwaters
IBC CODES +REGULATIONSIBC CODES +REGULATIONS
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slab-on-fi ll Perimeter Wall(Crawlspace)
Open Foundation(Piers / Posts / Columns)
Open Foundation(Piles)
Foundation Restrictions: Coastal A Flood Zone
Lowest Floor Elevation
Floor Framing
BFE + 1’
Foundation Element
FEMA Quick Reference Guide, 2012
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PR
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LOBLOLLYHOUSELOBLOLLYHOUSEKieranTimberlakeTaylors Island, Maryland
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ContextSimilar to our site, Loblolly House is positioned within the trees. The wooded context is expressed by the material pattern of its cladding and the timber columns it stands on. The house opens up to its environment via full-wall operable windows and small porches that project outside the mass of the home itself. Extensive glazing lets in views of the woods while also emitting light at dusk such that the house becomes a luminous volume.
ElevatedThe Loblolly house resolves what could be an awkward elevated height by elongating itself in one direction in order to stay narrow in the other. This minimizes its footprint and therefore its perceived scale.
Site PlanThe Loblolly House’s is a volume that engages its site via fenestration: glazing, operable membranes, and an empty fi rst level that allows the site to pass beneath.
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HOUSE ONHOOPERSISLAND
HOUSE ONHOOPERSISLANDDavid Jameson Architects, Inc.Church Creek, Maryland
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Site PlanUnlike the Loblolly House, the House on Hoopers Island engages its site through the placement of its masses. Light and air pass through the masses and create space between the volumes, while elevated pathways weave in and out. Unlike the Loblolly House, the buildings remain largely sealed.
ElevatedThe larger scale of this program is resolved by a smaller elevation above the ground, such that the structure is not visible and the volumes appear to be hovering.
MembraneEach volume is treated like a tube wrapped in opaque material, but open at the ends for targeted views.
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ALLANDALEHOUSEALLANDALEHOUSEWilliam O’Brien Jr.
MaterialityLike the individual volumes of the House on Hoopers Island, The Allandale House is also treated like a tube. It is clad with dark standing seam aluminum except at its ends, where a dramatic view either into or out of the building occurs. The contrast between what is opaque and what is glazed is further emphasized by the color contrast between the black standing seam aluminum and the white mullions supporting the transparent glazing.
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LEEPERSTUDIOLEEPERSTUDIOCharles Rose ArchitectsNew Smyrna Beach, Florida
Site PlanAn elevated boardwalk links the individual masses of the Leeper Studio. The form of the boardwalk itself intersects with the masses at ad-hoc angles, such that it becomes diffi cult to distinguish whether the buildings or the boardwalk are more fi gural.
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MATCHBOXHOUSEMATCHBOXHOUSEBureau for Architecture and UrbanismAnn Arbor, Michigan
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MaterialityLike some of the previous precedents, the Matchbox House opens itself at its ends for views and accessibility. But rather than being totally glazed at these ends, it is still largely opaque but out of a diff erent material pallatte. Standing seam aluminum as a wrapper changes to metal panels and wood cladding on these ends. Diff erent materials take on diff erent geometric forms to create an interesting elevation. The interior is largely white and fl at, creating a light and airy space along which light can bounce to the vaulted spaces on the interior.
ProgramThe program of the Matchbox House is fi t into a volume that is not only long and narrow, but tall and angled. Spaces are formed by the compression of space inward and the release of space upward.
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BU
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Fostering CommunityThe atmosphere of the Coastal Studies Institute is heavily infl uenced by both the community created within the campus bounds and the surrounding community of Roanoke Island. Staff congregates in the boathouse for oyster roasts, researchers collaborate at local cafes, some bike to work, some even kayak. Our proposed bike path, along which the residences are organized, is an opportunity to incorporate the broader community into the CSI campus.
SITECONCEPTSITECONCEPT
Experiencing the SiteThe CSI campus exists now as a research building and a boathouse. These are linked by a series of landscaped retention ponds through which people can meander along small footpaths from one to the other. The experience is one of openness, magnifi ed by the immense scale of the fl at, surrounding landscape. We sought to both preserve this expereince and create a new one by creating a residential complex not on the existing site, but in a very diff erent one: a wooded area adjacent to the main campus.
