load flow analysis of ward hale model
TRANSCRIPT
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Advanced Energy Grid Systems - I
Pithapur MohammedSneha CheruvattathUrvakhshaTavadia
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WIND POWER• All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately
comes from the sun.• The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun• About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which
is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth
• Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the land WIND.
For e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle
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• A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 40-54 meters, i.e. a rotor area of 1,500-2,200 square meters. • The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to harvest from the wind.
• Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter, a turbine which is twice as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as much energy. • To be considered a good location for wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour.
WIND POWER
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POWER PRODUCTION WIND POWER EQUATION
31),(
21 vACPCP tPinp
Power extracted depends on 1. Design factors: Swept area, At 2. Environmental factors:• Air density, ρ (~1.225kg/m3 at sea level)• Cube of wind speed (v3)
3. Control factors: • Tip speed ratio through the rotor speed ω• Pitch θ• The Betz Limit is the maximal possible Cp =
16/27• 59% efficiency is the BEST a conventional
wind turbine can do in extracting power from the wind
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WARD HALE MODEL
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Wind FarmAssuming a wind farm of 100 Wind Turbines each
whose maximum output is 600KW on bus2.Power obtained from wind energy is intermittent since
speed of wind is variable.Using =1.3kg/mꝬ 3 air densityRotor Blade Diameter of 52m. Area = 2124 sq.m.Power Coefficient, Cp = 0.335.Power produced per Turbine,
P = 1380.265*v³
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0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0MW OUTPUT OF A WIND FARM
with WIND SPEED
WIND SPEED in m/s
MW
OUT
PUT
FOR
100
TURB
INES
CUT IN SPPED 4.5m/sCUT OUT SPEED 24m/sRATEED SPEED 12m/s
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON MW AND MVAR GENERATION
Wind Power MWBus2 MVarMW Gen1Bus2 Mvar
Wind Speed m/s
Rea
l & R
eact
ive
Pow
er M
W &
MV
ar
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0.8700
0.8800
0.8900
0.9000
0.9100
0.9200
0.9300
0.9400
0.9500
0.9600 BUS Voltage vs Wind Speed
Bus 3Bus 4
WIND SPEED m/s
BU
S V
OLT
AG
E PU
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON LINEFLOWS
REAL POWER
Line 1-4Line 1-6Line 2-3Line 2-5Line 4-3Line 4-6Line 6-5
Wind speed in m/s
Real
Pow
er -
MW
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON LINE FLOWS
REACTIVE POWER
Line 1-4Line 1-6Line 2-3Line 2-5
Wind Speed m/s
Rea
ctiv
e Po
wer
MV
ar
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Switched Shunt Capacitors Advantages of using shunt capacitors 1. It reduces line current of the system. 2. It improves voltage level of the load. 3. It also reduces system Losses. 4. It reduces load of the alternator. 5. It improves power factor of the source current. 6. It reduces capital investment per mega watt of
the Load. All the above mentioned benefits come from the
fact, that the effect of capacitor reduces reactive current flowing through the whole system.
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0.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.000.8600
0.8800
0.9000
0.9200
0.9400
0.9600
0.9800Effect of installing Switched shunt on
Bus 5
Bus 3Bus 4Bus 5Bus 6
Mvar
Volt
age
(PU
)
60MW 80MW
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Effects on wind speedHeight
Daytime peak occurs at 10 m.
Nighttime peak occurs at 200 m.
Almost flat at 80 m.
Average wind
speed increases
with height.
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The weather wrecks havoc with the grid every year. Especially to the overhead lines.
In the form of storms, hurricane. Damage to power lines results in arcing also called as power flash.
Fig: Arcing between lines
Weather related faults in transmission lines
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Power flashes were incorrectly termed as exploding transformers.
Power flash is simply an arc caused by short out power line.
