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IAEA Small Quantities Protocol (SQP)Safeguards Policy Course – Monterey Institute of International Studies

June 2012Bill Moore

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The Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) allows a NNWS that declares a lack of significant nuclear activity to hold in abeyance the implementation of most safeguards measures provided for in Part II of INFCIRC/153

A state is eligible for the SQP if it holds less than the amount of nuclear material that could be exempted from safeguards under Article 37 of INFCIRC/153 and no nuclear facilities

The SQP is an addendum to a states Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)

What is the Small Quantities Protocol?

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The purpose of IAEA safeguards was verification of declared nuclear material in declared facilities

Many NNWS that ratified the NPT had no nuclear material and no nuclear activities

Limited budget and manpower within the IAEA required the development of a system to prioritize needs and reduce redundancy

Incentivize more States to join NPT by making the conclusion of a CSA less burdensome

Motivations for development of the SQP (1971 - 1974)

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1968 - Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) negotiated and ratified• Article III requires NNWS to enter into a safeguards

agreement with the IAEA

1971 - Model Safeguards Agreement approved by IAEA Board of Governors (INFCIRC/153)• The basis for negotiating Comprehensive Safeguards

Agreements (CSA) between IAEA and NNWS

History of the SQP

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1974 – “The Standard Text of Safeguards Agreements in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” (GOV/INF/276) was agreed upon by the BOG• A listing of changes that could be made to standard

INFCIRC/153 text.• The major substantive change was for NNWS that

declare no “significant nuclear activities”; they could adopt the Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276 Annex B)

History of the SQP (cont.)

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1991 – Discovery of Iraq’s clandestine nuclear weapons program drives IAEA towards adopting a strengthened safeguards regime

1997 – IAEA adopts the Model Additional Protocol (AP) INFCIRC/540

History of the SQP (cont.)

2005 IAEA adopts Modified Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276/Mod.1)

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1) Report nuclear material import / export

2) Provide design information for any existing nuclear facility

3) Provide notification to IAEA 6 months in advance of introducing nuclear material into a new facility

4) All provisions of Part II of CSA held in abeyance except articles 32, 33, 38, 41 and 90

What are the safeguards obligations for an SQP State?

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The initial declaration that a State might provide establishing its eligibility for an SQP may now be 25 years old

IAEA has no ability to verify that this initial declaration, if it exists, was or is still is true.

IAEA has no right to conduct inspections in SQP States *

IAEA has no easy mechanism to request further information

What are the shortcomings to the SQP?

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GOV/INF/276/Mod.1

Approved by BOG September, 2005

Purpose is to address the identified gaps in the original text

BOG agrees to only approve modified SQP going forward

The Modified Small Quantities Protocol

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1) Provide an initial nuclear materials declaration1) Annual reports required

2) Report nuclear material import / export1) Including pre-34c material

3) Provide design information for any existing nuclear facility

4) Provide notification to IAEA as soon as a decision is made to build a nuclear facility

5) As a result of a notification to the IAEA of a decision to build a nuclear facility, Modified SQP immediately ceases to apply

6) Holds in abeyance provisions of Part II of the CSA, with the exception of Articles 32-38, 40, 48, 49, 59, 61, 67, 68, 70, 72-76, 82, 84-90, 94 and 95

The Modified Small Quantities Protocol, what’s different?

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The increased authority of the IAEA to conduct safeguards inspections in Modified SQP States STILL relies on the initial declaration. If the facility and/or material is not declared in the initial declaration, the IAEA has no authority to conduct inspections

EXCEPTION: IAEA holds the ability to conduct a special inspection (INFCIRC/153 Part 1, Article 18)

A Reminder!

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1) Barbados

2) Belize

3) Bhutan

4) Bolivia

5) Brunei Darussalam

6) Cambodia

7) Cameroon

8) Dominica

9) Ethiopia

10) Grenada

11) Guyana

12) Lao P.D.R

13) Maldives

14) Myanmar

15) Nauru

16) Nepal

17) Oman

18) Papa New Guinea

19) St. Kitts & Nevis

20) Saint Lucia

21) St. V. & The Grandines

22) Samoa

23) Saudi Arabia

24) Sierra Leone

25) Solomon Islands

26) Sudan

27) Suriname

28) Tonga

29) Trinidad & Tobago

30) Tuvulu

31) Yemen

SQP States (As of 2012)

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1) Antigua and Barbados

2) Azerbaijan

3) The Bahamas

4) Bahrain

5) Benin

6) Burkina Fasso

7) Burundi

8) Cape Verde

9) Central African Republic

10) Chad

11) Comoros

12) Congo

13) Costa Rica

14) Croatia

15) Djibouti

16) Dominican Republic

17) Ecuador

18) El Salvador

19) Gambia

20) Guatemala

21) Guinea

22) Holy See

23) Honduras

24) Iceland

25) Kenya

26) Lebanon

27) Lesotho

28) Madagascar

29) Malawi

30) Mali

31) Mauritius

32) Monaco

33) Montenegro

34) Mozambique

35) Nicaragua

36) Palau

37) Panama

38) Qatar

39) Republic of Moldova

40) Rwanda

41) San Marino

42) Senegal

43) Seychelles

44) Singapore

45) Swaziland

46) Tajikistan

47) The F.Y.R. of Macedonia

48) Timor-Leste

49) Togo

50) Uganda

51) United Rep. of Tanzania

52) Vanuatu

53) Zimbabwe

Modified SQP States (As of 2012)

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1) Antigua and Barbados

2) Azerbaijan

3) The Bahamas

4) Bahrain

5) Benin

6) Burkina Fasso

7) Burundi

8) Cape Verde

9) Central African Republic

10) Chad

11) Comoros

12) Congo

13) Costa Rica

14) Croatia

15) Djibouti

16) Dominican Republic

17) Ecuador

18) El Salvador

19) Gambia

20) Guatemala

21) Guinea

22) Holy See

23) Honduras

24) Iceland

25) Kenya

26) Lebanon

27) Lesotho

28) Madagascar

29) Malawi

30) Mali

31) Mauritius

32) Monaco

33) Montenegro

34) Mozambique

35) Nicaragua

36) Palau

37) Panama

38) Qatar

39) Republic of Moldova

40) Rwanda

41) San Marino

42) Senegal

43) Seychelles

44) Singapore

45) Swaziland

46) Tajikistan

47) The F.Y.R. of Macedonia

48) Timor-Leste

49) Togo

50) Uganda

51) United Rep. of Tanzania

52) Vanuatu

53) Zimbabwe

Modified SQP States with an Additional Protocol (As of 2012)

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Since the adoption by the BOG in 2005 of the Modified SQP, the IAEA has exchanged letters with SQP States and held workshops to encourage engagement

As of 2012, 53 of 84 SQP NNWS have adopted the modified text

IAEA Outreach to SQP States

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QUESTIONS??