This presents an entirely new and unexpected experience of the site: from a lofted perspective amidst the trees. Each building is oriented to take advantage of views to the north (woods) and south (Croatan Sound). These north-south views are more advantageous from a solar perspective than the east-west views off ered on the main campus.
This land is owned by the state of North Carolina and could feasibly be purchased for use as CSI residences.
Harnessing the SitePlacing the residential complex in the woods off ers many advantages. The northern trees provide protection from cooler northerly winds in the winters, and intense beam light from the south and west during the summers. The land elevation minimizes the height each building must be elevated by as a fl ood prevention strategy.
Leaving the main campus open allows for an unobstructed wind pattern through the site, and therefore an opportunity to harness wind power to off set the electrical needs of our proposed residences. Our two proposed wind turbines are placed prominently along the bike path as objects to be celebrated and meandered through.
Additionally, this site plan creates distance between living and working facilities, which is not only psychologically benefi cial, but physiologically benefi cial through creating opportunities to commute by foot or bicycle along the proposed path.
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Wind ProtectionThis diagram shows how the surrounding forest protects the residences from cooler northerly winds during the winter.
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ViewsThis diagram show how each building is oriented to take advantage of views to the north (woods) and south (Croatan Sound).
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Summer SolsticeThis diagram shows the shadows cast across the site at summer solstice.
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Winter SolsticeThis diagram shows the shadows cast across the site at winter solstice.
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CirculationThis diagram shows the proposed bike path that leads from the broader community through the residences and into the main CSI campus
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Renewable EnergiesThis diagram shows where renewable energy is generated. Two wind turbines along the bikepath act in conjunction with a photovoltaic array atop the existing CSI building, which is already equipped to support such an array.
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Potential ResidentsThe Coastal Studies Institute has a diverse range of visitors, researchers, and students, all potentially requiring diff erent longevities and styles of on-campus residence. These include:
StudentsShared facilitiesSeveral weeks to months of residence
ResearchersPrivate facilitiesSeveral weeks to months of residence
Visiting FamiliesPrivate facilitiesSeveral days to weeks of residence.
BUILDINGCONCEPTBUILDINGCONCEPT
A Concept of VersatilityRather than creating a scheme of single-family residences or multi-student dormitories, we sought a solution that could accommodate these diff erent longevities and styles of residence. We created 11 residential structures that can be categorized into three types:
Three Story SchemeNumber of Units: 5Unit Capacity: 6 - 8 personsTotal Capacity: 30 - 40 persons
Two Story SchemeNumber of Units: 4Unit Capacity: 3 - 4 personsTotal Capacity: 12 - 16 persons
Accessible One Story SchemeNumber of Units: 2Unit Capacity: 2 - 4 personsTotal Capacity: 4 - 8 persons
Creating a CommunityBecause community is a valuable residential resource for all groups represented here, we consolidated these various residentail options along a common boardwalk that includes an open, accessible, screened-in community pavilion for residents’ use. All fi rst fl oors are at the same elevation to maintain accessibility between residences.
