lo straordinario incremento di nuovi minerali della tormalina negli ultimi tre anni
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Lo straordinario incremento di nuovi minerali della tormalina negli ultimi tre anni. Ferdinando Bosi Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma. Tourmalines are borosilicates represented by the general formula: XY 3 Z 6 (T 6 O 18 )(BO 3 ) 3 V 3 W. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lo straordinario incrementodi nuovi minerali della tormalina
negli ultimi tre anni
FERDINANDO BOSIDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma
Tourmalines are borosilicates represented by the general formula:XY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
[9]X = Na, K, Ca, vacancy;[6]Y = Al, Cr, V, Fe, Mg, Mn, Li etc. ;[6]Z = Al, Cr, V, Fe, Mg;[4]T = Si, Al, B;[3]B = B;[3]W(O1) = OH, F, O;[3]V(O3) = OH, O.
Tourmalines occur in a wide variety ofsedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.
The best-known species probably are:
DraviteNaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
SchorlNaFe3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
ElbaiteNa(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
TOURMALINE IS INTERESTING…
– as a MINERAL– as a GEMSTONE
– as a PETROLOGICAL INDICATOR
– as a MATERIAL for technological applications
as a gemstone
Tourmaline was “discovered” as a gemstone.
In fact, the term tourmaline seems to be derived from the Sinhalese word turmali, which was used to refer to mixed-
colored stones of unknown type by gem dealers in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
“MOTHER NATURE’S RAINBOW” Gem tourmaline is famous for its extensive range of colors, even
within individual crystals: from colorless, through red, pink, yellow, orange, green, blue, and violet, to brown and black.
as a gemstone
Tourmaline gem varieties are often known on color basis
Rubellite (rose, dark pink, to red)
as a gemstone
Verdelite (green to yellow-green)
as a gemstone
Indicolite (blue to blue-green)
as a gemstone
Achroite (colorless)
as a gemstone
Canary tourmaline (yellow)
as a gemstone
Chrome tourmaline (vivid green)
as a gemstone
Paraíba-type(“neon” blue-to-green)
is one of the highest-priced colored gemstones (values comparable to those of some diamonds, Pezzotta and Laurs 2011)
as a gemstone
Cat’s eye and moor’s head tourmalines
as a gemstone
As tourmalines are sensitive to physicochemicalchanges in their growth environment, they may be optically zoned.
as a gemstone
Cut stones are often mounted into jewelry
Pendant consisting of two Cu-bearing tourmalines (10.95 ct pink and 6.95 ct yellow) set in 18 k gold with diamonds
as a gemstone
TOURMALINE STRUCTUREis one of the most complex as well as the most elegant of all
crystal structures of rock-forming minerals
as a mineral
The cyclosilicate structure is formed by rings of six TO4 tetrahedra, which point in the same direction.
Thus, the structure results both noncentrosymmetric and polar: thus, tourmaline is both piezoelectric and pyroelectric
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
as a mineral
T-site
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
Tourmaline supergroup can be classified into primary groups based on the dominant occupancy of the X site:
vacant, alkali and calcic groups.This grouping makes sense because X-site occupancy usually
reflects the paragenesis of the rock in which these tourmalines crystallize
as a mineral
X-site
The most extensive compositional variation occurs at the Y site.
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
Y-site is able to incorporate cations of different sizes and charges, including vacancies.
as a mineral
Y-site
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
Boron makes tourmaline one of the most important boron-bearing minerals (reservoir of B) in the Earth’s crust.
as a mineral
B-site
Structural islands
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
as a mineral
“X+Y+B+T”
ZO6 octahedra link the structural islands
The tourmaline structureXY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
The 3-D framework is given by ZO6
as a mineral
Z-site
The tourmaline structureProjected onto (0001)
as a mineral
The tourmaline structure
The 3-D framework of ZO6 explains the tourmaline hardness (7-7½ Mohs) and lack of cleavage, making tourmaline a
resistant mineral in clastic sediments.
as a mineral
Tourmaline structure can accommodate a large range of chemically different elements:
XY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W[9]X = Na, Ca, Vac. >> K, Pb, Ag[6]Y = Al, Cr, V, Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg, Mn3+, Mn2+, Li >> Ti, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Vac., etc.[6]Z = Al, Cr, V, Fe3+ > Mg, Fe2+
[4]T = Si >> Al, B, Be[3]B = B[3]W(O1) = OH, F, O[3]V(O3) = OH, O
BUT ITS CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY IS CONTROLLED BYSTRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS
as a mineral
The 3-D framework of ZO6 must be able to accommodate the structural islands
as a mineral
Spatial relationships and reciprocal constraints of ZO6 and YO6:the islands made of 3 Y are surrounded by continuous Z skeleton
as a mineral
As YO6 is larger than ZO6, there is mismatch between these two non-equivalent distorted octahedra
Structural constraints on chemical variability
as a mineral
So far…
as a mineral
Long-range constraints
254 data from SREF
LONG-RANGE DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS
Order-disorder reactionYAl3+ + ZMg2+ → YMg2+ + ZAl3+
applies to the tourmaline to reduce the misfit between
<Y-O> and <Z-O>.
By the incorporation of smaller cations (R3+) into Y
and larger cations (R2+) into Z,
<Y-O> decreases and <Z-O> increases
as a mineral
TOURMALINE CLASSIFICATION
The general formula:
XY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
[9]X = Na, K, Ca, vacancy;[6]Y = Al, Cr, V, Fe, Mg, Mn, Li etc. ;[6]Z = Al, Cr, V, Fe, Mg;[4]T = Si, Al, B;[3]B = B;[3]W(O1) = OH, F, O;[3]V(O3) = OH, O.
The dominance of these ions at one or more sites of the structure gives rise to a range of distinct mineral species
Tourmaline is, in fact, not a single mineral but a supergroup currently consisting in 27 species approved by IMA-CNMNC
IMA-ACCEPTED TOURMALINE SPECIESFrom Henry et al. (2011)1 – Dravite 2 – Schorl3 – Elbaite4 – Fluor-dravite5 – Fluor-schorl6 – Povondraite 7 – Rossmanite8 – Fluor-buergerite9 – Olenite 10 – Uvite11 – Fluor-uvite12 – Feruvite 13 – Fluor-liddicoatite 14 – Foitite15 – Magnesio-foitite 16 – Chromo-alumino-povondraite17 – Chromium-dravite
18 – Oxy-schorl (Bačik et al., IMA 2011-011)19 – Tsillaisite (Bosi et al., IMA 2011-047)20 – Fluor-elbaite (Bosi et al., IMA 2011-071)21 – Oxy-chromium-dravite (Bosi et al., IMA 2011-097)22 – Oxy-vanadium-dravite (Bosi et al., IMA 2012 11-E)23 – Oxy-dravite (Bosi et al., IMA 2012-004a)24 – Darrellhenryite (Novák et al., IMA 2012-026)25 – Vandio-oxy-chromium-dravite (Bosi et al., IMA 2012-034)26 – Fluor-tsilaisite (Bosi et al., IMA 2012-044)27 – Vanadio-oxy-dravite (Bosi et al., IMA 2012-074)
The last 3 years have seen an amazing increase in tourmaline species: 17 + 10 = 27
Dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-dravite Na Y(MgAl2) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-schorl Na Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Darrellhenryite Na Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Rossmanite � Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Foitite � Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Magnesio-foitite � Y(Mg2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Flour-liddicoatite Ca Y(Li2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Olenite Na Y(Al3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3W(OH)
Fluor-buergerite Na Y(Fe3+3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3
W(F)Feruvite Ca Y(Fe2+
3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Chromium-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Cr6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Povondraite Na Y(Fe3) Z(Mg2Fe4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Chromo-alumino-povondraite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-vanadium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2V4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-dravite Na Y(MgAl2) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-schorl Na Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Darrellhenryite Na Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Rossmanite � Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Foitite � Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Magnesio-foitite � Y(Mg2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Flour-liddicoatite Ca Y(Li2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Olenite Na Y(Al3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3W(OH)
Fluor-buergerite Na Y(Fe3+3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3
W(F)Feruvite Ca Y(Fe2+
3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Chromium-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Cr6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Povondraite Na Y(Fe3) Z(Mg2Fe4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Chromo-alumino-povondraite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-vanadium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2V4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-dravite Na Y(MgAl2) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-schorl Na Y(Fe3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Oxy-schorl Na Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(O)
Elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(OH)
Fluor-elbaite Na Y(Li1.5Al1.5) Z(Al6) (Si6O18) (BO3)3 (OH)3 W(F)
Darrellhenryite Na Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-tsilaisite Na Y(Mn3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Rossmanite � Y(LiAl2) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Foitite � Y(Fe2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Magnesio-foitite � Y(Mg2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Flour-liddicoatite Ca Y(Li2Al) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Olenite Na Y(Al3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3W(OH)
Fluor-buergerite Na Y(Fe3+3) Z(Al6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(O)3
W(F)Feruvite Ca Y(Fe2+
3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Fluor-uvite Ca Y(Mg3) Z(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(F)
Chromium-dravite Na Y(Mg3) Z(Cr6) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(OH)
Povondraite Na Y(Fe3) Z(Mg2Fe4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Chromo-alumino-povondraite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(Cr3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Oxy-vanadium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2V4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Cr4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-dravite Na Y(V3) Z(Mg2Al4) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3W(O)
Nomenclature
Tourmaline classification (Henry et al. 2011)
Tourmaline classification of Henry et al. (2011, 2013)
XY3Z6(T6O18)(BO3)3V3W
“For the purposes of classification of tourmaline species,actual tourmaline structural information of the Y- and Z-site occupancy is an overriding consideration for the definition of a tourmaline species”
Henry et al. (2013).
