ln2010-1
DESCRIPTION
metalurgiTRANSCRIPT
1
B I O M A T E R I A L
S y l l a b u s
Lect-Quiz
Structure-Property Relationships:Metallic Biomaterials; Ceramic and Glass Biomaterials; Polymeric Biomaterials
4/10
IKMID-TERM: lecture 1-4
StudentsBiomimetic approach for Material Synthesis and Technologies
18/10
Lect-Quiz
Biomaterial Surfaces - Surface Characterization Methods :FTIR; XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy); SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)
11/10
Lect-Quiz
Kontrak perkuliahan: silabus, kompetensi, sistem penilaianIntroduction: historical background & perspectives
27/9ClassTopicDate
2
Competencies• Mengenal dan memahami definisi biomaterial • Mampu memahami interaksi yang terjadi pada
suatu biomaterial• Menguasai konsep sintesis biomaterial• Memahami aplikasi biomaterial• Memahami konsep biomimetik untuk rekayasa
sintesis material
G r a d i n gMID : FINAL EXAM = 50:50
MID GRADING (IK):
- Quiz = 15 (class)
- Assignment = 10 (out of class)
- Mid-exam = 25
3
L e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s
References:• J.B. Park and J.D. Bronzino, 2003,
Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
• K.C. Dee, D.A. Puleo, R. Bizios, 2002, An Introduction To Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions, Wiley-Liss, Hoboken.
O u t l i n e‧Historical Background
‧Definition
‧Classification
‧Performances
4
H i s t o r i c a l B a c k g r o u n d
Introduced Vitallium ®(19-9 stainless steel), later changed the material to CoCr alloys
C.S. Venable, W.G. Stuck
1936
First femoral neck fracture fixation device made of stainless steel
M.N. Smith-Petersen1931Used carpenter’s screw for femoral neck fractureE.W. Hey-Groves1926
Introduced 18-8sMo stainless steel, better than 18-8 stainless steel
M.Z. Lange1926Introduced Stellites® (CoCrMo alloy)A.A. Zierold1924
Vanadium steel plates, first developed for medical use; lesser stress concentration and corrosion (Sherman plate)
W.D. Sherman1912Steel screws and plates (Lane fracture plate)W.A. Lane1893-1912Ni-plated steel bone fracture plateH. Hansmann1886Aseptic surgical techniquesJ. Lister1860-1870
Various metal devices to fix bone fractures; wires and pins from Fe, Au, Ag, and Pt
Late 18th-19th centuryDevelopmentInvestigatorsYear
Total heart replacementW.J. Kolff1970sFirst commercial heart valvesA. Starr, M.L. Edwards1960
First use of acrylic bone cement in total hip replacement on the advice of Dr. D. Smith
J. Charnley1958First successful direct heart stimulationS. Furman, G. Robinson1958
First successful blood vessel replacement made of cloth for tissue ingrowth
A.B. Voorhees, A. Jaretzta,A.B. Blackmore
1952Introduced Ti and its alloysJ. Cotton1947First used acrylics (PMMA) for corneal replacementM.J. Dorzee, A. Franceschetti1940s
First biomechanically designed femoral head replacement prosthesis; first plastics (PMMA) used in joint replacements
J. and R. Judet1946Introduced tantalum (Ta)J.C. Burch, H.M. Carney1939First total hip replacement prosthesisP. Wiles1938DevelopmentInvestigatorsYear
H i s t o r i c a l B a c k g r o u n d
5
BACKGROUND
• Historically, biomaterials consisted of materials common in the laboratories of physicians, with little consideration of material properties.