TOTAL CAPACITY:46 - 64 PERSONS
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TOTAL CAPACITY:46 - 64 PERSONS
THREE STORYSCHEMETHREE STORYSCHEME
Minimum Capacity: 6 personsMaximum Capacity: 8 personsTotal Area: 2,292 sqft
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First FloorArea: 1,094 sqft
Private Open Porch
Private Screened Porch
Dining
Living
Kitchen
Mechanical
Water Closet
Public-Facing Open Porch
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Second FloorArea: 467 sqft
Reading Nook
Water Closet
2 Person Bedroom
1 - 2 Person Bedroom
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Third FloorArea: 413 sqft
Water Closet
2 Person Bedroom
1 - 2 Person Bedroom
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LoftArea: 318 sqft
Open Work / Study Space
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TWO STORYSCHEMETWO STORYSCHEME
Minimum Capacity: 3 personsMaximum Capacity: 4 personsArea: 1,879 sqft
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First FloorArea: 1,094 sqft
Private Open Porch
Private Screened Porch
Dining
Living
Kitchen
Mechanical
Water Closet
Public-Facing Open Porch
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Second FloorArea: 467 sqft
Reading Nook
Water Closet
2 Person Bedroom
1- 2 Person Bedroom
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LoftArea: 318 sqft
Open Work / Study Space
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Minimum Capacity: 2 personsMaximum Capacity: 4 personsTotal Area: 1,573 sqft
ACCESSIBLEONE STORYSCHEME
ACCESSIBLEONE STORYSCHEME
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Accessible First FloorArea: 1,573 sqft
Private Open Porch
Private Screened Porch
Water Closet
1 - 2 Person Bedroom
1 - 2 Person Bedroom
Mechanical
Kitchen
Dining
Living
Public-Facing Open Porch
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COMMUNITYPAVILIONCOMMUNITYPAVILION
Maximum Capacity: 64 +Total Area: 1,573 sqft
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Public Open Porch
Public Screened-In Space
Public Open Porch
Sitting Nooks
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Boardwalk: First Floor Plans
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Boardwalk: Second Floor Plans
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Boardwalk: Third Floor Plans
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Boardwalk: Fourth Floor Plans
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STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
Steel FrameUsing our three-story scheme, the most structurally complex of the series, we assessed several possible structural solutions. A steel frame was the most viable solution provided it overcome two serious obstacles: corrosion and expense.
To prevent corrosion, we clad the building in a continuous envelope of thermal and moisture protection. No steel structure is exposed.
To minimize expense, we used moment connections only on the open fi rst level, switching to pin connections with lateral reinforcement in the upper fl oors to protect against potentially high wind loads.
The foundation system is a series of concrete piles placed on pile caps, providing both vertical stability and preventing the tall, rigid structure from overturning under high wind loads.
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Lateral Stability
Embodied Energy
Cost
Large Equipment
Like Systems
Longevity / Durability
Mantenance
Wind / Hurricane Resistance
Aesthetics
Steel with Concrete Floor Slabs
Timber Concrete with CMUs and Open Web-Joists
Concrete with Timber Framing
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Structural System
Evaluation
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First Floor:Steel Frame with Moment ConnectionsConcrete Floor Slab
Foundation:Concrete piles with pile caps
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Upper Floors:Steel Frame with Pin ConnectionsConcrete Floor slabs
Lateral Reinforcement:Steel Beams with Pin Connections
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SU
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AwareAwareness means knowing what your strengths and assets are, what liabilities and vulnerabilities you have, and what threats and risks you face. Being aware is not a static condition; it’s the ability to constantly assess, take in new information, reassess and adjust your understanding of the most critical and relevant strengths and weaknesses and other factors on the fl y. This requires methods of sensing and information-gathering including robust feedback loops, such as community meetings or monitoring systems for a global telecommunications network.
DiverseDiversity implies that a person or system has a surplus of capacity such that it can successfully operate under a diverse set of circumstances, beyond what is needed for every-day functioning or relying on only one element for a given purpose. Diversity includes redundancy, alternatives, and back-ups, so it can call up reserves during a disruption or switch over to an alternative functioning mode. Being diverse also means that the system possesses or can draw upon a range of capabilities, information sources, technical elements, people or groups.
Self-RegulatingThis means elements within a system behave and interact in such a way as
to continue functioning to the system’s purpose, which means it can deal with anomalous situations and interferences without extreme malfunction, catastrophic collapse, or cascading disruptions. This is sometimes called “islanding” or “de-networking”—a kind of failing safely that ensures failure is discrete and contained. A self-regulating system is more likely to withstand a disruption, less likely to exacerbate the eff ects of a crisis if it fails, and is more likely to return to function (or be replaced) more quickly once the crisis has passed.
IntegratedBeing integrated means that individuals, groups, organizations and other entities have the ability to bring together disparate thoughts and elements into cohesive solutions and actions. Integration involves the sharing of information across entities, the collaborative development of ideas and solutions, and transparent communication with people and entities that are involved or aff ected. It also refers to the coordination of people groups and activities. Again, this requires the presence of feedback loops.
