local control the “control systems” of the body long distance control autocrine - paracrine -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Local Control
The “Control Systems” of the Body
Long Distance Control
Autocrine -
Paracrine -
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Slower Response, Broad, Long Lasting
Faster Response, Specific, Brief
![Page 2: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Overview
• Neurophysiology
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System– Autonomic N.S.– Somatic N.S.
The Nervous System
![Page 3: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview of the Nervous System
![Page 4: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sensory Pathway
Motor Pathway
Interneuron(Integration)
CNSPNS
Receptors
EffectorTissue
1. Sensory Neuron
3. Motor Neuron
2. In
tern
euro
n
![Page 5: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3 Types of Functional Neurons:
1) Sensory (in) 2) Interneurons (processing)3) Motor (out)
Which neuron is the most numerous?
![Page 7: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Dendrites
• Cell Body
• Axon
• Axon Terminal
(with End Bulb)
A Typical Neuron
incoming info.
integration of info.
outgoing info.
release of neurotransmitter
Nodes ofRanvier
![Page 8: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Equilibrium Potentials:- Na+ - K+
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) for cells
![Page 9: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Graded Potentials
Action Potentials
Localized change in membrane potential that varies in magnitude and is decremental.
Rapid reversal in membrane potential (due to changes in ion permeability), with constant magnitude and is non-decremental.
![Page 11: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• "All or none" event
• Signal does not diminish over distance
1. Threshold
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
Action Potentials
There are 4 Phases in an Action Potential:
![Page 13: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Refractory Periods
• Absolute Refractory Period:
• Relative Refractory Period:
![Page 16: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Summation of Graded Potentials• Temporal Summation:
• Spatial Summation:
As the frequency of a single stimuli increases, the changes in membrane potential can be added and its magnitude can increase.
As multiple simultaneous stimuli occur at different places on the neuron, the changes in membrane potential can be added and its magnitude increased or decreased.
![Page 17: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Graded vs. Action Potentials
2. Decremental (passive spread)
2. Non-decremental
(self-regenerating)
3. No Refractory Periods
in Graded Potentials
4. Summation is possible 4. No Summation possible
5. Trigger: NT's, hormones 5. Trigger: Threshold
1. Magnitude varies 1. No variation - All or None
6. Occurs at cell body
(direction can vary)
6. Occurs at axon hillock (one way direction)
3. Two Refractory periods:
Absolute and Relative
![Page 20: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How fast can a signal travel down an axon?
![Page 21: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Speed of Conduction of Signal
• Small Diameter • Large Diameter
![Page 22: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Speed of Conduction of Signal
1. Small Diameter Large Diameter
2.Temperature
3. Axon Myelination
Vs.
![Page 24: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Biochemistry of the Synapse
![Page 27: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2 ways the Post-Synaptic cell Responds
![Page 28: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Ionotropic Effect
• Metabotropic Effect
Post-Synaptic Cell Responses
![Page 29: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Stopping Signal Transmission
• Stop the Impulse (Stop Pre-Synaptic AP)
• Clear Away the Synaptic Cleft
– 3. Re-uptake of NT by Pre-Synaptic cell.
– 1. Diffusion away from Receptors.
– 2. Enzymatic Degradation of NT.
![Page 30: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Clearing up the synaptic cleft
![Page 31: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Degrading NT’s into non-stimulating fragments
and Recycling into pre-synaptic neuron.
![Page 32: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Agonists:Signal molecules that bind the receptor and induce the post-receptor events that lead to a biological effect. They act like the normal or true ligand (signal molecule), though potency may vary.
Antagonists:Signal molecules that bind the receptor and block binding of the true ligand or agonist, and fail to trigger intracellular signaling events.
![Page 33: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
AntagonistsAgonists
![Page 35: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Benzodiazepines are tranquilizers. e.g. Valium (diazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam), etc. for anxiety, insomnia…
![Page 36: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Almonds • Bananas • Beef Liver• Broccoli• Brown Rice• Green Tea• Halibut• Lentils• Oats, whole grain• Oranges, citrus fruits• Rice bran• Spinach• Walnuts
Foods that Stimulate GABA Production in CNS:
Yum
Yum
![Page 37: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Divergent:
Neuronal Pathways
![Page 38: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Convergent:
Neuronal Pathways
![Page 39: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Presynaptic terminalInhibitory neuron(s) – less NT releasedExcitatory neuron(s) – more NT released
The Postsynaptic membrane and receptors- Receptor numbers- Degradation rates- Permeability
Pre- and Postsynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation
![Page 40: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The 6 Different Glial Cells
![Page 42: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2 Glial Cells of the PNS1. Schwann cells – create the myelin sheath for axons in the PNS. Many Schwann cells help to myelinate axon.
2. Satellite cells - small cells that surround neurons ganglia in PNS. Act to protecting and repair ganglia.
![Page 43: Local Control The “Control Systems” of the Body Long Distance Control Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine System Nervous System Slower Response, Broad, Long](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110404/56649e905503460f94b957f9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
5. Microglia - phagocytic (like macrophages), acting as defense cells in CNS. Cells multiply if CNS is damaged or infected.
4. Astrocytes – help create the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), to protect delicate nervous tissue.
3. Oligodendrocytes - create the myelin sheaths of axons in CNS, providing insulation, allowing signals to propagate faster.
4 Glial Cells of the CNS
6. Ependymal cells - line fluid cavities of the CNS (e.g. ventricles and central canal). They help create and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).