[TKMJ38]

IndustrialsymbiosisinÄlmhult

MartinaHellström,LisaJacobsson,ToveHamberg,JosefinEk

LinköpingUniversity2017-10-06

Examiners:MuratMirataMatsEklund

SUMMARY

ThisreportisbasedonafieldstudyprojectthathasbeenperformedinÄlmhult’smunicipalitywiththeaimofmappingtheindustrialsymbiosisintheregion.Thefocusinthispaperhasbeentoidentifyexistingsynergiesaswellasinvestigatepossibleonesthatmightdevelopinthefuture.Abigparthasalsobeentoinvestigatewhytheseconnectionsexistandwhatconditionsfavorscooperationbetweencompanies.ÄlmhultisasmallcommunitylocatedinthesouthpartofSmålandwith16000inhabitants.Earlyintheprojectthreekeyactorswereidentified;E.ON,IKEAIndustryandStenaAluminium,soalotofeffortwasinitiallymadetogetincontactwiththem.ThegroupspentonedayinÄlmhulttogetawiderunderstandingaboutthecompaniesandthroughinterviewsalotofinformationwascollected.Complementaryphoneinterviewswereheldwiththepeoplewhocouldn’tmeetupduringthevisitandwhenmorequestionsappearedlateronwhilewritingthisreport.

TheresultsfromthisprojectshowthatmostoftheexistingsymbiosesrevolvearoundE.ONwhichgivesthemanimportantroleinÄlmhult.E.ONisanenergycompanythatcooperatewithbothIKEAIndustryandStenaAluminiumbytakingcareoftheirwasteheat,andtheyarecontinuouslylookingfornewopportunities.It’sinterestingtostudythesetwowasteheatsynergiesthathavealotincommonbutstilloperateindifferentways.Forexample,E.ONisinchargeoftheboilersandthemaintenanceintheirsynergywithIKEA,eventhoughthefacilitiesbelongtoIKEA.WhenitcomestoStenaAluminium,E.ONbuysthewasteheatbutisn’tinvolvedinthetechnicaloroperatingprocess.ThesynergywithStenaAluminiumhasledtoproblemsresultinginStenaAluminiumsometimesnotbeingabletodeliverwasteheatatall.HowthisefficiencymightincreaseifE.ONwastotakecareofthemaintenanceandoperationaswellhasbeenanalyzedanddiscussedinthisreport.ThisconclusionisbasedonthefactthatenergyisE.ON’scorebusinessandthereforeitwouldbeeasierforthemtohandletechnicalcomplications,comparedtoStena’semployeeswholackthisexpertise.ProvidingtheviewsofStenathatmayjustifyexistingdynamicwillportrayamorebalanced,andmorefair,message.

Anotherinterestingaspectthatisdiscussedishowimportantproximityisformakingsynergiespossible.Manyarticlesmentionthebenefitsofproximity,butthisstudyshowssomeexampleswherethecompaniesarefarawayfromeachother,andinonecasethey’renoteveninthesamecountry.Ashortanalysishasbeenmadeonthismatterandtheconclusionisthatifthevalueofthesynergyishighenough,itmightbebeneficialdespitelongdistances.

Themunicipalitydon’thavetheresourcestofocusonindustrialsymbiosisrelatedquestions,butaninterestinthesubjecthasbeenidentified.TheyhavecreatedplatformsinÄlmhultwheredifferentcompaniescanmeet,breakfastmeetingsareoneoftheseplatforms.Onthesemeetings,differenttopicsarediscussedeverytimeand50-60companiesparticipateinaverage.InthefutureitwouldbeinterestingtodiscusspossibilitiesforindustrialsymbiosisandhowitcanbeusedtostrengthenÄlmhultasabusinessregion.

TABLEOFCONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1

PROJECTBACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1DEFINITIONOFINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSIS.........................................................................................................1ÄLMHULT...............................................................................................................................................1KEYOBJECTIVESANDLIMITATIONS..............................................................................................................2

2.METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................3

3.RESULTS......................................................................................................................................4KEYACTORS............................................................................................................................................4THESYMBIOTICNETWORK.........................................................................................................................5EXISTINGSYNERGIES.................................................................................................................................5

E.ON-StenaAluminium..................................................................................................................5StenaAluminium-othercompanies...............................................................................................7E.ON–IKEAIndustry.......................................................................................................................7E.ON–Älmhultmunicipality............................................................................................................8

POSSIBLESYNERGIES.................................................................................................................................9ÄlmhultGjuteri................................................................................................................................9TranspoKonstruktionsAB...............................................................................................................9Älmhultkommun.............................................................................................................................9

FUTURESYNERGIES................................................................................................................................10E.ONandIKEA’scomputerbuilding...............................................................................................10E.ONandIKEAIndustry.................................................................................................................10

PLATFORMS..........................................................................................................................................10Breakfastmeetings........................................................................................................................10TRIS–project................................................................................................................................10

4.ANALYSISANDDISCUSSION.......................................................................................................11THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEIDENTIFIEDSYNERGIES..................................................................................11E.ON’SROLE........................................................................................................................................12THEIMPORTANCEOFPROXIMITY..............................................................................................................12POSSIBLEANDFUTURESYNERGIES.............................................................................................................13THEROLEOFTHEMUNICIPALITY...............................................................................................................14

5.CONCLUSIONANDFUTUREWORK.............................................................................................15

6.REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

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1.INTRODUCTION

PROJECTBACKGROUNDThisfieldstudyprojectisapartoftheIndustrialSymbiosiscourse,whichwasgivenatLinköpingUniversityduringtheautumnof2017.Theprojectcorrespondsto2ECTS,whichrequiresatotalofaround200self-studyinghourspergroupoffourmembers.Inthisproject,eachgroupwasgivenamunicipalityinwhichtheexaminerknewtherewaspotentialforindustrialsymbiosis.Theaimofthisprojectwastoidentifyandstudythesesymbioticrelations,andtoapplythetheoreticalknowledgegiventhroughlecturesandliteraturestudies.Thiswasdonebycollectingrelevantinformation,contactingactorsintheregionandanalyzingtheinformationtogainagreaterunderstandinginwhatmakesIndustrialSymbiosisworkinacertainregion.

DEFINITIONOFINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSISTherearevariousdefinitionsofIndustrialsymbiosis(IS)usedthroughouttheacademicandindustrialworld.ThedefinitionusedinthisreportistheonefromLombardiandLaybourn(2012),statingthat“ISengagesdiverseorganizationsinanetworktofostereco-innovationandlong-termculturechange.Creatingandsharingknowledgethroughthenetworkyieldsmutuallyprofitabletransactionsfornovelsourcingofrequiredinputsandvalue-addeddestinationsfornon-productoutputs,aswellasimprovedbusinessandtechnicalprocesses.”Sincethisdefinitionnotonlyfocusesonmaterialexchangesandflowsbutalsoincludesthebusinessperspectiveandinformationflowsitwasconsideredmoreapplicabletothisprojectthanotherdefinitionsandthereforechosen.