AdaptiveThe fi nal defi ning characteristic of resilience is being adaptive: the capacity to adjust to changing circumstances
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESILIENCY5 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESILIENCY
during a disruption by developing new plans, taking new actions, or modifying behaviors so that you are better able to withstand and recover from a disruption, particularly when it is not possible or wise to go back to the way things were before. Adaptability also suggests fl exibility, the ability to apply existing resources to new purposes or for one thing to take on multiple roles.
From the Rockefeller Foundation
AWARE
DIVERSE
SELF-REGULATING
INTEGRATED
ADAPTIVE
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1. Standing Seam AluminumThe east and west faces of each building are clad with light-gray standing seam aluminum for both durability in wind and water events and refl ectivity against the summer sun. This cladding wraps around the building, resulting in a very low glazed-to-opaque ratio (example shown is 8%).
2. Fiber Cement Board RainscreenThe southern face is clad with a higher ratio of opaque material to reduce solar gain during the summer. The cladding here is a light tone of fi ber cement board, fi nished to resemble wood, for both durability and wind and water events and refl ectivity against the summer sun. Its installation as a rainscreen separates the material from the building itself, reducing thermal bridging between the exterior and the interior.
3. Double-Insulated GlassDouble-insulated glass saves energy on conditiong.
4. Opaque DoorAn opaque door controls solar gains.
5. LouversHorizontal louvers protect the glazing on the south face from solar gains.
6. Cross VentillationCross ventillation naturally cools and circulates air thorughout each building, both in plan and section.
7. Continuous InsulationContinuous insulation wraps around the entire building beneath the standing seam aluminum cladding.
8. Rock Infi ltration PitRock infi ltration pits slow the runoff from the building roofs, preventing erosion. Additionally, they capture and contain debris before it might wash into the wetlands.
9. Stack Eff ectA window in the loft allows hot air from the rest of the building to escape on days when the humidity level permits.
10. Porous Pavers (Not Shown)Porous pavers reduce the surface area of pavement and therefore prevent erosion.
SUSTAINABLESTRATEGIESSUSTAINABLESTRATEGIES
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HERS INDEXHERS INDEX
5756 TWO STORY
SCHEME
53 THREE STORYSCHEME
ONE STORYSCHEME
44% more energy efficient than a standard new home.
47% more energy efficient than a standard new home.
43% more energy efficient than a standard new home.
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THREE STORYSCHEME
ONE STORYSCHEME
MECHANICALSYSTEMSMECHANICALSYSTEMS
HVACBecause each building is continuous in section, and conditioned air can pour from fl oor to fl oor, a mini-split system would be ineffi cient. And although radiant conditioning would couple well with slab fl oors, electric water heating is also very ineffi cient. Therefore, we is also very ineffi cient. Therefore, we chose a centralized system mediated chose a centralized system mediated by means of an air-sourced heat by means of an air-sourced heat pump. A two-speed or variable-speed pump. A two-speed or variable-speed compressor can be incorporated for compressor can be incorporated for more zoning control, and therefore more zoning control, and therefore more effi ciency.more effi ciency.
Water HeatingWater HeatingHeating water with electricity is more Heating water with electricity is more ineffi cient than with natural gas, but ineffi cient than with natural gas, but natural gas is not readily available on natural gas is not readily available on the site. Rather than bringing in gas the site. Rather than bringing in gas tanks, which is unsustainable long-term, tanks, which is unsustainable long-term, we will use the electricity produced we will use the electricity produced on-site to heat water electrically. The on-site to heat water electrically. The temperature will be mediated by means temperature will be mediated by means of an air-sourced heat pump.of an air-sourced heat pump.
