lloyd’s register: marine energy efficiency design index – an update rina lecture, 2 february...
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Lloyd’s Register: Marine
Energy Efficiency Design Index – An Energy Efficiency Design Index – An UpdateUpdate
RINA Lecture, 2 February 2012, London, UK.RINA Lecture, 2 February 2012, London, UK.
Dr Zabi BazariShip Energy Services ManagerLloyd’s Register, London, [email protected]
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ContentContent
Introduction EEDI formula and Attained EEDI Reference lines and Required EEDI EEDI verification IMO workplan and outcome of January 2012
meeting Likely impacts Conclusions
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IMO initiatives for GHG emissions controlIMO initiatives for GHG emissions control
EEDIEEDI
IMO IMO InitiativesInitiatives
MBMsMBMs
EEOIEEOI
SEEMPSEEMP
Ship owner /
operator
Owners / Charterers
Regulatory status:Regulatory status: EEDI / SEEMP: Mandatory EEDI / SEEMP: Mandatory
from 1st January 2013from 1st January 2013 EEOI: VoluntaryEEOI: Voluntary MBMs: Early discussionsMBMs: Early discussions
Shipyard
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New Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VINew Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI
IMO MEPC 62 in July 2011 agreed to a new Chapter 4 in MARPOL Annex VI entitled “Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Ships”.
This includes addition of new Regulations 19 to 23 Regulation 19 is on Application domain of Chapter 4 Regulations 20 is on “Attained EEDI” Regulations 21 is on “Required EEDI” Regulation 22 is on SEEMP Regulation 23 is on “Technical co-operation and technology
transfer”
There are quite a number of Guidelines in support of the above regulations.
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Attained EEDI: Calculation formula (MEPC Attained EEDI: Calculation formula (MEPC Circ.681)Circ.681)
Main Engine
Aux Engine
(s)
Innovative Energy Eff. Power Gen. Technologies
Innovative Energy Eff.
Prop. Technologie
sEEDI =
Boilers are excluded from EEDI!
fc.[gCO2/(tonne.nm)]
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EEDI parameters EEDI parameters
[gCO2/(tonne.nm)]
Carbon factor
Ice class factor
Auxiliary power:PME >=10000KW:PAE = 0.025Me + 250PME < 10000KW:PAE = 0.05Me
Capacity factor Wave factor
Capacity:DWT: Bulk carriers,Containers,Tankers,Gas carriers,cargo ships,etc.GTR: Passenger Ship
Shaft Motor Waste Heat Energy Saving
Main power:PME=0.75MCR
EEDI =
Attained Speed
fc
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Reference linesReference lines Reference lines
are ship specific.
They are part of Regulation 22 (in equation form).
All new ship types, for inclusion in regulation, require a new reference line.
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Required EEDI Required EEDI
Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI
Required EEDI: The regulatory limit for EEDI.
Required EEDI = (1 – X/100)*Reference Value
Where:
X is the Reduction Rate.
• Reference Value is calculated from Reference Line.
Cut Off
Reference Line
Linear range
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Implementation stages and reduction ratesImplementation stages and reduction rates
EEDI implementation phases are:
Phase 0 2013 – 2014
Phase 1 2015 – 2019
Phase 2 2020 – 2024
Phase 3 2025 – ……
Reduction rate for the above phases are as in diagram.
EEDI Reduction Rate (Regulation 21)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Phase 0(2013-2014)
Phase 1(2015-2019)
Phase 2(2020-2024)
Phase 3(2025 - ..)
Reduction Rate [%]
Impl
emen
tatio
n Ph
ases
Bulk carriers Gas carrier Tanker/Combi.C Container Gen./Ref. cargo
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Ship types subject of current EEDI Ship types subject of current EEDI regulationsregulationsAttained EEDI: Following ships over 400 GT*:
Bulk carrierGas carrierTankerContainer shipGeneral cargo shipRefrigerated cargo carrierCombination carrierPassenger shipsRo-ro cargo ship (vehicle carrier)Ro-ro cargo shipRo-ro passenger ship
Required EEDI: Following ships above cut off limits:
Bulk carrierGas carrierTankerContainer shipGeneral cargo shipRefrigerated cargo carrierCombination carrier
* excluding ships with diesel-electric, turbine or hybrid propulsion
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EEDI Verification process EEDI Verification process
Basic Design , Tank Test*,
EEDI Calculation
Basic Design , Tank Test*,
EEDI Calculation
Submission of additional information
Submission of additional information
Sea TrialSea Trial
Shipowner Shipbuilder Verifier
Development of EEDI Technical FileDevelopment of EEDI Technical File
Application for EEDIpre-verification
Submission of EEDI Technical File
Application for EEDIpre-verification
Submission of EEDI Technical File
Application for EEDIverification
Application for EEDIverification
Modification and Resubmission of EEDI Technical FileModification and Resubmission of EEDI Technical File
Verification:- EEDI Technical File- additional information
Issuance of
Statement of Compliance
Verification:- EEDI Technical File- additional information
Issuance of
Statement of Compliance
Verification:- sea trial condition- ship speed- revised EEDI Technical File
Issuance of
IEEC (International Energy efficiency
Certificate)
Verification:- sea trial condition- ship speed- revised EEDI Technical File
Issuance of
IEEC (International Energy efficiency
Certificate)
Start of ship constructionStart of ship construction
Delivery of shipDelivery of ship
Pre
-Verifi
catio
nFin
al
Verifi
catio
n
* To be conducted by a test organisation or a shipbuilder itself.
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Major aspects of verificationMajor aspects of verification
Verification of speed-power curve for Vref: Tank test observation Speed trial observation Scaling method from “trial conditions” to “EEDI conditions” Correction for environmental conditions.