ÄLMHULTÄlmhultisamunicipalitylocatedinthesouthernpartofSmåland,intheKronobergRegionandrightonthebordertoSkåne,whichisshowninfigure1.Themunicipalityhasabout16000inhabitantsofwhichabout10000liveinthecitycentre.Inadditiontothisabout4500peoplecommutedailytoÄlmhult,whichshowsit’sacitywithuniqueopportunitiesforbusinesses.(Älmhultskommun,2017a)Themunicipalityisalsohometonolessthan1700companies(Weibull,2016).

Historically,Älmhultwasaplacewherefarmingandforestrywereimportant.Lateroninthe18thcentury,theregionalsoturnedouttobeagoodplaceforironworksbecauseoftheeasyaccessoforefromthebottomofthelakes.Theseironworkslaterdisappearedduetomucheasieroreaccessfromthemountainsfurtherupnorth,andthesuccessfulfactorieshadtochangetheiraim.Wood-,glass-andironrefinementfactoriesevolvedfromthepreviousironworksandwhentherailroadwasbuilt,thecentralpartofÄlmhultbecameanimportantplaceforcompaniestoexpandevenmore.(Älmhultskommun,2017b)

Since1970,therearenolongeranyglassworksinthearea,andmostcompaniestodayarefoundwithinthemetalandmanufacturingindustry(Älmhultskommun,2017b).IKEAisdescribedbyWeibull

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(2016)astheflagshipoftheregionandtheyarealsothebiggestemployerintheregionwithits15affiliatedcompanies.

Figure1-An overview of the region. Älmhult Municipality is marked in red.

KEYOBJECTIVESANDLIMITATIONSThekeyobjectivesofthisfieldprojectwastoidentifythesymbioticrelationshipsbetweencompaniesinthemunicipality.Focushasbeenputonmappingtheseconnections,aswellasonunderstandinghowtheydevelopedandwhatmakesthemworkandpossiblyevolvetoday.Tryingtounderstandthedifferentactors’perspectivesregardingbothbusinessandenvironmentalincentiveshasalsobeenaveryimportantpartinthisproject.

Thetimeframeofthisprojecthasbeenthebiggestlimitation.Thishasprobablyaffectedthequalityofthestudiesandthisreport.Italsoresultedintheneedforthegrouptolimittheprojectearlyon.Threebigcompaniesveryidentifiedasthekeyactorssofocuswasputonthese.Furtherinvestigationwasmadetofindadditionalmanufacturingcompaniesthatcouldbeapartofthesesynergies.Thereasonforfocusonmanufacturingcompanieswasthattheyhavethepotentialtohavebigflowsofbothenergyandmaterialwaste.Allthemanufacturingcompanieswerenotinvestigatedbecauselackofobviousexistingsynergies.Theextendoftheprojectlimitedthepossibilitytoresearchdeeperthesefurther.

Thefactthatsomecompanieswerecontactedearlyoninthisprojectandsomewereidentifiedandcontactedlateronhasalsocreatedsomeproblems.Duringinterviewsnewinterestingcompaniesemergedbutduetolackoftimetheywerenotinvestigatedfurther.Tryingtogetintouchwiththerightpersonhassometimesalsobeenextremelytimeconsuming,especiallyduetothefactthatmostofthecompaniesareapartofabiggercompany.

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2.METHODOLOGYTogainknowledgeabouttheregion,themainfocusinthebeginningoftheprojectwastogatherinformationaboutÄlmhult.Thiswasmademainlythroughliteraturestudiesandtheinternet,butalsobytalkingtoPierreStåhl,whoworkswithasimilarsymbiosisprojectforEnergikontorSydost.Hewasabletoprovideinformationaboutwhatcompaniesthatcouldbeofinterestinthisprojectandthosecompaniescouldlateronberesearchedevenmore.Whenlookingintodifferentcompanies,numberofemployees,revenueandespeciallymanufacturingcompanieswere9consideredsincethegrouprealizedallcompaniesinthemunicipalitycouldn’tbecontactedduetotheextentofthisproject.

Informationaboutsynergiesmayexistonline,butinformationabouthowtheyevolverarelydoandthereforethegroupdecidedtocontactthecompaniesdirectlyearlyon.Atotalof31personswerecontactedinordertofindtherightpeoplewithknowledgeaboutthesynergies.Whenthisinitialresearchwascompleted,anumberofrelevantcontactshadbeenidentifiedandphoneinterviewswereheldandafieldtriptoÄlmhultwasscheduledforSeptember21st.

InÄlmhultthegroupgottomeetwith5differentactorsand6personssomehowinvolvedwithsynergies.Additionally,9phoneinterviewshavebeenheldinordertogetenoughfactsforthisreporttocollectandanalyzeinformationaboutthecurrentsynergiesandalsoconsideringpossiblefuturesynergies.Focusinthisreporthashoweverbeenputoninvestigatinghowthecurrentsynergiesdevelopedinordertounderstandwhatfactorsareimportantwhenitcomestocreatinggoodrelationshipsandexchangesbetweencompanies.Thesystemhasalsobeenanalyzedtocreateanevengreaterunderstandinginwhythesynergiesisorisnotperceivedassuccessfulbytheactorsinvolved.

TheprojectresultedinthisscientificreportandalsoashortersummaryinpopularwritingtobeusedonanonlineportalthatsupportsfutureresearchinIndustrialSymbiosis.Apresentationoftheresultsfortherestoftheclassisalsotobeheld.

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3.RESULTSTheresultshavebeendividedupcategoriesinorderforthereadertoeasierunderstandthedifferentsynergiesthathasbeenmappedinthisproject.Existingsynergiesarethemostrelevantonesfoundthroughresearchandthroughinterviewswithactorsdirectly.Possiblesynergiesincludecompaniesfoundintheareainwhichthegroupsawpotentialineventualsynergies,whilefuturesynergiesincludecollaborationsthatactorshavementionedandthatisbeinginvestigated.Thischapteralsoincludesinformationaboutthedifferentplatformsandthirdpartiesthathavebeenidentifiedasimportantactorsinterestedinsymbioticrelationsinthisareaindifferentways.

Tocreateaclearpictureofthesynergieswestartbyintroducingaschematicimageoftherelevantflowsidentifiedinthesystem.Thefigureisdisplayedbelowwithdifferentcolorsdependingontheflow.

KEYACTORSIKEAIndustryisoneofmanyIKEAaffiliatesinÄlmhult.PreviouslyIKEAIndustrywascalledSwedwoodbutitchangeditsnamein2013.ThecompanymanufactureskitchencabinetdoorsintheÄlmhultfactoryanditislocatedinanindustryclustersouthoftheÄlmhultcitycentre.(Göth,2012)

AnotherkeyactorplacedinthesameindustryclusterisE.ONwithit’sheatplantElmeverketthathasprovidedÄlmhultmunicipalitywithdistrictheatingsinceitopenedin2010.E.ONwastheheatdistributorbeforeElmeverketwasinitiatedaswell,andthepreviousboilersusingdifferentkindsoffuel(biooil,gasandbiomass)arebeingusedwhenthedemandishigh.Elmeverketisabio-basedheatingplantthatusesresiduethattheybuyfromsawmillsintheregion(Nystedt,2010).ThedistrictheatingdemandinÄlmhultis100GWhofwhichElmeverketstandsfor70%(Albertsson,2017).