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Total 107,712 kWh per Year
Total 127,116 kWh per Year
ENERGY USE+ GENERATIONENERGY USE+ GENERATION
Three Story SchemeAnnual Electrical Use
12,327 kWhx 5 units = 61,635 kWh
Two Story SchemeAnnual Electrical Use
11,475 kWhx 4 units = 45,902 kWh
One Story SchemeAnnual Electrical Use
9,789 kWhx 2 units = 19,579 kWh
Annual Energy Use
Wind TurbinesAnnual Electrical Generation
2 turbines26,183 kWh
PhotovoltaicsAnnual Electrical Generation
272 panels81,529 kWh
Annual Energy Generation
MEETS 85% OFANNUAL ENERGYNEEDS
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MEETS 85% OFANNUAL ENERGYNEEDS
Electrical Use for Lighting
Electrical Use for HVAC
Electrical Use for Water Heating
Electrical Use for Applicances
Electrical Use forMiscellaneous Personal Needs
Electrical Savingscompared to an average household
of comparable size
ThreeStoryScheme
TwoStoryScheme
OneStoryScheme
3390 kWh
3045 kWh
1416 kWh
2825 kWh
1650 kWh
2812 kWh
2773 kWh
1416 kWh
2825 kWh
1650 kWh
2398 kWh
1500 kWh
1416 kWh
2825 kWh
1650 kWh
9489 kWh$1,044
-567 kWh-$62.37
1119 kWh$123
Annual Household Summary
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First FloorLiving
KitchenStairway
MechanicalWater Closet
Screened PorchUnscreened Porch
Second FloorHallway
End BedroomCentral Bedroom
StairwayWater Closet
Third FloorHallway
End BedroomCentral Bedroom
StairwayWater Closet
LoftStudy / Work Space
Stairway
Total
Area(sqft)
RequiredLumens
AnnualElectric Use(LED) (kWh)
53314358614117781
1281091225850
1281091225850
28929
2,292
Three Story Scheme
ENERGY USE:LIGHTINGENERGY USE:LIGHTING
AnnualElectric Cost(CFL)
19,7216,5782902,8061,1486,5492,997
6403,0523,4162901,400
3603,1083,4162901,400
10,693145
68,299
7442488316583248165
831651658383
831651658383
41483
3,390
$81.87$27.29$9.10$18.19$9.10$27.29$18.19
$9.10$18.19$18.19$9.10$9.10
$9.10$18.19$18.19$9.10$9.10
$45.48$9.10
$372.94
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First FloorLiving
KitchenStairway
MechanicalWater Closet
Screened PorchUnscreened Porch
Second FloorHallway
End BedroomCentral Bedroom
StairwayWater Closet
LoftStudy / Work Space
Stairway
Total
Area(sqft)
RequiredLumens
AnnualElectric Use(LED) (kWh)
53314358614117781
1281091225850
28929
1,879
Two Story Scheme
AnnualElectric Cost(CFL)
19,7216,5782902,8061,1486,5492,997
6403,0523,4162901,400
10,693145
59,725
7442488316583248165
831651658383
41483
2,812
$81.87$27.29$9.10$18.19$9.10$27.29$18.19
$9.10$18.19$18.19$9.10$9.10
$45.48$9.10
$309.27
LivingKitchen
MechanicalBedroom 1Bedroom 2
Water ClosetScreened Porch
Unscreened Porch
Total
Area(sqft)
RequiredLumens
AnnualElectric Use(LED) (kWh)
5591466411010557308224
1,573
One Story Scheme
AnnualElectric Cost(CFL)
20,6836,7162,9443,0802,9401,59614,1688,288
60,415
74424816516516583496331
2,398
$81.87$27.29$18.19$18.19$18.19$9.10$54.58$36.38
$263.79
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MonthlyTemperatureChange (F)
MonthlyElectric Use(kWh)
ENERGY USE:HVACENERGY USE:HVAC
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
Annual Total
MonthlyElectric Cost
-26.5-24.5-18.5-10-25.598.54-6-14.4-22.5
Three Story Scheme2 Ton, 13 SEER Heat Pump, R-410A Refrigerant
Goodman GSZ130241
27125118910220.536159155826361147230
3,045
$29.82$27.57$20.82$11.25$2.25$39.72$65.00$61.39$28.89$6.75$16.21$25.32