Empirical (real) structural formula has to be usedin naming the tourmaline
Hence, accurate site allocation of cations and anions is needed !
Empirical structural formula of Clark et al. (2011): XNaY(Mg2+
1.4Al3+0.6Fe2+)Z(Al3+
5.4Mg2+0.6)T(Si6O18)B(BO3)3
V(OH)3W[F0.7(OH)0.3]
Fluor-dravite, end-member formula NaY(Mg3)Z(Al6)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(F)
x < 0.2 (for example, x = 0.1)Y(Fe2+
1.4Mg1.5Al0.1) Z(Mg0.1Al5.9)
Structural formula:Na Y(Fe2+
1.4Mg1.6-xAlx) Z(MgxAl6-x) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F
Structural formula:Na Y(Fe2+
1.4Mg1.6-xAlx) Z(MgxAl6-x) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F
x > 0.2 (for example, x = 0.3)Y(Fe2+
1.4Mg1.3Al0.3) Z(Mg0.3Al5.7)
Nomenclature
x < 0.2, fluor-dravitex > 0.2, fluor-schorl
For the same bulk chemistry, the name changes as a function of the degree of order/disorder over Y and Z
Structural formula:Na Y(Fe2+
1.4Mg1.6-xAlx) Z(MgxAl6-x) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F
Oxy-vanadium-draviteX(Na)Y(V)3
Z(V4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Oxy-chromium-draviteX(Na)Y(Cr)3
Z(Cr4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-draviteX(Na)Y(V)3
Z(Cr4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
OXY-TOURMALINES
Vanadio-oxy-draviteX(Na)Y(V)3
Z(Al4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Oxy-draviteX(Na)Y(Al)3
Z(Al4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Chromo-alumino-povondraite X(Na)Y(Cr)3
Z(Al4Mg2)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Oxy-chromium-draviteOxy-vanadium-dravite
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-draviteVanadio-oxy-dravite
Chromo-alumino-povondraite
OXY-TOURMALINES
The 5 new species of Cr-V-oxy-tourmalinesoccur in the Pereval marble quarry, near the town of Sludyanka
(51°37′N 103°38′E), Irkutsk region, Southern Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia
The Sludyanka complex comprise sedimentary-metamorphic rocks consisting of diverse gneisses, carbonate, and carbonate-silicate
rocks and mafic schists
Probably, Cr-V-oxy-tourmalines were formed in the prograde stage of metamorphism (i.e., granulite facies)
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline NaYR3+3
Z(R3+4Mg2)
(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
“Intermediate" end-members
What are their compositional fields in the diagram V-Cr-Al?
Crtot = 5.0 and Altot = 2.0
Crtot = 3.0 and Altot = 4.0
Crtot = 1.5 and Altot = 5.5
Example, chromo-alumino-povondraite:it is between oxy-chromium-dravite and oxy-dravite join.
ZCr2↔ZAl2
YCr1.5↔YAl1.5
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline NaYR3+3
Z(R3+4Mg2)
(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline NaYR3+3
Z(R3+4Mg2)
(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Site preference:YV > YCr > YAlZAl > ZCr > ZV
?