StenaAluminiumisonthecontrarynotplacedinthesameindustrycluster,butinthecentreofthecityrightbytherailwaystation.StenaAluminiumisaproducerofrecycledaluminiumwhichtheyproduceinÄlmhultbybuyingaluminumscrapsfromStenaRecycling.TherecycledaluminiumislatersoldtofoundriesoutsidetheregionandthemaximumvolumethatcanbeproducedannuallyinÄlmhultis90000tonnes.(StenaAluminium,2017)

StenaAluminiumisapartoftheStenaMetallgroup.ThemeltingprocessusesLPGastheonlyenergyinput,andtheprocessgeneratesalotofheatthatcanberecoveredwhichwillbedescribedlaterinthisreport.(StenaAluminium,2016)

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THESYMBIOTICNETWORK

Figure2.SchematicpictureoftheidentifiedsymbioticrelationsandalsopossibleonesinÄlmhult–didyoumisstoincludeaconnectiontogjuteri?

EXISTINGSYNERGIES

E.ON-STENAALUMINIUMThestartoftheprojectIn2011,StenaAluminiumsigneda15-yearcontractwithE.ONregardingcollectingthewasteheatfromtheirproductionanddistributingittothedistrictheatingsystem.AtthesametimetheydecidedtoreplacetheirheatingsysteminthefacilitiesfromgastoE.ON´sdistrictheating.ThecontractmeantthatStenaAluminiumwouldprovideupto25GWhtothegrideveryyear,whichcorrespondstotheallyearheatdemandforaround1200houses.(Mynewsdesk,2011)However,todaythedeliveryfromStenatoE.ONisapproximately10GWhwhichisabout10%ofthetotaldemand.(Albertsson,2017)

StaffanPersson,theCEOofStenaAluminiumatthetime,explainedthecompany'ssituationwhenthecooperationbegun.TherehadbeenlongdebateswiththecommunityaboutthelocationofStenasfactoryinÄlmhultandbothofthepartiesagreedthatitwasn’tideal,butthecostsofmovingthe

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factorywastoohighforanyofthepartiestohandle.SincethecompanydecidedtoalmostdoubletheirproductioninÄlmhulttheymetevenmoreresistancefromonepersonofthecommunity.Theproductionincreasewasduetoamarketdropinaluminiumtheyear2008whichledtothemergingoftwofactories.AccordingtoPerssontherewasagooddialoguebetweenthemunicipality,thegovernorofKronobergsCountyandStenaAluminiumonhowtointegratethecompanywiththetowninabetterway.Tomeetthedemandsfromthecommunity,StenaAluminiumneededtobuildahigherchimneyinwhichtheyinvestedingaspurificationsystem.Itwasthentheyalsosawthepotentialinsellingtheirwasteheattotheenergycompanyintheregion,E.ON.Theequipmentwastobepaidforby,operatedandmaintainedbyStenaAluminiumitselfandnotbyE.ON.TherewasneveranydiscussionregardinglettingE.ONrunthemaintenanceinstead.Persson(2017)alsostatesthatthereasonfortheinvestmentwasthecompany'songoinginterestsincirculareconomyandenvironmentaleffects,buttheyalsosawanopportunitytogetareturnontheinvestmentandmakingamendswiththecommunity.

TheproceedingoftheprojectSinceE.ONandStenaAluminiumalreadyhadagoodrelationshipduetopreviousbusinessesinwhichE.ONsellsgastoStena,therewasnocomplicationwiththisnewagreement(Pettersson,2017).ThiswassomethingthatE.ONalsoagreedonduringtheirinterview(Stål,2017).BoththecurrentandtheformerCEOstatesthattheyhaveagooddialogueandarelationshipbuiltontrustwithE.ON.However,aspreviouslymentioned,Stenahasn’tbeenabletodelivertheplannedcapacityyetduetotechnicalproblems.(Pettersson,2017)

Thesetechnicalproblemsthatsometimesoccurisn’talwaysprioritisedaccordingtotheCEO,FredrikPetterssonofthecompany.Heclaimedthattheprofitfromthewasteheatissomarginalthatheseesitmoreasagood-willact,andanacttoenhancethecompany’secofriendlystatus,ratherthanaeconomicalbeneficialinvestment.Becauseofthis,StenaAluminiumdoesn’tputalotofresourcestothisareawhenthereareproblems.Thismeansthatthedeliveryofheatsometimesstandsstillanddoesn’tdeliveranyheattoE.ON.WhenthedeliveriesfromStenahaveproblems,E.ONhastoincreasetheirusageofvirginbiomassinordertoreachthedistrictheatingdemand.Petterssonstatesthatsincetheprocessissuchanextremesmallpartoftheiroperationitdoesnotgettheattentionitmightdeserveoritshouldgettobeanoptimalprocess.(Pettersson,2017)

Thecompaniesmeetonceeveryquartertodiscusstheproceedingofthecooperation.ThemeetingsparticipantsarethesitemanagersandnottheCEOs.E.ONhasofferedtohelpStenaAluminiumwiththeirtechnicalissueswhichincludessendingsomeonefromE.ONtohelpoutatthesitesincethecompanyhasalotmoreexperienceandexpertiseintheareaofenergymanagement.Thishoweverwasnotsomethingthatplayedout.TheintervieweesfromE.ONbelievethatthereasonisthattheyweremissingincentive,buttheyalsohadthebeliefthattherearequitegoodmoneytobemadeforStenaAluminiumiftheywouldbebetteratkeepingtheprocessgoing.Theyarealsoundertheimpressionthatthecompanyisabitshortonstaffandthatallthemoretechnicalinformationdoesn’talwaysreachthetop,totheCEO.(AlbertssonandStål,2017).WhatStenathinksaboutthisishoweverunknown.

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TherearenotanybigpersonalconnectionsbetweentheworkersatE.ONandStenaAluminiumalthoughit’sasmalltown.Itmaybebecauseofthefactthatmanyemployeescommuteintothecityfrombiggercities.(Albertsson,Stål,2017)

STENAALUMINIUM-OTHERCOMPANIESBefesaStenaAluminiumrecentlystartedacooperationwiththeGermancompanyBefesa.TheywashthesaltslagthatStenagetsasabyproductwhenmeltingthealuminiumandcleansaltsendsbacktoStenaAluminium.Theyneedthesaltinthemeltingprocessandbygettingbacktheirownrecycledsalttheycanreducetheamounttheysendtolandfill.(Ulaosson,2017)

ElmespreaderOneofallthecompaniesthatwascontactedisElmeSpreader,whichisoneofÄlmhultsbiggestemployer(Erlingsson,2017).Theyareproducingsolutionsforcontainerhandling,liketruckspreader,cranespreaderandspreadersforstraddlecarriersforthehandlingofcontainers,trailersandswopbodies(ElmeSpreader,2017).Thiskindofmanufacturingrequiresalotofenergyandmaterial,anditcauseswastematerial.StenaRecyclingbuysallthewastebeforesellingtheresourcesonanopenmarket,whereoneoftheinterestedpurchasersareStenaAluminium(Erlingsson,2017).

