Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues

Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon Cities in Asia:

Lessons Learned and Future Potential

D.G.J. Premakumara, Programme Manager Shom Teoh, Programme Manager

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), International Village Center, 2F, 1-1-1,

Hirano, Yahata Higashiku, Kitakyushu, Japan 805-0062 Tel: 81-93-681-1563, Fax: 81-93-681-1564

E-mail: premakumara@iges.or.jp

Over half of the world’s population resides in

cities, and up to 80% is projected for 2050

Cities produce 80% of

global GDP Over 90% of all urban

areas are coastal, putting most cities at risk of

flooding from rising sea levels and powerful

storms.

Cities produce 50% -80%

of global waste Cities account for

60- 80% of global GHG

emissions

Cities consume 75%

of natural resources

Why cities are matter of achieving sustainable and low carbon development?

Data Source: Un-Habitat, 2008, UNEP,<built.environment@unep.org>

Resource efficient cities are engine to sustainable and low carbon development

There are genuine opportunities for city leaders to contribute to sustainability and enhance the quality of life in urban areas by improving resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, minimizing environmental risks and enhancing ecosystems.

Figure Source: UNEP,<built.environment@unep.org>

Organic waste management in Asian cities

Generation of MSW

MSW is collected by municipalities

MSW is disposed in unmanaged dumpsite

Over 50% of MSW is organic matters Use 20%-50% of annual budget for waste management, however, 30%-60% of waste remain uncollected

Results for serious local, regional and global public and environmental health nuisances , including climate change

A local government commitment and citizen participation in MSWM in Surabaya City

• Surabaya, a second largest city in Indonesia faced a tremendous challenge in managing its MSW.

• With the current leadership of the city, the local government encourage community participation through Surabaya Green and Clean Programme.

Source: Surabaya City, 2012

Community-based waste management is the heart of the Surabaya Model

Educated residents to separate waste at source and use of compost bin

Collected H/H waste separately

Organic waste treated at composting center

Educated residents to start organic farming at H/H and community

Educated women to start H/H business from recycling materials

Rest sell in Market

Surabaya Clean and Green Programme award s the model communities

National and local policies motivate public/private partnership and encourage them to become actively involve in MSWM in Cebu

• Cebu, a capital city in the Visaya Region of the Philippines faced tremendous challenge in managing its MSW.

• With the current leadership of the city, it strictly enforce the implementation of the national policy on Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA9003)

Public/private partnership is the heart of Cebu Model

Educate and enforce the law on waste separation at source

Organic waste for composting

Recyclables for material recovery

Separated waste is collected by bio-man and brings to material recovery facility (MRF)

Barangay MRF

Residual waste transport to Central MRF in the landfills

RDF for waste to energy, and organic for composting Central composting plant

Private sector involvement

Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources (SEVANATHA compost plant in Matale treat 2 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets)

Transportation Segregation Pilling (box method)

Heat measure Screening

Packaging

Photo courtesy: Sevanatha

Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources

(Waste Concern’s composting plant in Bulta, near Dhaka treat 80-100 tonnes/day waste from vegetable markets)

Transportation Sorting Making aerated piles

Packing Screening Heat measure

Photo courtesy: Waste Concern

Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources

(IL&FS composting plant in Okhla, New Delhi treat 200 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets)

Windrow formation Monsoon shed Coarse segregation

Packing End product Refinement

Photo courtesy: IL&FS company

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues

Balangoda Compost Plant Badulla Compost Plant Kuliyapitiya Compost Plant Nonthaburi Compost Plant Pobsuk Compost Plant Bangkok Compost Plant Nangong Compost Plant

Matale Compost Plant Surabaya Compost Plant BASA Compost Plant GRAMUS Compost Plant Temsi Compost Plant WasteConcern Compost Plant Penang Compost Plant

Broad-based support need to be available for private sector/ NGO

ASEAN ESC Model Cities Programme (Year 1)

Funder

Japan-ASEAN

Integration Fund

(JAIF)

Regional

Secretariat

An initiative by the

ASEAN Working Group on

Environmentally Sustainable Cities

(AWGESC)

•Objective: Promoting ESC development

by supporting capacity building for

bottom-up initiatives of ASEAN cities

and supporting formulation of national

ESC frameworks.

