lng hazards and safety

8/10/2019 LNG Hazards and Safety

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LNG Tanker :Hazards


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Health Hazard-General.

All gas tankers designed in such a manner that,in normal operations personnel need at no timebe exposed to hazards form the products beingtransported.

This presupposes that the ship and here uipment are properl! maintained and thatoperating instructions are strictl! obser"ed at alltimes.

Ho#e"er in the e"ent of $una"oidable situations%personnel ma! be exposed to products


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Asphyxia

deficienc! can occur due to displacement b!cargo "apor) G ) xidation &rusting' ) /icrobialacti"it!.

0od! re uires content 12 03, for normalbreathing .

The susceptibilit! of ndi"idual to reduced le"els "ar!, but at belo# 14.5203 $problems%

start.


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3ictim ma! not recognize danger, confused and

6udgment impaired. 0rain depleted of for solid 7 minutes

3ictim #ill suffer $permanent brain damage%

Asphyxia


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Cold Burns (Frost bite)

8kin contact #ith "er! cold stuffs #ill cause coldburns

$(old burns% as for $Hot burns%, extremel! painfulin the affected area 9 cause

(onfusion Agitation

:ossibl! fainting 8hock


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+irst-Aid Treatment

+irst Aid procedures for accidents in"ol"ing cargoare gi"en in the

(8 (argo ;ata 8heets &


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/edical Treatment

Asph!xia

8!mptoms ncreased rate) depth of respiration (!anosis ;ifficult to breath *oss of consciousness

>espirator! center paral!sis


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Asph!xia

Treatment >emo"e from exposure /outh to mouth resuscitation &if re uired' (:> &if re uired' *oosen cloths

?o alcohol drinks @eep at rest 8eek medical ad"ice

/edical Treatment


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(old burns &+rost bite'

8!mptoms

Affected part color change &red #hite' ?umbness at the affected part no pain Hard &touch' 0listers emerge

/edical Treatment


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Treatment

>emo"e from exposure ? massage arm affected part - Hand or oolen

materials

Affected part place in #arm #ater &7 B(' or #rap casualt! in blankets

/edical Treatment


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Cncourage exercise the part

;o not cut ) open blisters ;o not remo"e sticking cloths (o"er entire affected area #ith sterile

dressings

/edical Treatment


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An! sort of exposure

>egardless of an! sort of exposure, e"en

after proper first aid treatment the "ictimshall be taken and seen b! a ;octor A8A:and follo# up check ups shall be made if)asre uired.

/edical Treatment


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"erall Cxposure Approach

The o"erall approach in the a"oidance of hazards topersonnel safet! shall al#a!s be in order, throughtraining and exposure to natureD #hich is descendingpreference

Hazard remo"al Hazard control

>eliance on personal a#areness)protection


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*?G peration Hazards

8tructural ;amage

*?G spill can cause damage to an $unprotected%,steel deck or an! other part of the ship=s)plant=sstructure not protected b! aluminium, cr!ogenicstainless steel or nickel steel and results $brittlefracture%.

This crack is due to coldness and une"en rate ofcontraction of the spilled surface. &8 GTT , EE '


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Brittle Fracture caused by leakage of LNG


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>ollo"er

8tored *?G can gain heat from outside due toimperfect insulation and causes it to $boil-off%.

The *?G on top, close to surface #ill boils-offfaster than the *?G at the bottomD thus creatingla!ers #ith different relati"e densities.

hen t#o or more la!ers of *?G of differingdensities exist in a same containment, theinterface bet#een them pre"ents the &normall!'existing con"ection currents that $circulate% thestored *?G.


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>ollo"er The boil-off stops at the lo#er part of the tank.

The difference in densit! bet#een the top andbottom continues to increase.

At the peak of differences, the t#o li uids #illsuddenl! $re"erse%. t results a spontaneous rapidmixing of the la!ersD "iolent "apor generated.

:ressure inside the tank can and #ill suddenl!rise and the tank #ill release a large amount of"apor. &3audolon, EEE' &8 GTT , EE7'


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(onse uences of ngress from the 8ea - >:T

A rapid mixing of *?G at cr!ogenic temperatures #ithmuch #armer sea #ater #ill induce the phenomenon of

Frapid phase transitionF, or >:T. >:T describes a process in #hich the *?G translatesfrom a li uid to gaseous state at a greatl! acceleratedrate

Cxperiments suggest >:T #ill be accompanied b! a rapid

release of energ! in the form of "iolent non-flammableshocks, energetic enough to threaten the integrit! ofad6acent structures


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Emergency ShutDown System ( ESDS )

- O er !ew


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;uring *?G cargo operations, either #hen loading ordischarging, it is important that the operation can be uickl!suspended automaticall! or manuall! in the e"ent of anemergenc!.