E.ON–IKEAINDUSTRYThestartoftheprojectE.ONandIKEAIndustrymadeanagreementin2008tousethewasteheatfromIKEA’sproduction.ThecooperationstartedbecauseIKEAIndustryhadabiggrowthinproduction,andtheyfelttheneedofaninvestmentintwonewboilerstocorrespondtotheexpansion.TheyconsultedwithE.ONabouttheboilersandgotreferredtoamanatanothercompany.Herecommendedthemtoinvestintwobiggerboilers,butthatresultedinaproblem.Aftertheinstallationofthenewboilerstheproductionratedecreasedabitandthereforetheboilerswerenotprofitableanymore.Soiftheywouldhaveburnalltheirownwoodenwasteproductstheywouldgetaveryhightemperatureinsidetheirbuildingsandiftheydidn’tusethewaste,itwasputonlandfills.Onceagain,IKEAcontactedthemanwhorecommendedtheboilers,whonowworkedatE.ONandthereforesawtheopportunitytoconnectIKEAindustrywiththeheatingsystem.ThatgaveIKEAtheopportunitytogetridofthewasteheatandatthesametimemakemoneyoutofit.Togethertheycreatedaninvestigationgroupwithahandfulpeoplefromthebothcompaniestocomeupwithaconcept.(AlbertssonandStål,2017)

Thebeginningofthecooperationwasabitslow,E.ON’ssitemanagerAlbertsson(2017)mentions.Thereweretwobigcompaniesthatformedabigagreementandthatleadstoalotofadministration,whichtakestime.ForE.ON,whereenergyisthecoreproduction,thecooperationwasobvious.IKEA,ontheotherhand,areproducingkitchencabinetdoors,andthereforeitmightbealackofbothknowledgeandinterestinthiskindofquestions(Albertsson,2017).ThetechnicalmanageratIKEAIndustry,saysthatitwasanobviousdecisiontosendthewasteheattoE.ON(Viberg,2017).Viberg(2017)furtherstatesthatforIKEA,sustainabilityandtheenvironmentaretwomainquestionsinthewholecompany.Becauseofthatreasonthecooperationismadebytwopartiesthatbothseethe

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profitfromthis.IKEAIndustrygetseconomicalbenefitsofthecollaboration,andE.ONcanbuywasteheatforalowerpricethanwhatithadcosttobuyfuelandburnitbythemself(AlbertssonandStål,2017).TodayIKEAdeliver20GWhwasteheattoE.ON,whichis20%ofthetotalheatdemand(Albertsson2017).

ApartfromthewasteheatfromIKEA’sboiler,E.ONalsohelpstocoolthecompressorsinthefactory.E.ONgotinvolvedbyaninitiativefromIKEA,afterthewasteheatwasconnectedtothedistrictheating.Theyhadboughtnewcompressorsandwantedasmartsolutionwhenitcomestohowtotakecareoftheextraheatthatisgenerated.Insteadoffanningawaytheheat,E.ONsolvedtheproblembycoolingthecompressorsagainstthedistrictheatingsystem.Thisresultedinaheatflowof1200MWheveryyear,whichcorrespondsto1,2%ofthemunicipality’sannualdemand.(AlbertssonandStål,2017)

TheproceedingofthecooperationInthe10-yearsagreementtheysigned,itwasdecidedthatIKEAIndustrywhohadboughttheboilerswouldn’tpayforanythingmore.E.ONwouldinsteadpayforandbeinchargeofthedailyoperationsandmakesuretheplantwasrunningsmoothly.E.ONtookthebiggestinvestmentcostandpaidfortheexpansionofthepipelinesconnectingIKEAIndustrytothedistrictheatinggrid.IKEAIndustrysigneduptopayfortheelectricenergyfortheboilers.

Todaytheyhaveregularmeetingstodiscusstheoperationofthesystem.ThemeetingsareheldonceaquarterinwhichIKEA’stechnicalmanager,EHSmanagerandsomeoperationstaffarerepresented,andtheparticipantsfromE.ONarealsoaroundfourpeople,includingsitemanagerAlbertsson.Thediscussionsincludecheckingoffwhathashappened,whathappensnowandplansforthefuture.Bothpartiesthinkthatthecurrentsystemandsolutionworksgoodanddonotwantittoend(Albertsson,StålandViberg,2017).The10-yearsagreementisabouttorunout,andthisautumnanewnegotiationwillbeheld.IKEAdoesn’tseeanyreasontochangetheagreementfromthecurrentone.Theremightbeadiscussionaboutexpandingthecooperation,whichcanbefoundunder“Futuresynergies-E.ONandIKEAIndustry”,butit’snothighlyprioritizedbyIKEAaccordingtoViberg(2017).

E.ON–ÄLMHULTMUNICIPALITYThemunicipalityhasnotplayedanyroleinthesynergiesregardingspareheat(Axelsson,2017).Asynergythattheydohaveisregardingbiogas.Intheyear2010acooperationbetweenE.ONandthemunicipalitybeganwhenE.ONwastobuildabiofuelstationinÄlmhult(Älmhultkommun,2010).ThebiogasitselfisnotproducedinÄlmhultbutinoneofE.ON’ssevenplantsinSweden(E.ON,2017).Themotivationforbuildingthisstationwasthatthemunicipalitywouldinvestinhavingalargeamountoftheirvehiclesdrivenbybiogas.Thestationwasbuiltthenextyearandthecooperationisstillworkingasagreed.(Axelsson,2017).

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POSSIBLESYNERGIESDuringtheresearchinfindingrelevantcompaniestocontactandwhenaskingthekeycompaniesaboutother,tousunknown,synergiessomeinterestingpossibilitiesemerged.

ÄLMHULTGJUTERI ThefoundryinÄlmhultisamodernfoundrythatmanufacturescastiron.Thecompanyhasalongproductionhistoryandacapacityof7.500tonnesayear(Holsbyverken,2017).Theyuseinductionovensforproduction,whichproduceexcessheat.Atthemomenttheyuseaccumulationtankstocollectthisheat.TheenvironmentalmanageratÄlmhultgjuterisaysthattheyhavealargedemandofheatintheirfacilitiesbecauseofthelargeventilation.SherecallssomecooperationwithE.ONawhileback,buthasnofurtherknowledgeaboutit.Thecompanyhasinvestigatedtoselltheirsandfromtheproductionbuthasn’tfoundanypossiblebuyers.(Stråhle,2017)

TRANSPOKONSTRUKTIONSABTranspoisa60yearsoldconstructioncompanythatdeliversadvancedcomponentsinsteelandmetal.Theyareasubcontractorwithacompletemanufacturingprocesswitharevenueof60MSEK.(Transpo,2017)

WhencontactingtheCEOhestatedthattheydon’thaveanycooperationwiththecompaniesinÄlmhult,exceptbuyingheatfromE.ON.Theyarenotsellinganyoftheirproductionwaste,butit’stakencareofbyanother,tousunknown,company.(Claeson,2017)Hedidn’thavetimetodiscussthisquestionwithusfurther.