$335.00
MonthlyTemperatureChange (F)
MonthlyElectric Use(kWh)
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
Annual Total
MonthlyElectric Cost
-26.5-24.5-18.5-10-25.598.54-6-14.4-22.5
Two Story Scheme2 Ton, 13 SEER Heat Pump, R-410A Refrigerant
Goodman GSZ130241
21720115181.816.435758555226049118184
2,773
$23.86$22.06$16.66$9.00$1.80$39.31$64.33$60.76$28.59$5.40$12.96$20.26
$305.00
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MonthlyTemperatureChange (F)
MonthlyElectric Use(kWh)
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
Annual Total
MonthlyElectric Cost
-26.5-24.5-18.5-10-25.598.54-6-14.4-22.5
One Story Scheme2 Ton, 13 SEER Heat Pump, R-410A Refrigerant
Goodman GSZ130241
11210478.442.48.48198324306144256195
1,500
$12.36$11.42$8.63$4.66$0.93$21.80$35.67$33.69$15.85$2.80$6.71$10.49
$165.00
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ENERGY USE:HPPLIANCESENERGY USE:APPLIANCES
Annual Electric Use(kWh)
AnnualElectric Cost
Clothes DryerClothes Washer (Front Loading)
DishwasherRange
RefrigeratorTelevision
Garbage DisposalMicrowave Oven
Coff ee MakerSlow Cooker
Toaster OvenBlender
Waffl e IronVacuum Cleaner
2 x Ceiling Fan8 x Clock
Clothes IronHair Dryer
Total
60810921474915055.415.991.311014416463.91376329.26839.115
2,825
Three Story Scheme
$66.88$11.99$23.54$82.36$16.50$6.09$1.75$10.04$12.05$15.84$18.08$7.03$15.07$6.89$6.43$59.84$4.30$1.65
$366.34
85
Annual Electric Use(kWh)
AnnualElectric Cost
Clothes DryerClothes Washer (Front Loading)
DishwasherRange
RefrigeratorTelevision
Garbage DisposalMicrowave Oven
Coff ee MakerSlow Cooker
Toaster OvenBlender
Waffl e IronVacuum Cleaner
2 x Ceiling Fan8 x Clock
Clothes IronHair Dryer
Total
60810921474915055.415.991.311014416463.91376329.26839.115
2,825
Two Story Scheme
$66.88$11.99$23.54$82.36$16.50$6.09$1.75$10.04$12.05$15.84$18.08$7.03$15.07$6.89$6.43$59.84$4.30$1.65
$366.34
86
Annual Electric Use(kWh)
AnnualElectric Cost
Clothes DryerClothes Washer (Front Loading)
DishwasherRange
RefrigeratorTelevision
Garbage DisposalMicrowave Oven
Coff ee MakerSlow Cooker
Toaster OvenBlender
Waffl e IronVacuum Cleaner
2 x Ceiling Fan8 x Clock
Clothes IronHair Dryer
Total
60810921474915055.415.991.311014416463.91376329.26839.115
2,825
One Story Scheme
$66.88$11.99$23.54$82.36$16.50$6.09$1.75$10.04$12.05$15.84$18.08$7.03$15.07$6.89$6.43$59.84$4.30$1.65
$366.34
87
ENERGY USE:WATERHEATING
ENERGY USE:WATERHEATING
Annual Electric Use(kWh)
AnnualElectric Cost
Three Story Scheme
Two Story Scheme
One Story Scheme
1,416
1,416
1,416
$155.76
$155.76
$155.76
Bradfordwhite Aerotherm Heatpump80 gallon
88
89
HA
ZA
RD
S
90
1
3
4
5
2
91
1. Wind DiversionEach building has a vertical face that is more vulnerable to wind loads. The buildings have been arranged such that these vertical faces are facing one another, rather than being exposed directly to strong winds. The sloped faces divert the wind up and away from these vulnerable points.
2. Aluminum LouversAluminum louvers have been placed on both the northern and southern glazing not just for solar control, but also to protect the glass from debris during wind events. The louvers have been concentrated on faces consisting of large, irregularly shaped glass that would be diffi cult or expensive to repair or replace.