•Year 1: Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2012

•Year 2: Extension in progress

•Assistance to: 14 cities in 8 countries

(Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,

Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand

and Viet Nam)

ASEAN Secretariat

2

Selected Model Cities (Year 1)

Country Model Cities Main Activities

Cambodia Phnom Penh Reducing plastic bag usage in shops

Siem Reap Piloting a community-based waste separation scheme

Indonesia Palembang

Replicating a successful waste bank in Yogyakarta as part of a nationwide rollout Surabaya

Lao PDR Xamneua Strengthening project management skills and mini demo-projects in waste management,

wastewater treatment and urban greenery

Myanmar Yangon Training on sustainable water supply and treatment

Malaysia Kuching North Developing a local formula of Bokashi composting and piloting a compost centre

Philippines

Puerto

Princesa Training for composting, water management and piloting a new system of wastewater

treatment

Palo, Leyte Training for composting and water management

Thailand

Maehongson Promoting waste segregation and recycling through education and training

Muangklang Promoting and training for low carbon city plan implementation and organic farming

Phitsanulok Supporting the scale-up and dissemination of the “Phitsanulok Model” of waste management

Viet Nam Cao Lanh

Establishing a local-level multi-stakeholder ‘self-protection’ committee for the environment

and formulation of its strategy

Da Nang Creation of a ‘Model Environmentally-friendly Residential Area’ with pilot projects

More than half of proposals by local government are related to SWM 6

Replication of a model ‘Waste Bank’ in Indonesia

A financially sustainable

system of

Community-based Solid

Waste Management

Combining concepts of

banking with waste

management to reform

negative perceptions

Highlights – Replication of a model ‘Waste Bank’ in Indonesia

Waste segregation

at source is

performed by

households.

Customer

brings

separated

waste to

Waste Bank to

be ‘deposited’

and is served

by a ‘teller’.

The ‘teller’ records the weighs,

records and stores the deposit.

Customer receives a receipt.

Deposited

wastes are sold

to recyclers and

craftspeople.

Revenue is used to fund the Bank’s

operations (15%) and the balance is

distributed to customers (85%). Craftspeople refashion waste into useful

products (left pictures), which are sold at the

‘distro’ (distribution outlet operated by the

Waste Bank, thus creating further income

opportunities apart from sales of waste.

Achievements of Waste Bank in Bantul, Yogyakarta

Environmental

• About 500kg of inorganic waste is diverted from

the landfill each month.

• The village environment has become cleaner

with less littering

• Customers are primarily women and their

children, who are educated on proper waste

separation as well as the benefits of reuse and

recycling.

Socio-economic

• Due to increased availability of separated

recyclables, the number of recyclers has

increased and the number of scavengers in the

village has decreased.

• The highest-earning customer earns up to IDR

350,000 per month (basic monthly cost of living

per month in Yogyakarta is about IDR 500,000).

• Bank staff receive an incentive based salary

ranging from IDR 100,000 to 400,000 per

month.

IDR

80,000

per year

IDR 200,000 –

450,000 per month

IDR

100,000

per month

Replicated from 1 to 9

villages in Yogjakarta

‘Small’ customer

Cleaner of the

waste bank

Lead plastic

craftmaker of

waste bank

50 to be replicated in

Surabaya!

Replication of waste banks under Indonesia’s Model Cities programme

1st waste bank training workshop in

Surabaya (1 – 3 Nov 2011)

1st waste bank training workshop in

Palembang (22 – 23 Oct 2011)

• Indonesia’s national goal is to set up waste banks in 16 cities by 2012, and

40 cities by 2014

• Setting up of waste banks was incorporated as one of the assessment

indicators of the national sustainable cities awards programme (Adipura)

• National and pilot local governments, as well as other stakeholders all

contributed their own resources for scale up and replication

Small City – Muangklang Municipality, Rayong, Thailand

Somchai Chariyacharoen

Mayor of Muangklang Municipality

By 2020, Muangklang aims to be a green, sustainable and low-

carbon city with low levels of waste, high energy efficiency and

sustainable levels of consumption.

Appointed by national government and others as Thailand’s

Eastern Learning centre for Low Carbon Cities for other local

governments within Thailand as well as the Greater Mekong region.