ÄLMHULTKOMMUNThemunicipalitydoesnothaveanimportantroleinthesynergiesbetweencompaniesinthearea.NeitherthecollaborationbetweenE.ONandIKEAIndustry,northeonebetweenE.ONochStenaAluminiumhasbeenarrangedbythemunicipalityinanyway.Bothofthesestartedandproceededontheirown,withoutanyinvolvementfromthemunicipality.Theenvironmentaldirector,CeciliaAxelsson,mentionedthattheydon’thavetheresourcestoinvestigateflowsthatpossiblycanconnectcompanieswitheachother.Thesupportfromthemunicipalityismostlyabouteconomicalandbusinessrelatedquestions.Thereisnodemandsintermsofenvironmentalorenergyefficiencyfromthemunicipality,butthat’saresponsibilityofLänsstyrlesen.Inthemunicipality’sstrategicdevelopmentplantheydescribehowtheywanttoexpandtheindustryclusterinthesouthandwanttoconcentratetheindustriestoonearea(Älmhult,2017).Thisisprimarilytokeepindustriesawayfromthecitycenter,butfacilitatingforsynergiesbetweenthecompaniesisseenasaninterestingidea(Axelsson,2017).Theenvironmentaldirectorofthemunicipalityalsoworksasanenergyadvisorforprivatepersonsandcompanies,andhelpsthemtobecomemoreenergyefficient.Itdoesn’tinvolveanyinter-organisationalcollaborationbetweencompanies,it’sjustinternalefficiency.Thesetopicsaresomethingthatcouldbediscussedonthebreakfastmeetings,iftherewasaninterestofquestionsofthiskind.(Axelsson,2017)

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FUTURESYNERGIES

E.ONANDIKEA’SCOMPUTERBUILDING InthesameindustryclusterasElmeverketandIKEAIndustry,anotherIKEAaffiliatehasabuildingthatholdscomputerserversforIKEA’scashregistersystemsthroughouttheworld.Thisserverhallgeneratesheatthatcouldberecovered,andstudiesrevolvingthisarebeingcarriedoutbyE.ONinotherpartsofSweden(Löwenham2017).ConsideringthefactthatthebuildingislocatedjustacrossthestreetfromElmeverketmakesitinterestingwhenitcomestoconnectingthisbuildingtothedistrictheatingsystem,sinceresidualheatischeaperforthemthanbuyingbiomass(AlbertssonandStål,2017.TheIKEAaffiliateinvolvedinthishasnotbeencontactedduetotheextentofthisproject,thereforetheirincentivesareunknown.

E.ONANDIKEAINDUSTRYIKEAIndustryareusingasolventinthelacquerforthekitchencabinetdoors.CurrentlyIKEAburnthesolventwithgasfromE.ON.Thegasisaddedtomakethecombustioncontinuingandkeepthetemperatureconstant(Viberg,2017).ThesolventhasahighenergyvalueandE.ONisinterestedintakingcareoftheheatthatisgeneratedhere.E.ONhavealreadypreparedtomakeitpossibletocoolitagainstthedistrictheating(AlbertssonandStål,2017).Thereasonwhytheheatextractionhasn’tstartedisbecauseIKEAIndustryareinvestigatingiftheycanchangethelacquerusedtodaytoanotherlacquerthat’smoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandwithoutsolvent(Viberg,2017).

PLATFORMS

BREAKFASTMEETINGSThemunicipalityorganizesbreakfastmeetingsandCEOmeetingsforcompanies,inordertodiscussbusiness.Approximately50-60companiesparticipates,sometimesuptoa100,dependingonwhat’sontheagenda.Theorganizerofthemeetings,theenterprisingdirectoratÄlmhultkommun,triestohavedifferenttopicstodiscussoneachappointmentandarrangesthemspreadoutatthecompanies.Hisideaistoreachallthecompaniesandrespondtotheirinterestsandneeds,butalsotocreatenewvaluablediscussionsbetweenthem.(Hansson,2017)

TheonlyexistingcollaborationstheenterprisingdirectorknowsaboutisE.ON-StenaandE.ON-IKEAIndustryandadiscussionaboutindustrialsymbiosishasn’tbeenontheagendasofar(Hansson,2017).Theenvironmentaldirector,however,thinksitwouldbeaninterestingthingforthefutureifthereisenoughtimetodoso(Axelsson,2017).

TRIS–PROJECTTRISstandsforTransitionRegionstowardsIndustrialSymbiosisandisaninternationalprojectfundedbytheEuropeanUnion.Fiveregionsareinvolvedinthisfiveyearprogramthatworkstowardsraisingawarenessaboutthesubject,tostandardizeISpracticesandtodisplayitsenvironmentalandeconomicbenefits.TheonlySwedishregioninvolvedinthisisKronobergwhichnotonlyincludesÄlmhult,butalsoAlvestaandVäxjö.MappingofthesymbioticcollaborationsinAlvestahasbeendone

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earlierthisyearwhichresultedina“Symbiosisgoodpractice”report.AsimilarmappingandreportwillbeproducedforÄlmhultmunicipalitylateron.(TRIS,2017)

EnergikontorSydostistheSwedishorganizationresponsibleforthisprojectthroughprojectmanagerPierreStåhl(EnergikontorSydost,2017).Heisinterestedinthesamesymbioticrelationsandwilldeveloptheresultsfromthisreportfurtherwhenhedoesamappingoftheregion(Ståhl,2017).

4.ANALYSISANDDISCUSSION

THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEIDENTIFIEDSYNERGIESAlloftheexistingsynergies,excepttheonebetweenthemunicipalityandE.ON,aresomesortofself-organizationalsynergiesbetweenindustrialactors(BoonsF.,ChertowM.,ParkJ.,SpekkinkW.&ShiH,2016).TheE.ON-StenaAluminiumsynergydidnotoccuronlybecauseoftheeconomicalbenefits.Stenaseemstobemoreinterestedintheenvironmentalimpactofthesynergy,butalsoinusingitseffecttoenhancetheireco-friendlyimage.AlthoughtheCEOatthetimethesynergystarted,statesthattherewasaneconomicaldrivingforcebehindthecooperationaswell,thecurrentCEO’sstatementsimpliesotherwise.ItisuncleariftheeconomicalaspecthashadanyimpactforStenaAluminium,oriftherewasanotherunderlyingaspect.ItishoweverclearthatE.ONistheactorwhogainthebiggesteconomicalbenefitfromthesynergy.Aninterestingquestioniswhythissynergyisn’tassuccessfulastheE.ON-IKEAsynergy.Thedriversseemstobesimilaraccordingtotheintervieweesfromthecompanies.Theyallstatethatitistheenvironmentalfactorthatcreatedvalueinthesymbiosis,butifonelooksatthefactspresentedaboutthestartupofthesymbiosistheydiffer.ThereasonIKEAinitiatedthesynergywithE.ONwastofindaneconomicbeneficialwaytodealwiththeexcessheatfromtheiroversizedboilers.Tomakeitmoreaffordabletorunthebigboilers,IKEAneededtomakeaprofitinsellingwasteheat.Sincethey’restillusingtheoversizedboilersIKEAstillhasstrongeconomicmotivationtomaintainthesynergy.ThedifferenceintheE.ON-StenaAluminiumsynergyisthatthelaterdoesn’thavethesameeconomicincentivebutismoredrivenbykeepinguptheenvironmentalfriendlystatusofthecompany.OnebigdifferencemightjustbethatIKEAhasbiggereconomicmotivestomaintainthesynergythanStenaAluminium.Howbigtheseeconomicbenefitsareandhowtheyvarybetweenthecompanieshasn’tbeeninvestigatedfurther.