3. ElevationEach building has been elevated to 3.5’ above sea level rather than the required 2’ (land is already at Base Flood Elevation. Dare County freeboard requirements and IBC regulations for the Coastal A Flood Zone add 2’ together). The extra 1.5’ accommodates the maximum predicted sea level rise over the next 80 years.
4. Tree DistancePine trees in this region tend to break off at the boughs rather than splitting in the middle, so the critical distance of trees from each building is a factor of the tree canopy, which averages 10’ in diameter. Our buildings have been set back from the trees to accommodate this distance.
5. Water SheddingThe exterior cladding is made of durable and steeply-sloped standing seam aluminum in order to shed water quickly, minimizing the risk of leakage. The aluminum’s durability is an extra protective measure against damage from debris, which could also lead to leakage.
HAZARDMITIGATIONSTRATEGIES
HAZARDMITIGATIONSTRATEGIES
92
Most Threatening Natural Hazards:FloodingHurricaneNor’eastersCoastal Erosion
Consequences:Loss of electrical powerFailure of the water distribution systemSeverance of roadway networkCreation of new ocean inletNecessity of mass care and feeding operationsEvacuation of people from the countyMass causalityLoss of continuity of government
DARE COUNTYHAZARDSDARE COUNTYHAZARDS
“The built environment however is not as resilient and does not possess these recuperative capabilities. In natural disasters changes and losses occur when human activity in the form of buildings, infrastructure, agriculture and other land uses are located in the path of the destructive forces of nature. Communities impacted by natural hazards often recover over a long period of time and at great social and economic cost. “
-Dare County Hazards Mitigation Plan, 2010
FloodingThe site is located in Flood Zone A, AE in which the base fl oodplain (100 Year Flood) is where the base fl ood elevations are provided.
Flooding Source
Stillwater Elevations
Base Flood Elevation
(Feet)
Atlantic Ocean/
Roanoke Sound
Atlantic Ocean /
Pamlico Sound /
Croatan Sound
Location
10-year
50-year
100-year
500-year
Roanoke
Island
Mainland
7.4 8.9 9.2 10.8
4.8 6.8 7.3 8.2
11-12
9-11
10
7-9
Dare County Flood Insurance Study, 1993
93
94
95
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
SE
QU
EN
CIN
G
96
1 Contracts, Document Review and Revision 28 days
2 Bidding and Contracts 25 days
3 Review Bids, Grading and Building Permits 22 days
4 Land Development, Clearing, Install Construction Entrance 22 days
5 Strip Top Soil, Excavation for Foundation 7 days
6 Foundation, Layout Footing, Inspections, Pouring 40 days
7 Certifi cation of Foundation
8 Delivery and Waterproofi ng of Staging Areas 3 days
9 Concrete Slab Work 35 days
10 Rough Carpentry 55 days
Tree Felling TechniquesTree Felling technique for minimum
impact on surrounding trees.
Removing Roots Removing roots and clearing the site.
Leveling Bring in soil and leveling
26’ R
oot R
adiu
s
26’ R
oot R
adiu
s
35’ B
uild
ing
Wid
th
35’ B
uild
ing
Wid
th
30’ S
etba
ck
Supp
ly R
oadWet
land
s
Exis
ting
Road
Exis
ting
Woo
dlan
ds
Site Clearing
97
11 Termite Treatment 2 days
12 HVAC and Other Mechanical Installation 33 days
13 Plumbing 25 days
14 Electric 25 days
15 Alarms, Television and Audio Visual Installation22 days
16 Exterior Insulation, Finishing 40 days
17 Drywall 36 days
18 Floor Finishing, Painting, Exterior Landscaping 36 days
19 Cleaning, Adding Shrubs and Additional Final Features 22 days
10’ C
anop
y +
8’ B
ikep
ath
35’
Build
ing
35’ B
uild
ing
Wid
th
30’ S
etba
ck
Wet
land
s
10’
Cano
py
Exis
ting
Road
TOTAL DAYS:477
TOTAL YEARS:1.34
Site Re-Planting
98
Current Site
Existing Forest
99
Construction Phase
Existing Forest
Cleared Forest
Trailers
100
Post-Construction Phase
Existing Forest
Re-Planted Local Trees
Re-Planted Local Shrubs
101
Post-Construction Boardwalk Section
102
103
104
105
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
106
“2012 International Building Code: A Compilation of Flood Resistant Provisions, Prepared by FEMA.” FEMA. <http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1816-25045-8053/2012_i_code_fl oodprovisions.pdf>.