T!pical emergenc! situations are*?G leakage on ship or shore.(argo tank o"er-filling if loading8hore tank o"er-filling.

+ire on ship or shore.Cxcessi"e mo"ement of ship.

Introduction for ESD System


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>ules >egulations

Cmergenc! shutdo#n"al"es, cargo pumpsand compressors /G( (ode (h 5.I,

"erflo# control / G((ode (h 1J.J

Introduction for ESD System


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C8; s!stem is -To isolate all emergenc! related s!stems into a safe state

automaticall!,-(apable of being manuall! and automaticall! initiate b!

shutting do#n cargo transfer and isolating cargo storage in

a surge-free fashion.

The re uirement of the cargo Cmergenc! 8hutdo#n &C8;'s!stem are to stop cargo li uid and "apour flo# in thee"ent of an emergenc! and to bring the cargo handlings!stem to a safe, static condition.

Overview & Typical ESDS


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C8; #ill normall! be initiated b! one of the follo#ing

/anual acti"ation b! personnel using the C8;pushbuttons

0lackout of the ship 8hore acti"ation of their C8; s!stem +usible links around each tank domes, manifold and

compressor house in case of fire (argo tank 3er! High le"el alarm *o# tank pressure Hold)cargo tank differential pressure *o# control air pressure



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The initiation of C8; #ill lead to the follo#ing

All C8; manifold loading "al"es #ill close

The gas compressors #ill tripThe main discharge and spra! pumps #ill tripAll shore pumps #ill trip/aster gas "al"e to engine room #ill close

nert gas generator #ill trip



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-0oth the ship and the shore facilit! ha"e anautomatic C8; s!stem.

-0efore loading begins, the t#o C8; s!stems shouldbe connected to recognize an C8; situation of

each other.-8hip)shore communicator ma! emplo! pneumatic,

electrical or optical signaling methods to createlinks bet#een ship and shore.

Ship/Shore interface for ESDS


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A second stage emergenc! shut-do#n s!stem in addition tothe first stage emergenc! shut-do#n s!stem

Hard arms pro"ided #ith an o"er-tra"el alarm s!stem. Theph!sical disconnection is achie"ed b! means of a :o#eredCmergenc! >elease (oupler &:C>(' installed in each hardarm.

An alarm is actuated #hen the arm approachespredetermined limits &based upon mo"ements of the ship atthe berth'. f the arm continues its mo"ement &in excess of

the predetermined limits', a second alarm ma! be soundedand, the arm #ill automaticall! disconnect from the ship #ithinsignificant spillage of cargo.

Emergency release systems (ERS


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Emergency release systems (ERS


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Emergency "anagement- O er !ew


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8ources of ignition onboard li uefied gascarriers -+ire hazards and precautions

8moking

8moking can onl! be permitted under controlledconditions, the captain #ill decide #hen and#here smoking is allo#ed, obe! all instructionsabout smoking, ne"er smoke outside on the opendeck.

The designated smoking places on a gas carriermust be kno#n to the cre#, and #hen in portshould be agreed in #riting bet#een the masterand the terminal representati"e before cargooperations start.


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&1' ?aked lights, matches, electric heaters, electric iron and thelike shall not be used in areas other than the designatedplaces.

& ' :ortable electrical e uipment should not be used outside ofaccommodation spaces.

Hand phones, electronic calculators, tape recorders, camerasand other non-appro"ed batter! po#ered e uipment shouldnot be used on the tank deck or #here"er flammable "aporma! be encountered.

f the e uipment is onl! to be used on the tank deck, explosion-proof and other t!pes of certified safe e uipment can beused. nl! appro"ed safet! torches or hand lamps should beused.


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&J' >adio Transmitter, >A;A>, 3H+ and radiating an!signals

/ain radio transmitters should not be used and the main

aerials should be earthed during cargo operations becauseenerg! ma! be induced into conducting ob6ects in the radio#a"e field. This energ! can be sufficient to create a spark ifdiscontinuit! occurs.

f it is necessar! to operate the ship=s radio in port formaintenance etc., the agreement of the terminal and portauthorities should be sought.