Onebigdifferencebetweenthetwosynergiesthatisdiscussedabove,isalsothemaintenanceofthetechnicalprocess.ItisclearthatifE.ONistheonetooperateandpayfortheoperationalcostsoftheplant,theheatflowwouldbemoreconstantsincetheirmainfocusistoproduceheat.ThismightbeareasonwhythecollaborationbetweenIKEAandE.ONisworkingmoreoptimalsincetheyhaveformedthisexactagreement.Asmentionedintheresults,thistypeofagreementwasneveronthetablewhenStenaAluminiumandE.ONdiscussedtheircontract.

Itisalsointerestingtodiscussthelackofand/orinfluenceofkeypersonsinthedifferentsymbioses.TheformerCEOofStenaAluminiumisperceivedasapersonwithabiginterestinenvironmentalsustainability.Duringtheinterview,theformerCEOgavetheimpressionthatthesynergywasofgreat

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value.ButinthecurrentsituationStenadoesn’tseemtoprioritizethiscollaborationthathigh.Thechangeofinterestsfromkeypersonsinacompanycanplayabigroleinthesynergy’ssurvivalandfutureasdiscussedbyWalls&Paquin(2015).Duringtheinterviewsitdidn’temergeanyobviouschampionsintheothersynergies.Thismayhavebeenbecauseofalackofsuchpersonsorbecausethepeoplethatgotintervieweddidn’thaveenoughknowledge.

ThebiofuelsynergybetweenthemunicipalityandE.ONisnotbydefinitionoftheself-organizedtypesinceitdoesn’tinvolvetwoindustrialactors,asdefinedbyBoons,Chertow,Park,SpekkinkandShi(2016).Itishoweverbehavinglikeone,withthesameoutcomeandmotivationbehindthecooperation(BoonsF.,ChertowM.,ParkJ.,SpekkinkW.&ShiH,2016).Thedriverbehindthissynergyisnotverydifferentfromtheothers,themunicipalitywantstheenvironmentalbenefitsandE.ONseestheeconomicalvalue.Thethingthatdifferthissymbiosisfromtheothersisthatthissynergyisprettymuchself-sufficient.Ittakeslittlecostsandefforttokeepitgoingsinceitisbuiltonasimplecontract.ThemunicipalityonlyneedstodriveaspecificamountofvehiclesonbiogasandE.ONsimplyneedstomakesurethereisbiogasatthetankstation.Inthistypeofself-sufficientrelationtheremightnotbeaneedofanyhighertrustorabiggereconomicalvalue.

E.ON’SROLEOnecouldargueonwhetherE.ONactsasanscavengerorananchorInÄlmhult.Theyareacentralactorinthesymbioswhosupplytheotheractorswithresources,buttheyalsodependonotheractors’wasteinthesymbiosis(Walls&Paquin,2015).ItishoweverclearthatwithoutE.ONthecurrentsynergieswouldnotexist.

THEIMPORTANCEOFPROXIMITYWallsandPaquin(2015)statesthatresearchinthefieldofIShistoricallyhasfocusedonareasinwhichtheindustriesareplacedinaclusterand/orhasgeographicproximity.Theyfurtherstatethatit’sanimportantcomponentinthearisingoftheISandalsointhefurtherdevelopment,bothtosupportsociallinkagesthatcanfacilitatematerialexchanges,knowledge,trust,utility-sharingandreducingoftransports.AsÄlmhult’senvironmentaldirectormentionedaboutthestrategicdevelopmentplanofthemunicipality,itwasn’ttakenintoconsiderationhowtolocatecompaniesinthesameareatofacilitateforthecompaniestocollaboratewitheachother.Thereasonwasrathertokeeptheindustriesawayfromthecitycenter.Eventhoughitwasn’tthemunicipality’sintentiontocreatepossibilitiesforexchangesbetweenthefutureupcomingcompanies,theymightbeabletosupportandinfluencethislateron.Theimportanceofproximityisunderdebatehowever,becauseoftoday’sglobalsocietyaccordingtoLombardiandLaybourn(2012).TheISinÄlmhultisveryinterestingtoconsiderinthismatter,sincetwooftheidentifiedsynergisticrelationsoccurbetweenonecompanywithinthesystemboundaryandoneoutsideofit.Thisgoesagainstwhatmanyauthorstalksabout,oneexampleisChertowandEhrenfeld(2012)whostatesthatproximityisimportantforIStoemergenceandforit’sdevelopment.

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StenaAluminium’swasteproductsaltslagthatissenttoGermanyandafterwardssentbacktothefactoryis,accordingtous,anevidentsymbioticrelation.ThisbecauseusingthebyproductsthatusedtobeputonlandfillcreatesavaluableresourceforBefesa,aswellasanewresourcefromStena,whilebothloweringcostsandcreatingenvironmentalbenefits.ThesekindofcollaborationsisafterallwhatindustrialsymbiosisisallaboutasdiscussedbyLombardiandLaybourn(2012).TheotherboundarycrossingsynergyidentifiedinthisprojectrevolvesaroundElmeSpreader’swasteproducts,ofwhichwehavenotbeenabletocollectmuchinformationregardingneitherquantityortype.ThefactthattheirwasteisbeingtakencareofbyStenaRecyclingandsoldonanopenmarkettoStenaAluminiumhaspotentialwhenitcomestodevelopingacollaboration.Theexchangesarealreadyhappeninginaself-organizedwayalthoughtheyarenotverifiedbyawrittenagreement.Thatmeanstherearepossibilitiestodososinceitmaybebotheconomicallybeneficialaswellasapossibilityforenvironmentalmarketingforallofthecompanies.Ontheotherhandtherecanbeadministrativehindersthatcomplicatessuchagreements.Thisneedstobelookedintomore,butwehavenotbeenabletodothat.