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline NaYR3+3
Z(R3+4Mg2)
(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Site preference:YV > YCr > YAlZAl > ZCr > ZV
Confirmed by
a systematic study
(work in progress)
Nomenclature
(Henry et al. 2013)“In the absence of specific structural information on the Y- and Z-site occupancies, a procedure is recommended for allocating cations to Z and Y ... Initially assign all Al3+ (in excess of that assigned to T) to the Z site. Next, successively assign Mg2+ (up to 2
apfu), V3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+. If there is an excess of trivalent cations on Z, it goes into Y”.
Chemical analysis, sample PR1973(Na ~1 apfu, Mg ~2, V3+ ~2.2, Cr ~3.8 , Al ~1, Si ~6, B = 3, OH ~3)
Recommended formula according to Henry et al. (2013): NaY(Cr3)Z(Al1Mg2V2.2Cr0.8)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Empirical formula according to the structural information: NaY(Cr0.8V2.2)Z(Al1Mg2Cr3)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Nomenclature
(Henry et al. 2013)“In the absence of specific structural information on the Y- and Z-site occupancies, a procedure is recommended for allocating cations to Z and Y ... Initially assign all Al3+ (in excess of that assigned to T) to the Z site. Next, successively assign Mg2+ (up to 2
apfu), V3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+. If there is an excess of trivalent cations on Z, it goes into Y”.
Chemical analysis, sample PR1973(Na ~1 apfu, Mg ~2, V3+ ~2.2, Cr ~3.8 , Al ~1, Si ~6, B = 3, OH ~3)
Recommended formula according to Henry et al. (2013): NaY(Cr3)Z(Al1Mg2V2.2Cr0.8)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Empirical formula according to the structural information: NaY(Cr0.8V2.2)Z(Al1Mg2Cr3)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Nomenclature
(Henry et al. 2013)“In the absence of specific structural information on the Y- and Z-site occupancies, a procedure is recommended for allocating cations to Z and Y ... Initially assign all Al3+ (in excess of that assigned to T) to the Z site. Next, successively assign Mg2+ (up to 2
apfu), V3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+. If there is an excess of trivalent cations on Z, it goes into Y”.
Chemical analysis, sample PR1973(Na ~1 apfu, Mg ~2, V3+ ~2.2, Cr ~3.8 , Al ~1, Si ~6, B = 3, OH ~3)
Recommended formula according to Henry et al. (2013): NaY(Cr3)Z(Al1Mg2V2.2Cr0.8)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Empirical formula according to the structural information: NaY(Cr0.8V2.2)Z(Al1Mg2Cr3)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3
W(O)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-draviteX(Na)Y(V)3
Z(Mg2Cr4)T(Si6O18)(BO3)3V(OH)3
W(O)
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline NaYR3+3Z(R3+
4Mg2)
(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Boundaries within the diagram?
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline in accord with the recommendations of Henry et al. (2013), except for V3+ and Cr3+
1) Y(Al1Cr1V1) Z(Al4Mg2)
2) Y(Cr1.5V1.5) Z(Al4Mg2)
3) Y(Cr1.5V1.5) Z(Cr2Al2Mg2)
4) Y(V3) Z(Cr2Al2Mg2)
5) Y(V3) Z(V1.33Cr1.33Al1.33Mg2)
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline in accord with the recommendations of Henry et al. (2013), except for V3+ and Cr3+
NaY(Cr1.4V1.6)Z(Mg2Cr1.9Al2.1)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OCrtot = 3.3 > Altot = 2.1 > Vtot = 1.6
Vanadio-oxy-dravite
Ternary diagram for V-Cr-Al oxy-tourmaline in accord with the recommendations of Henry et al. (2013), except for V3+ and Cr3+
Coming soon…Special Collection on Spinels in American Mineralogist
Spinels Renaissance:The past, present and future of those ubiquitous materials
A special collection, focused on diverse topics, related to the structure, properties and applications of natural and synthetic spinels and spinelloids on bulk and nanoscale. The section aims at the revival of the interest in the spinel materials at present and particularly on the promising future of the non-oxygen containing and nanosized structures. We hope to bring together experimental and theoretical research studies from mineralogists, geologists, chemists, materials scientists, physicists and crystallographers.
Papers will undergo normal peer review, conducted by special collection associate editors Kristina Lilova, Kaimin Shih and Ferdinando Bosi.