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/a6or leaks from *?G tanks) pipeline

+ollo#ing actions recommended in an emergenc!

i' atch keeper patrolling deck to ad"ise ((> as soon as cargo isseen leaking &ma6or li uid leak'

ii'Acti"ate C8;8 immediatel!. 8top cargo operations.

iii' Acti"ate general alarm and ad"ise b! public address nature ofincident and location

i"' 8ound predefined signals in order to #arn Terminal

"' (heck for an! in6uries or fatalities

"i' Treat in6ured people, and e"acuate them as necessar!. Ad"iseagent)terminal if external medical assistance is re uired


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/a6or leaks from *?G tanks) pipeline

"ii' Ad"ise terminal the nature of incident and present situation

"iii' Acti"ate #ater 8pra! s!stem on tank domes, manifolds,accommodation, compressor house in order to protect steel and"aporize the li uid

ix' :repare fixed ;r! :o#der +ire Cxtinguishing 8!stem in casefire occurs due to external ignition source or static electricit!

x' (onsider - disconnect loading arms. Acti"ation of :C>(

xi' (onsider - lea"e the 6ett! ) terminal. Tugs)pilot re uired

xii' nform #ners, nsurance, : , *ocal Authorities


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*?G fire

+rom a fire fighting "ie#point, *?G)cold "apor fires ha"e thecharacteristics of both li uid and gaseous h!drocarbon fires.

The procedure for fighting these fires is

1. solate the source of leak, stop loading, and shut all manifold"al"es.

.8ound the alarm.

J.:ro"ide protection for ad6acent e uipment and for fire-fighters.

7.Attack fire #ith a maximum rate of application of dr! po#der.;o not agitate the surface of an! pool of *?G.5.>emain on guard against possible re-ignition

A #arning #hen tackling an *?G fire is that #ater should not beused directl!, as this #ill accelerate "aporization of the li uid.


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LNG - TE#"$N%L & SH$' %#GH%NDL$NG


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LNG - TERMINAL & SHIP CARGO HANDLING

Cn"ironmental :ollution

All safeguards shall be taken to ensure that noen"ironmental pollution is caused #hich could bedeemed as a danger, a nuisance, an anno!ance orecologicall! damaging b! the port or terminalauthorities. ithout limitation the follo#ing pointsshall be obser"ed #hilst the ship is #ithin the portlimits

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8hip)8hore 8afet! (hecklist

A safet! inspection shall be conducted 6ointl! b!8afet! fficers of the port, (hief fficer of the shipand Terminal 8uper"isor prior to thecommencement of cargo operations and theship)shore 8afet! (hecklist shall be completed andsigned b! all parties concerned.

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8hipboard >epairs

hilst alongside the terminal, repairs andmaintenance to shipboard machiner! ande uipment shall be limited to those items #hich donot impair or re uire the follo#ing&a' The fire detection or fire fighting capabilit!.&b'The safe and efficient handling of the cargo.&c'The propulsi"e po#er or manoeu"rabilit! of the

ship.&d'The use of #elding and cutting gear in non-appro"ed areas.

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8hipboard >epairs

e' The safe and efficient mooring and unmooring ofthe ship.f' The safe operation of electrical e uipmentlocated in gas dangerous areas.g' ork on open decks #hich in"ol"e hammering,chipping or use of po#er tools.

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/ooring Tension /onitor

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/ooring Tension /onitor

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/ooring 8nap 0ack Mone

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mmobilization f /ain Cngines

hilst alongside the terminal the shipNs main enginesand related auxiliaries shall be kept in a state ofreadiness such that the ship can lea"e under her o#n

po#er in an emergenc!>epairs and)or maintenance #ork to the main enginesand related auxiliaries shall be prohibited.

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:re-;ischarging /eeting

A pre-discharging meeting is normall! conducted in the(argo (ontrol >oom &((>' prior to the start of cooldo#n. The meeting shall be attended b! Terminal

8uper"isor and the shipNs (hief fficer in charge ofcargo operations.

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(ommunication ;uring ;ischarging

An! communication #ith regard to loading acti"itiesshall be bet#een shipNs cargo control room &((>' andshoreNs terminal control centre .+or this purpose, the

H T* ?C normall! be the primar! communicationduring ; 8(HA>G ?G :C>AT ?8 and C/C>GC?(O#hilst the telephone is the secondar! communication.

The KH+ radio shall be for backup use onl! if the other

t#o s!stems are not a"ailable, it can be used forloading communications.

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Cmergenc! n The 8hip

n case of emergenc! on the ship the follo#ingimmediate action shall be taken b! ship

&a' 8ound the ship alarm.&b' nitiate C8;-1.&c' nform Terminal (ontrol >oom&d' nform :ort Authorit! using hot line

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(essation f ;ischarging

;ischarging of *?G shall cease

&a' hen the safe discharging cannot beperformed at the terminal as determined b! the/aster, terminal or port authorit!&b' hen e"acuation ad"ice has been issued b!port authorit!.

&c' Kpon the arri"al of a *?G tanker at theexclusi"e zone limit for berthing

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lng hazards and safety

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