• Early biomaterials :– Gold: Malleable, inert metal (does not oxidize); used in dentistry by
Chinese, Aztecs and Romans--dates 2000 years– Iron, brass: High strength metals; rejoin fractured femur (1775)– Glass: Hard ceramic; used to replace eye (purely cosmetic)– Wood: Natural composite; high strength to weight; used for limb
prostheses– and artificial teeth– Bone: Natural composite; uses: needles, decorative piercings– Sausage casing: cellulose membrane used for early dialysis (W Kolff)– Other: Ant pincers. Central American Indians used to suture wounds
• Important dates– 1860's: Lister develops aseptic surgical technique– early 1900's: Bone plates used to fix fractures– 1930's: Introduction of stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys– 1938 : first total hip prosthesis (P. Wiles)– 1940's: Polymers in medicine: PMMA bone repair; cellulose for
dialysis; nylon sutures– 1952: Mechanical heart valve– 1953: Dacron (polymer fiber) vascular grafts– 1958: Cemented (PMMA) joint replacement – 1960: first commercial heart valves– 1970's: PEO (polyethyleneoxide) protein resistant thin film coating– 1976: FDA ammendment governing testing & production of
biomaterials /devices– 1976: Artificial heart (W. Kolff, Prof. Emeritus U of U)
HISTORY
6
MOTIVATION• Improve quality of life...• $$$ Biomaterials is a $100 billion + market, increasing at 5-7% / yr
– Consider diabetes, which afflicts over 15 million Americans (5.9% of population)
• An artificial pancreas, if it existed, and were given to 10% of diabetics would generate over 2.3 billion/yr
$1.75M$30$3,000stent and catheter
$0.5M$100$3,000hip$6.75M$75$6,000pacemaker$110M$6$18hemodialyzer
annual revenue (USA)
cost of biomaterialpatient costDevice
Devices currently on the market2
2 The Economical Impact of Biomaterials: MJ Lysaght (Brown University) ASAIO J, 2000: 46, 515-21
D e f i n i t i o n• a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function
in intimate contact with living tissue – Hench and Erthridge, 1982Various definitions:• a systemically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for
implantation within or incorporation with living systems – The Clemson University Advisory Board for Biomaterials
• a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems – Black, 1992
• materials of synthetic as well as of natural origin in contact with tissue, blood, and biological fluids, and intended for use for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications without adversely affecting the living organism and its components” -- Bruck, 1980 and
• “any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body” -- Williams, 1987
Contrast definitions:• A biological material is a material such as skin or artery, produced by a
biological system. • Artificial materials that simply are in contact with the skin not included
in our definition of biomaterials
7
definition• A biomaterial
– is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems.1
– is used to make devices to replace a part of a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic, and physiologically acceptable manner.
– is any substance/s (other than a drug), natural or synthetic, that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, and body function.2
• The need for biomaterials stems from an inability to treat many diseases, injuries and conditions with other therapies or procedures :– replacement of body part that has lost function (total hip, heart)– correct abnormalities (spinal rod)– improve function (pacemaker, stent)– assist in healing (structural, pharmaceutical effects: sutures, drug
release)
1 Williams, D.F. (1987) Definitions in Biomaterials. Proceedings of a Consensus Conference of the European Society For Biomaterials, England, 1986, Elsevier, New York, 2Boretos, J.W., Eden, M. Contemporary Biomaterials, Material and Host Response, Clinical Applications, New Technology and Legal Aspects. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ (1984), pp. 232–233.
Classification‧ Problem to be solved
(functionality) table 2
‧ Body on a tissue, an organ level or a system level table 3, 4
‧ Interaction between material and body table 5
8
9
Current limitation: complex chemical functions (eg. Liver) and complex electrical or electrochemical functions (eg. Brain & sense organs)
Some Commonly Used Biomaterials
Material ApplicationsSilicone rubber Catheters, tubingDacron Vascular graftsCellulose Dialysis membranesPoly(methyl methacrylate) Intraocular lenses, bone cementPolyurethanes Catheters, pacemaker leadsHydogels Opthalmological devices, Drug DeliveryStainless steel Orthopedic devices, stentsTitanium Orthopedic and dental devicesAlumina Orthopedic and dental devicesHydroxyapatite Orthopedic and dental devicesCollagen (reprocessed) Opthalmologic applications, wound
dressings
10
PerformancesThe success of biomaterials in the body depends on factors:
Material properties, design and biocompatibility
Techniques used by surgeon, the health & condition of the patient, the activities of the patient
Reliability, rr = 1 - f
Molecular level events at the surface of a metal implant
11
The interface between a biomaterial and the body.
The interface(s) between a tissue-engineered product and the body
12
Perspectives
Superhydrophobicity
13
Why Bionic ?
1976
1973
1990
2000
Bionics: Inspired by Nature
• Coined by Jack Steeles ofthe U.S. Air Force in 1960
• Studying Nature from an Engineering/ Design Perspective
• Extracting Structural, Design Paradigms.
• Adopting these paradigmsto solve a range ofengineering problems.
• Other names: Biomimicry,Biomimetics
14
Bionic Implant & Device
• Implant that mimics – as far as possible – the structure AND function of the body part it replaces.
• Interacts with the human body in a bidirectional fashion
• Examples of Bionic Devices: Artificial Heart, Artificial Muscle, Cochlear Implant, Bioelectrodes, Mechanoactive Cartilage
• Towards seamless integration of implant with physiologicalenvironment
• Closed-loop system : Example of artificial pancreas.
15
ResourcesBiomaterials World NewsMaterials TodayNatureJournal of Biomedical Materials ResearchCells and MaterialsJournal of Biomaterials ScienceArtificial OrgansASAIO TransactionsTissue EngineeringAnnals of Biomedical EngineeringActa BiomaterialiaBiomacromoleculesLink: http://www.biomat.net/
http://www.biomaterials.net/
Classes of Biomaterials
– Metals• stainless steel, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys
– Ceramics• aluminum oxide, zirconia, calcium phosphates
– Polymers• silicones, poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl chloride),
polyurethanes, polylactides
– Natural polymers• collagen, gelatin, elastin, silk, polysaccharides
IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE BONDING LEADING TO THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS