living systems model
DESCRIPTION
Living Systems Model. Overview Why a new ID Model? Living Systems Model Phases Examples. Living Systems Model. Why a new ID Model?. Requirements of Web-based Systems Develop web-specific instruction Dynamic, changing content Open-ended system (external link) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Living Systems Model
Overview
• Why a new ID Model?• Living Systems Model Phases• Examples
Living Systems Model
Requirements of Web-based Systems•Develop web-specific instruction•Dynamic, changing content•Open-ended system (external link)•Web-specific development processes•Web-specific project teams
Why a new ID Model?
Living Systems Model
Traditional ID Models•Often delivery medium-independent•Focus on concept of “final product”•No formal mechanism in place for dynamic changes in requirements and needs of users
Why a new ID Model?
Living Systems Model
Knowledge Management Systems•Scenario: To solve a work-related problem, user retrieves cases, constructs solution, adds new case to KM system•Result: Dynamically changing system, responding to user’s needs•Problem: Formal process to respond to the changes in the system: new services, features, etc.
Why a new ID Model?
Living Systems Model
Living System Approach•Changes in the system are assumed•Formal mechanisms in place to accommodate change and growth•System is viewed as ‘living system,’ not as final product•Digital nervous system features
Why a new ID Model?
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
Living Systems Model
Goal
•Address specifics of web-based instructional systems in general
•Accommodate change and growth of KM systems in particular
Living Systems Model
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
n
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Problem Identification, Background Needs Assessment Target Audience, Learner Characteristics Minimum Configuration of Delivery System Goal Objectives
Analysis
Scenario
Living Systems Model
InterviewsObservationsPerformance Analysis/GradesDocument ReviewSubject-Matter Expert Consultations
Method
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
Living Systems Model
Definition•Defines the content and features to fulfill objectives of a web site and how they are structured
Purpose•Conceptual Design of Web Site, high-level Architecture
Information Architecture
Living Systems Model
Components
Conceptual Design: Features Content: Organization of Information Navigation/Orientation Systems
Information Architecture
Living Systems Model
Design Process for Information Architecture
• Map Objectives -> Features• Map Features -> Content• Structure Features (Hierarchy, Hypertext, database)• Organize Content (Alphabetical, Chronological, ...)• Design Navigational System based on Structure
Based on the cognitive processes of the learners
Instructional Information Architecture
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Information
ArchitectureAP-1-1 AP-1-2 AP-1-3
AP-1-4
FS-1-1 FS-1-2 FS-1-3
AP-1-AD
FS-1-AD
AP-2-AD
AD-1-1 AD-2-1AD-2-AD
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Design Issues
ConceptualModel
(Designer)
MentalModel(User)
Functionality(internal)
Metaphor(external)
Develop Interpret
System’sInherentStructure
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Navigational System
Purpose Identify current location Identify path to desired location/feature
Instructional FunctionReduce cognitive overhead of navigationMake associative connections apparent
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Navigation bars Frames Pull-down menus Table of Content Index Site Map Guided Tour
Navigation System Elements
501 Overview
Living Systems Model
OLIT 501 ISD Online Course
501 ClassOLIT 501 ISD Online Course
Living Systems Model
501 Library
Living Systems Model
OLIT 501 ISD Online Course
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
Living Systems Model
Definition•Specifies the interactions between users and each feature of the application, including
–Type and format of input–Logic of processing–Type and format of output
Purpose•Specify the detailed functioning of each feature of the system
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Steps• Refine Specification of Functionality• Define Sub-Functions• Define Instructional Strategies
Method• Storyboards• Draft Pages in HTML
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Interaction Model (Foley & van Dam)
Conceptual Level-User’s mental model
Semantic Level-Meanings conveyed by user input & computer output
Syntactic Level-Definition of communication language for computer
Lexical Level-Device dependencies and precise mechanisms for interactions
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Interaction Design
501 Communication
Living Systems Model
OLIT 501 ISD Online Course
Living Systems Model
Definition Human-Computer Interface
• Interface not merely in charge of communication with the user, but is an
• Expression of the deliberate decisions by the instructional designer to include features in the conceptual model of the application that support different cognitive processes of learning