POSSIBLEANDFUTURESYNERGIESIfÄlmhultGjutericancomeupwithabetterwayofusinglessheatandstillmanagetohavegoodventilation,theymightbeabletoconnectthefactorytothedistrictheatingsystemandstartdeliveringtheirwasteheat.Theirfocusduringthelastyearshasbeentomaketheirowncompanymoreenergyefficientandthereforedon’thaveanysynergisticrelations.ThisisinterestingtodiscussinordertoknowhowenergyefficiencycounteractthepurposeofIS.Whencompaniesmakesinternalimprovementsthatleadstolesswaste,heatorenergyuse,itmightnotbeinterestingtostartacollaborationwithanothercompanythatfindvalueinthiswasteproducts.ThismightbethesituationforÄlmhultGjuteri,butlackofinformationregardingtheirproductionmakesithardtosaywhatcouldbedone.However,wedon’tmeanthatinternalimprovementissomethingthatshouldn’tbedone,itjustdoesn’tworkthatwellwithISinallcases.ItisinterestingwhysuchabigcompanyasTranspohasnoconnectiontoothercompanies,exceptbuyingheatfromE.ON.WhenweweretalkingonthephonewiththeirCEOhedidn’texpressmuchinterestinthismatter.Thereforeitmightbeatopicwhichisn’thighlyprioritizedintheircompanyandthatcouldbeonereasonwhynosynergiesexists.Thecompanydoesn’thavethatmanyemployeesandthereforedoesn’thaveanypersonthatworkswiththesekindofquestions(Claesson,2012).Itishoweverhardtospeculatewiththislimitedinformationbutitwouldbeinterestingtolookmoreintothiscaseinthefuture.E.ONseemsinterestedinbeingabletousewasteheatinthedistrictheatingsystemwhenthepriceischeaperthanusingtheirownvirginbiomass.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatusingthespareheatfromthecomputerserverbuildingisinterestingforthem.EventhoughthisisanotherIKEAaffiliatethanIKEAIndustry,thefactthatE.ONandIKEAIndustryalreadyhaveastrongandtrusting

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relationshipcanbeapositiveinfluenceandmightbeonereasonbehindthispotentialsynergy.Aspreviouslymentioned,theeconomicbenefitsmightbebiggerforE.ONatthesametimeasitwouldbeagreatwayforIKEAthat’salreadya“environmentalfriendly”companytostrengthentheirbrand(Viberg,2017).ThepossibilityforE.ONtorecovermoreheatforthedistrictheatingsystemthroughincineratingthelacquerinIKEAIndustry’sproductionisaveryinterestingcooperation.Especiallybecauseoftheopennessitshowsbetweenthecompanies.WefirstfoundoutaboutthispossiblesynergythroughpeopleatE.ON,whichalsoshowsthattheyhaveagooddialogueabouttheproblemsthatmayormaynotoccurdependingonwhatIKEAdecidestodointhefuture.Thisisalsoanexampleofhow“trustsupportsthecreationanddeepeningofrelationshipbetweenISfirms,allowingmorecomplexnetworkarrangementstoarise”accordingtoHewes&Lyons(2008).

THEROLEOFTHEMUNICIPALITYThere’salotofthingsthemunicipalitycoulddotohelpandsupportthedevelopmentofindustrialsymbiosis.AnexampleofamunicipalityinSwedenwithasuccessful,supportiveworkisSotenäskommun(Carlsson,2017).Eventhoughtherearedifferentcircumstancesineachplace,theactingfromthemunicipalitycouldbeexpectedtobethesame.Bysupportingbusinessesandindustrieswitheducationandknowledgeaboutwhatindustrialsymbiosisisandwhatbenefitsitcanbringintermsofeconomical,environmental,personalrelationshipsetc.,thecompaniescangetfamiliarwiththeconceptandmaybestarttoconsiderthisinthefuture.Themunicipalitycanhelpplanhowandwherethecityshouldgrow,besupportivetocompaniesandcreatevaluablemeetingsbetweentheactingcompaniesintheregion.InÄlmhulttheydon’tprioritizequestionsaboutthis.Whatalsohastobehighlightedwhentalkingabouttheroleofthemunicipality,ishowasymbiosisisestablishedandhowgoodthecontinuingcooperationworks.Whenanindustrialsymbiosisisplannedtherecouldbealackoftrustandinteraction,anditdoesn’tautomaticallygainacceptanceinbusinesses(Mirata,2017).Ontheotherhand,aplannedIShasabetteroptimizationpotential,sincethegoalsandvisionsofthesysteminwhichISistotakeplacearebuilt-inanditusuallytakeslesstimetodevelop(Mirata,2017).WhatcanbeexpectedofÄlmhultmunicipalityisnottocreateandorganizeanIS,butinsteadtobeasupportingactorforthecompaniesandcreatepossibilitiesforsynergieswhenplanningthefuturedevelopmentsinthecity.ThediversityinÄlmhultisverynarrow.Mostofthecompaniesareworkingwithmanufacturing,stockingorwithdistributionandthatmaymakeithardertobuildupanindustrialsymbiosisnetwork.Itmightagoodideaforthemunicipalityintryingtoexpandthebusinessesandattractcompanieswithinotherbranchesinordertoincreasethepossibilityfornewsynergies.Adiversityofactorsisnecessarytoensuretheopportunitiesforexchangesexist,asitprovidesabettervarietyofresourcesflows(WallsandPaquin2015,Chertow2000).Organizedbreakfastmeetingscouldbeaperfectplatformtoexchangeexperienceandknowledgeforthecompaniesiftheareperformedintherightway(Mirata2017).Themeetingscanhelptocreatemorepersonalrelationshipsandbuildtrustinthese,andalsoidentifynewpartnerships.Whatcouldbedevelopedfromtoday’ssituationisthattheenvironmentaldirectorissomehowalsoinvolvedin

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theexistingbreakfastmeetings.Sheistheonewithbestknowledgeinenvironmentalrelatedquestionsandshowedaninterestinparticipatinginthesekindofactivities.Thereasonwhysheisn’tinvolvedtodayisbecauseoflackoftime.Thesebreakfastmeetingsmightbeevenmoreimportantbasedonthefactthatsomanypeoplecommuteto,andthereforemightlackthenaturallocalconnectiontoÄlmhult.Ifpeoplegotomeetingstheylearnmoreaboutthemunicipalityandtheymightfeeladeeperconnection.ItisalsogoodforboththecommutersandforthepeoplelivinginÄlmhultsotheycangettoknoweachotherandlatercollaboratewhentheyhavebuilttrustintheirrelationship.Theon-goingTRIS-projectcanresultinbeingaspringboardoraninspirationforthemunicipalitytoworkmorewithinvestigatingIS.MaybeTRIScandelivergoodfindingsinpossiblesynergiesthatcouldhelpthemunicipality’sfurtherworkaswellasinspiringthemtoprioritizethisquestionmore.Sometimesasmallinputcouldbetheonlythingthatisneededtostartthinkinginnewterms,andEnergikontorSydostcouldbethecoordinatortogetherwiththemunicipalitythathelpstheactorswiththis.InSotenäsmunicipalityforexample,everythingstartedwithafieldtriptoKalundborg,andonthewayhometheyhadalreadymadethefirstsketchofthesynergiesinthemunicipality(Carlsson2017).