“ACA, Leeper Studio Complex.” Charles Rose Architects. Web. <http://www.charlesrosearchitects.com/projects/aca-leeper/>.
“Air-Source Heat Pumps.” Energy.gov. Web. <http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/air-source-heat-pumps>.
“Allandale House / William O’Brien Jr.” ArchDaily. Web. <http://www.archdaily.com/58210/allandale-house-william-obrien-jr/>.
“Cost of Water.” Cost of Water. Web. <https://www.fcwa.org/story_of_water/html/costs.htm>.Web. <https://www.b4ubuild.com/resources/schedule/6kproj.shtml>.
“Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioner Estimator.” Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioner Estimator. Web. <http://www.mini-split.com/mini-split.php>.
“Hazard Mitigation Plan.” Dare County, North Carolina. Web. <http://www.darenc.com/emgymgmt/docs/HMGP.pdf>.
“Heat & Cool Effi ciently.” : ENERGY STAR. Web.. <http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_hvac>.
“Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigerating (HVAC&R) Engineering.” Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigerating (HVAC&R) Engineering. Web. <http://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_hvaceng.php>.
“Heat Pump Systems.” Energy.gov. Web. <http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/heat-pump-systems>.
“Hoopers Island Residence / David Jameson Architect.” ArchDaily. Web. <http://www.archdaily.com/101947/hoopers-island-residence-david-jameson-architect/>.
“How to Use This Site.” Small Wind Certifi cation. Web. <http://smallwindcertifi cation.org/>.
“LED Lighting Requirement Calculator - Charlston Lights.” Charlston. Web. <http://www.charlstonlights.com/led-light-requirement-calculator>.
“Loblolly House.” KieranTimberlake. Web. <http://www.kierantimberlake.com/pages/view/20/loblolly-house/parent:3>.
“The Matchbox House / Bureau for Architecture and Urbanism.” ArchDaily. Web. <http://www.archdaily.com/285559/the-matchbox-house-bureau-for-architecture-and-urbanism/>.
“Photovoltaic Software.” Photovoltaic and Thermal Software : Solar Energy Calculator, Best PV Software, Solar Hot Water Heating. Web. <http://www.photovoltaic-software.com>.
“Quick Reference Guide: Comparison of Select NFIP & Building Code Requirements for Special Flood Hazard Areas (2012).” FEMA. Web. <https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/25986>.
“Residential Energy Effi ciency.” International Code Council. Web. <http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/2012/icod_iecc_2012_re4_sec002.htm>.
“SHOP ALL PRODUCTS.” SolarWorld 315 Watt Solar Panel, Sunmodule SW315 Mono. Web. <http://www.altestore.com/store/Solar-Panels/SolarWorld-315-Watt-Solar-Panel-Sunmodule-SW315-Mono/p11463/?gclid=CK-q7P6ojcUCFaRi7AodzjQARw>.
“Small Wind Guidebook.” Small Wind Guidebook. Web. <http://en.openei.org/wiki/Small_Wind_Guidebook>.
“Solar Calculator.” Solar Calculator. Web. <http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html>.
“Suniva Solar Panels – We Found 24 Products.” Suniva Solar Panels – We Found 24 Products. Web. <http://www.civicsolar.com/suniva-solar>.
107
“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Web. <http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/index.cfm>.
“U.S. Per Capita Electricity Use By State In 2010.” U.S. Per Capita Electricity Use By State In 2010. Web. <http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/us_per_capita_electricity-2010.html>.
“Wind Energy Basics.” Wind Energy Basics. Web. <http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/>.
“Wind Program: WINDExchange.” Wind Program: WINDExchange. Web. <http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/>.
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UP
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