Verification of “energy saving technologies” Availability factors (feff) Power levels
Verification of various correction factors: Ice-class (fj) Weather factor (fw) Design capacity factor (fi) Cubic capacity factor (fc)
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Some other major verification Some other major verification challengeschallenges
Exact model?
Numerical tools for calculation, scaling, pre-verification, etc.?
Shipyards’ and tank test facilities’ proprietary data?
Uncertainly levels and if there is a need for formal uncertainty analysis?
How to ensure consistency amongst various organisations: ROs Shipyards Tank test organisations
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List of the EEDI-related GuidelinesList of the EEDI-related Guidelines
Guideline for calculation of EEDI
Guidelines for survey and verification of EEDI
Guidelines for minimum power of ship for safe operation.
Guidelines for validation of ship electric power table (EPT).
Guidelines for verification of innovative technologies
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EEDI reduction methods EEDI reduction methods
Capacity (deadweight) increase
Advanced technologies: Existing/proven
technologies Emerging technologies Renewable energy
technologies
Alternative fuels: LNG
Speed reduction
Reduction rate
DWT
EED
I
Baseline
(3) Application of new
technology
(1) DWT enlargement
Average EEDI of current ships (no effort for efficiency improvement)
(2) Speed reduction
Efficiency improvement by design change
A: efficiency improvem
ent
MEPC60/4/35 Japan, Norway, US
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2010 2015 2020 2025Primary/secondary fuel HFO HFO/MGO HFO/MGO MGO/HFO
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0Hull /ship dimensions/paint optimisation Conv. Conv/OPHULL OPHULL OPHULL
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 2 5 7Hull air lubrication NA NA NA HAL
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0Propeller type / size / design FPP ( C) FPP ( C) FPP (LDSS) FPP (LDSS)
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 2 2Propeller / rudder / aft flow optimisation FPP ( C) FPP (OP) FPP (OP) FPP (OP)
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 2 3 4Propulsion system type Direct-drive Direct-drive Direct-drive Direct-drive
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0
Main engine type/optimisation 2-stroke diesel (C)
2-stroke diesel (OP)
2-stroke diesel (OP, DR/LS)
2-stroke diesel (OP, DR/LS)
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 1 4 5Main engine actual SFC relative to reference value SFC (M/E) SFC (M/E) SFC (M/E) SFC (M/E)
Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 5 5 5Auxiliary engine type/optimisation 4-stroke diesel
(C)4-stroke diesel
(C)4-stroke diesel
(OP)4-stroke diesel
(OP)Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0
Auxiliary engines actual SFC relative to reference value SFC (A/E) SFC (A/E) SFC (A/E) SFC (A/E)Expected EEDI reduction (%) 0 5 5 5
Auxiliary load reduction Conv. Conv. VSDRIVE VSDRIVEExpected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0
Waste heat recovery NA NA NA WHRExpected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 5
Renewable energy for propulsion NA NA NA WINDPOWERExpected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0
Renewable energy for power generation NA NA NA SOLPOWERExpected EEDI reduction (%) 0 0 0 0
EEDI (Required) 2.560 2.304 2.048 1.792
IMO EEDI reduction factor (%) 0 10 20 30EEDI reduction (Technical) (%) 0 9.8 18.44 27.08
Design speed (average) 15.74 15.72 15.62 15.51Expected EEDI reduction due to speed reduction(%) 0 0.2 1.56 2.92
Speed
Propulsion system and
M/E
A/E andauxiliary
loads
EEDIaspects
Heatrecovery
Renewableenergy
Fuel
Hull
Propeller
Table 2.1 - Ship type: Tanker - Average VLCC Technology options for Required EEDI compliance
YearEEDI reduction likely options – Average VLCCEEDI reduction likely options – Average VLCC
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Changes to EEDI formulaChanges to EEDI formula
Cubic Capacity Factors for Chemical Tankers (fc): Based on the ratio of summer deadweight to volumetric capacity
(R) To be calculated according to the formula fc = R^(-0.7) – 0.014,
where fc = 1 when R = 0.98
Cubic Capacity Factor for LNG (fc) To be calculated from Fc = R^(-0.56)
Design Capacity Factor for Voluntary Structural Enhancement (fiVSE).
Design Capacity Correction Factor for ships built to Common Structural Rules (fiCSR).
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New guidelines, non-conventional ships, etcNew guidelines, non-conventional ships, etc
New guidelines for verification of innovative technologies:
Japan presented draft guidelines Dealing with wind, solar, heat recovery, etc. For each of the above technologies, there will be guidelines
for calculation and verification.
EEDI for Non-Conventional Ships Reference line for cruise ships Reference line for RoRo ships Reference line for RoPax ships
Shaft generator: Incorporation of a new formulation for shaft generator. Also, cases where propulsion shaft power is limited and can
be verified, there will be no need to use main engine power.
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Likely impactsLikely impacts More energy efficient ships and ship technologies Slower speed ships More use of alternative fuels More expensive ships/marine transport (excluding fuel) More optimised and complex designs with likely impacts
on: Reliability/safety Maintainability
Likely modal shift of freight transport to land and air EEDI will become commercially sensitive if used for:
Existing ships Fuel efficiency-based chartering Reward-based marine MBMs or financial incentives
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
The EEDI regulations are now in place and will come into force from 1st January 2013.
A number of guidelines are under development and will be finalised in 2012 in support of the above.
Verification of EEDI pauses a number of major issues. There are a number of solutions to reduce EEDI including
alternative fuels, alternative technologies and reduced ship speed.
The EEDI impacts on shipping economics, safety and transportation competitiveness are still being investigated.
Overall, it is anticipated that the EEDI will have a big impact on future of shipping industry.