Green spaces

Energy Efficiency

Waste

Minimisation

Urban Agriculture

Photo credts: All photos of Muangklang are used with permission from Muangklang Municipality

Good practice - water quality and energy efficiency

Collected grease made

into fuel blocks

A law was introduced to

mandate installation of

grease trap in new

houses and

establishments

Grease is collected

from grease traps

Fuel blocks powers

municipal

slaughterhouse

Good practice - waste minimisation

Simple, local and cheap

Generates

income of

THB 100,000

(USD3K) per

month from

sales of

recyclables

Designed a

conveyor belt

system for

sorting waste

Construction

cost:

THB 40,000

(USD1.5k)

Diverts 10t of

21t of waste

collected per

day

Schoolchildren are paid 1THB per kg

of recyclable waste brought

Buying milk boxes from 100 schools for

THB 3 / kg, sold to recyclers for THB 5/kg

Point system for recyclables (2 THB = 1 point),

exchange for daily goods and products

Milk boxes are processed into furniture,

which is an industry in the municipality

Good practice – Financially sustainable organic waste management

Biogas

facility

Aerobic composting

Vermi-composting

EM Bokashi

Clean Organic

Waste

Mixed Organic

Waste Fed to animals (cows, pigs, goats, chickens,

rabbits, ducks)

Manure is sold and as well as used for

biogas and composting

City-to-city Cooperation on SWM

Enhancing Composting Operations

• Replicated composting approaches and knowledge

from Nonthaburi, Thailand and Japan (Kitakyushu

City and Sasebo, an environmental NGO based in

Nagasaki Prefecture)

• Formulated local EM Bokashi and EM liquid

Study visit to Nonthaburi,

Thailand

Study visit to Kitakyushu,

Japan

Expert audit and training by

Sasebo Japan and Nonthaburi

in North Kuching

Reporting & Networking Platform – High Level Seminar on ESC

4th High Level Seminar on ESC

under the EAS EMM framework (back-to-

back with the Regional 3R Forum)

Co-organisers: Viet Nam, Japan, Australia,

Indonesia, ASEAN Sec. and AWGESC

Participants (over 200):

-Nat. governments (100 from 15 countries)

-Local governments (31 from 21 cities)

-NGOs, Development Agencies, Academia

Private Sector (60 from 29 organisations)

Observations

• Climate change mitigation/adaptation is not yet perceived as a priority by local

governments; framing in terms of local priorities (waste management, water,

sanitation) and emphasis on ‘co-benefits’ is important.

• Excellence and innovation in SWM is generally a good indicator of local

government’s readiness for progress in other sectors/themes, including climate

change.

• Supporting organisations can add value by:

• Providing technical assistance and capacity building, including towards

quantitative data useful for decision making

• Triggering linkages that would not occur under conventional circumstances

• National and regional frameworks (city networks, city awards, ASEAN) help by

offering a periodical platform for knowledge exchange and reporting

achievements that enable them to chart their progress in a meaningful,

inspirational manner (against global trends and peer performance).

Lessons learned • The presentation emphasizes that several principles are fundamental to an

integrated, multi-partner approach towards climate change action at the local level: – No single approach or policy is equally well-suited to all cities. Thus, cities should develop a local

vision/strategies, using an inclusive and participatory process. – A strong leadership and commitment of the local government (both political and administration)

is helpful in facilitating this innovative process. – It would be beneficial to take an opportunity/risk management approach in a sustainable

development perspective, considering not only emissions, but also possible socioeconomic development.

– Policies should emphasize, encourage, and reward ‘synergies’ and ‘co-benefits’ (i.e. what policies can do to achieve both developmental and climate change response goals);

– Encourage community participation and action by representatives of the private sector, neighbourhoods (especially the poor) and grassroots groups, as well as opinion leaders of all kinds, in order to ensure a broad-based collection of perspectives;

– Establish new institutional-setup (citizen committee, advisory committee etc.) and planning tools (community planning/ participatory planning etc.) to facilitate continuous communication and coordination among different stakeholders.

– Local resources should be promoted and made available through public and private partnership, while part of capital financing is received from national and international assistance programmes.

– To achieve more accountability, local governments need to keep record to measure and verification.

– International institutions can provide capacity building opportunities, information sharing, building networks, and providing technical know-how and development assistance.

Lessons learned

Thank you

Thank you for your attention