Power flash can occur due to- - Collapsing of poles - Wires touching each other - Conducting object between two live wires
Fig- Storm formation causing a power flash
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Effect of Transformer tap ratio change on currentC
urre
nt c
hang
e
Transformer tap ratio change
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Effect of Transformer tap ratio change on voltage
Transformer tap ratio change
Volta
ge c
hang
e
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Effect of Transformer tap ratio change on power (MW & Mvar)Po
wer
Transformer tap ratio change
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Effect of Transformer tap ratio change on loss (MW & Mvar)
Transformer tap ratio change
Los
s
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Effect of changing real power at Generator 2 on CurrentC
urre
nt
Real Power (Mw)
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Effect of changing real power at Generator 2 on Voltage
Real Power (Mw)
Volta
ge
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Real Power (Mw)
Cha
nge
in P
ower
Effect of changing real power at Generator 2 on Power (Mw & Mvar)
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Effect of changing real power at Generator 2 on Power Loss(Mw & Mvar)
Real Power (Mw)
Cha
nge
in P
ower
Los
s
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Different system scenarios
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Different system scenarios
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POWER FLOWS
• Planning future expansion of power systems• Determining the best operation of existing
systems. • Information obtained is the voltage at each bus
, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line.
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CHANGE IN REAL POWER
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WARD HALE MODEL
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CHANGE IN VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE(p.u)
POWER (MW)
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CHANGE IN CURRENT
CURRENT(A)
POWER (MW)
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CHANGE IN ACTIVE POWER
ACTIVE POWER(p.u)
POWER (MW)
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CHANGE IN REACTIVE POWER
REACTIVE POWER (p.u)
POWER (MW)
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CHANGE IN VAR SUPPLY
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CHANGE IN CURRENT
CURRENT(A)
POWER (MVar)
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CHANGE IN VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
(p.u)
POWER (MVar)
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CHANGE IN ACTIVE POWER
ACTIVE POWER
(p.u)
POWER (MVar)
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CHANGE IN REACTIVE POWER
REACTIVE POWER(p.u)
POWER (MVar)
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SEPTEMBER 8, 2011 CALIFORNIA-ARIZONA:
Transmission failure in Southern California.
Confliction with generation and transmission outages planned for maintenance.
This outage lasted 12 hours, affecting 2.7 million people.
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CASE STUDYJuly 30 and 31, 2012 Northern India:
High demand, inadequate supply coordination, and transmission outages
Mid-summer demand in the north exceeded local supply, making the imports and transfers from west vital.
Excessive demand tripped a transmission line. Within seconds, ten additional transmission
lines tripped. Conditions and failure repeated again the
following day.
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CASE STUDY POWER AND THE AUGUST 14TH BLACKOUT:
• Brush fire in southwest Ohio knocked out a power line
• Redirected power on the system• Changed need for reactive power on
other lines • All links between northern Ohio and
southern Ohio shut down• System shutdown
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CYBER ATTACKS
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INTRODUCTION
A cyber attack is less predictable in its timing and potentially more difficult to diagnose and address.
A cyber attack could also be combined with a more traditional physical attack to distract authorities and inflict further damage.
A cyber attack could come from many sources and target many potential vulnerabilities.
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INTRODUCTION
As cyber attacks become more frequent, energy systems are increasingly being targeted.
The Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team reported 198 cyber incidents in 2012.
Larger costs, triggering sustained power outages over large portions of the electric grid
prolonged disruptions in communications, food and water supplies, and health care delivery.
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CYBER ATTACK SIMULATION
GENERATOR SHUTDOWN
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SIMULATION CONTINUED:
POWER FLOW REDISTRIBUTION
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CASE STUDY NORTHEAST BLACKOUT
1999 Southern Brazil blackoutAt the time, it was the world's second
most widespread blackout in historyAffected an estimated 10 million people in
Ontario and 45 million people in eight U.S. states.
The blackout's primary cause was a software bug in the alarm system at a control room of the FirstEnergy Corporation, located in Ohio.
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CONCLUSIONDifferent scenarios could lead the system to a Blackout. A minor change might have huge implication on the
given network. Different strategies need to be implemented to mitigate
the effects of disturbances. Cyber and Terror attacks also act as a potential weapon. Hence, System security is a very crucial and a lot of
research is being carried out in the same direction.
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