Interface Design Approach
Living Systems Model
Definition•Overall plan governing instructional content and process consisting of a set of decisions that result in a plan, method, or series of activities aimed at obtaining a specific goal
Purpose•Organize instruction to support learner's cognitive processes of attention, encoding, and retrieval of information
Instructional Strategies
Living Systems Model
•Organizational Strategy
—Content, Sequencing of instruction
—Form of presentation•Delivery Strategy
—Instruction medium used
—Grouping of learners•Management Strategy
—Scheduling and allocation of resources(Reigeluth, 1983)
Instructional Strategies
Living Systems Model
Gagné & Briggs•Gaining attention•Informing learners of objective•Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning•Presenting instruction•Providing learning guidance•Eliciting performance•Providing feedback•Assessing performance•Enhancing retention and transfer
Instructional Events
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Instructional Strategies
Taxonomy
Social Setting
Learning Mode
Presentation Modes of Information
View Information
Acquire Knowledge
Construct Meaning
Individual
Closed Collaboration
Open Collaboration
Text
Multimedia
Immersion
Living Systems Model
General Considerations/Issues
• Task Analysis Results as Basis for ID• Cognitive TA Results as Basis for ID• Standards/Conventions for field• Standards/Conventions for WWW• Use of Metaphors
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Instructional Considerations/Issues
• Philosophy of Instruction: Behaviorist/Cognitivist/ Constructivist Approach
• Level of Learner Control, Choice• Cognitive Load (Overhead) Imposed by Interaction
Interaction Design
Scenario
Living Systems Model
Interaction Design Evaluation
Application of Pattern Language
•Articulates and communicates the design of the entire system in a coherent, formal way (Alexander, Ishikawa & Silverstein, 1977; Tidwell, 1999)
•Units of language: design rules, or patterns, that capture the solutions to specific issues or problems in the design process in a particular context, and are therefore neither too abstract nor too specific
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
Living Systems Model
To see is to forget the name of the thing one sees.
Paul Valéry
Living Systems Model
Definition•Specifies the appearance of the interface and the information contained in the system, such as
–Presentation mode of information–Color Scheme for interface–Type faces and their forms (attributes)
Purpose•Specify the appearance of each feature of the system
Information Design
Living Systems Model
Steps•Design visual interface for all features•Design navigational elements•Design instructional materials
Method•Design text, graphics, video, sound for a prototype application/page
Information Design
Living Systems Model
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Interaction Design
Living Systems Model
Wayfinding for Navigation•Methods to allow users to orient themselves
Purpose•Assess where you are•Assess where you want to be•Assess how to get there
Information Design
Living Systems Model
•Multimedia Effect
•Contiguity Effect
•Split-Attention (Modality) Effect
•Coherence Effect
•Redundancy Effect
•Individual Differences Effect
(Mayer, 1997, 2001)
Multimedia Learning
Living Systems Model
Evaluation•Review design of instructional strategies and how they support learner’s cognitive processes (function of multimedia elements)•Review if the required conditions for the application of a particular design principle were met and if this design principle or theory was applied in an appropriate way(Dual Coding Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, Generative Theory of Multimedia Learning)
Information Design
Living Systems Model
Generative
Theory of MM
Learning
Mayer (1997)ReferentialConnections
Visual Model (Coherent Visual Mental Representation)
Verbal Model(Coherent Verbal Mental Representation)
Image Base(Visual representation)
Visual Information
Text Base(Verbal representation)
Verbal Information
Select Images Select Words
Organize Images
Organize Words
Prior Knowledge
Integrate
Living Systems Model
Plass & Salisbury (2002)
Living System Approach
ImplementSystem Design
DevelopmentalEvaluation
DevelopInstructionalInformation
Design
AnalyzeEnd-User
Requirements
DesignInstructionalInformationArchitecture
DevelopInstructionalInteraction
Design
Living Systems Model
Steps•Implement and Evaluate Prototype•Produce media elements (graphics, video, etc.)•Design and develop data base back end (tables)
Evaluation•Usability (actual)•User Acceptance (perceived)•Effectiveness (actual learning outcomes)
Implement System
Living Systems Model
Evaluate
•Each phase of the design process•Usability of the system•Learning outcome
•Using living system capabilities
Developmental Evaluation
Living Systems Model
Living Systems Model•Address specifics of web-based instructional systems in general•Accommodate change and growth of KM systems in particular
•Used for KM system design & implementation•Also useful for WWW-based instructional systems
Conclusion