5.CONCLUSIONANDFUTUREWORKOneofthemostimportantconclusionsishowdifferentincitementsaffectthedevelopmentofasuccessfulIS,whichisconfirmedintheanalysisbetweenE.ON-StenaAluminiumandE.ON-IKEAIndustry.Thesesynergiesshowtheimpactthattrustcanhaveinmakingthecollaborationrunsmoothly.ThiscanbeseeninthecollaborationbetweenIKEAIndustryandE.ONwhereIKEAtrustE.ONenoughtoletthemmaintaintheboilersintheirfacilities.Thismakesitpossibleforthepeoplewiththehighestcompetencetohandlethetechnicalissues.

ThecontentinthisreportshowsthatproximitycanfacilitateindustrialsymbiosisrelationsbuthoweverthisisnotcompulsorywhichisshowninthesynergybetweenStenaAluminiumandBefesa.

Älmhultisaninterestingcitylocatedinaregionwithpossibilitiesforindustrialsymbiosisbasedontheinfrastructure.Anideaforfutureresearchwouldbetoexpandthesystemboundaryand/orlookintothecompaniesthatweren’tinvestigated.Itwouldalsobeveryinterestingtodofurtherresearchintohowenergyefficiencyaffectsindustrialsymbiosisandifit’spossibletocombinethesetwo.

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6.REFERENCES

LITERATUREBoonsF.,ChertowM.,ParkJ.,SpekkinkW.&ShiH,2016.IndustrialSymbiosisDynamicsandtheProblemofEquivalence.ProposalforaComparativeFrameworkVol.21(4)938-952

Chertow,M.R.(2000).Industrialsymbiosis:Literatureandtaxonomy.AnnualReviewofEnergyandtheEnvironment,25,313-337.

Hewes,A.K.,&Lyons,D.I,2008.Thehumanisticsideofeco-industrialparks:Championsandtheroleoftrust.RegionalStudies,42,1329-1342.

Lombardi&Laybourn,2012.Redefiningindustrialsymbiosis.JournalofIndustrialEcology.

WallJ.&PaquinR.,2015.OrganizationalPerspectivesofIndustrialSymbiosis:AReviewandSynthesis.Organization&Environment,Vol.28(1)32–53

LECTURECarlsson,Peter2017.FacilitatingindsymbinSotenäs.https://liuonline.sharepoint.com/sites/TKMJ38/TKMJ38-2017HT/CourseDocuments/10.%20Facilitating%20ind%20symb%20in%20Sotena%CC%88s-Peter%20Carlsson.pdf.Retrieved2017-10-04

Mirata,Murat2017.Facilitatingindustrialsymbiosis.https://liuonline.sharepoint.com/sites/TKMJ38/TKMJ38-2017HT/CourseDocuments/9.%20Facilitating%20Industrial%20Symbiosis-2017.pdf.Retrieved2017-10-04

PERSONALCONTACT

Albertsson,Lars-Göran.SitemanageratE.ONElmeverketÄlmhult.Interview21thofSeptember2017.

Axelsson,Cecilia.EnvironmentaldirectoratÄlmhultskommun.Interview21thofSeptember2017.

Claeson,Claes-Göran.VD/ProductionmanagementatTranspokonstruktionAB.Phoneinterview13thofSeptember2017.

Erlingsson,Håkan.EnvironmentmanageratElmeSpreader.Phoneinterview24thofSeptember2017.

Hall,Björn.TechnicianatE.ON.Phoneinterview16thofSeptember2017.

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Hansson,Eddie.EnterprisedirectoratÄlmhultkommun.Phoneinterview28thofSeptember.

Löwenham,Per.ChefLokalaenergilösningarGötaland,E.ON.Phoneinterview13thofSeptember2017.

Persson,Staffan.FormerCEOatStenaAluminium.Phoneinterview26thofSeptember2017.

Pettersson,Fredrik.CEOatStenaAluminium.Interview21thofSeptember2017.

Stråhle,Sofie.EnvironmentalmanageratÄlmhultfoundry.Phoneinterview22ndofSeptember2017

Ståhl,Pierre.ProjectmanagerforTRIS,EnergikontorSydost.Phoneinterview5thofSeptemberandInterview21thofSeptember2017

Stål,Ingmar.OperationmanageratE.ONElmeverketÄlmhult.Interview21thofSeptember2017.

Ulaosson,Ronny.PlantmanageratStenaAluminium.Phoneinterview29thofSeptember.

Viberg,David.TechnicalmanageratIKEAIndustryÄlmhult.Interview21thofSeptember2017.

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Göth,Jonatan.2012.Smålandsposten.Swedwoodvarslar70iÄlmhult.http://www.smp.se/almhult/swedwood-varslar-70-i-almhult/.Retrieved2017-09-11

Holsbyverken.2017.Älmhultgjuteri. http://holsbyverken.se/almhults-gjuteri/hem.Retrieved2017-09-27

Mynewsdesk.2011.SpillvärmenskavärmaÄlmhult–StenaochE.ONtecknaravtal. http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/stena_metall_ab/pressreleases/spillvaermen-ska-vaerma-aelmhult-stena-och-e-on-tecknar-avtal-697378.Retrieved2017-09-21

Nystedt,Anna.2010.PressreleaseE.ONVärmeSverige.http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/eon/pressreleases/e-ons-nya-fjaerrvaermeverk-i-aelmhult-nu-klart-534150.Retrieved2017-09-12

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StenaAluminium.2017.Omoss.http://stenaaluminium.com/sv/Om-oss/.Retrieved2017-09-11

StenaAluminium.2016.Miljöredovisning2016.http://stenaaluminium.com/PageFiles/8085/SEAL_Miljoredovisning_2016.pd.Retrieved2017-09-11

Transpo.2017.OmTranspoKonstruktionAB.http://www.transpo.se/index.cfm?pg=4&pcaView=2ndRetrieved2017-09-27

TRIS.2017.TransitionregionstowardsIndustrialSymbiosis,Projectsummary.https://www.interregeurope.eu/TRIS/.Retrieved2017-09-27

Weibull,Edgar.SmålandsNäringsliv.2016.RiktnäringsliviÄlmhult.http://www.smalandsnaringsliv.se/rikt-naringsliv-i-almhult/.Retrieved2017-09-25

Älmhultskommun.2017a.DethärärÄlmhult.http://www.almhult.se/sv/kommunen/dethararalmhult.Retrieved2017-09-08

Älmhultskommun.2017b.Näringslivetshistoria.http://www.almhult.se/sv/kommunen/dethararalmhult/almhultshistoria/naringslivetshistoria.Retrieved2017-09-08

Älmhultkommun.2010.TankställeförbiogasiÄlmhult. http://www.almhult.se/sv/nyheter/nyheter/tankstalleforbiogasialmhult.5.64f1517c12af19faa808000289.html.Retrieved2017-09-26

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