living in democracy

cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb _ sagakveTilo gegmebi zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis sabazo safexurisaTvis

avtorebi: rolf golobi, ted hudlestoni, piter krafi, don rouvi, uim taelmani

wigni III

eqvsi wignisagan Semdgari seriidan, romelic exeba swavlebas demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb

swavlebis procesi, cnebebi, meTodebi da modelebi

wignSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da ar asaxavs evrosabWos oficialur pozicias.

mTargmneli: maia Canqseliani

redaqtori: naTia nacvliSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: giorgi bagrationi

ilustraciebi: peti viskemani

ydis dizaini: evrosabWos grafikuli dizainis jgufi

Council of Europe

yvela ufleba daculia. am gamocemis nebismieri nawilis eleqtronuli, meqanikuri, fotografiuli an nebismieri saxiT reproduqcia dauSvebelia komunikaciebis direq-toratis sajaro informaciisa da gamocemebis ganyofilebis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe (el. fostis misamarTi: [email protected]; veb-gverdi: http://book.coe.int).

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~, 2009.

wigni gamodis evrosabWos mxardaWeriT. Targmanis xarisxze pasuxismgebelia `maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~.

Tbilisi, 0102, uznaZis q. 52.tel: (+995) 91 14 53, 95 13 02/04veb-gverdi: www.tpdc.ge el-fosta: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-0-1559-5 _ eqvsive wignis

ISBN 978-9941-0-1560-1

sarCevi

gverdi

Sesavali .............................................................................................................................5

saxelmZRvanelos konceptualuri CarCo: ZiriTadi cnebebi ..................................... 11

pirveli nawili _ pirovneba da Temi ............................................................................... 19

Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebi: ra aris TviTmyofadoba? rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini? ....................................... 21

Tavi 2. Tanasworoba: Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT? .......................................... 35

Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron? .................................................. 53

Tavi 4. konfliqti. rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT? .................................... 75

meore nawili _ pasuxismgeblobis aReba ......................................................................... 93

Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi. ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am uflebaTa dacva? ........................... 95

Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba. ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria? .................................... 121

mesame nawili _ monawileoba ......................................................................................... 135

Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi. rogor iqmneba media? ........................................................ 137

meoTxe nawili _ Zalaufleba da uflebamosileba ...................................................... 149

Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi. ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazogadoebas? .................... 151

Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika. rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba? ............ 167

3

5Sesavali

ras gvTavazobs es wigni?

winamdebare wigni evrosabWoSi Semavali qveynebis maswavleblebis, maswavlebelTa trenerebis, saswavlo gegmebis specialistebis, saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis redaq-torebisa da mTargmnelebisaTvisaa momzadebuli. nebadarTulia am wignis Targmna da qveynis ganaTlebis sistemis saWiroebebze morgeba.

wigni cxra Tavisagan Sedgeba da exeba swavlebas demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb. TiToeuli Tavi oTx gakveTils moicavs. es gakveTilebi gankuTvnilia sabazo safexuris damamTavrebeli klasebisaTvis (ZiriTadad, me-8 da me-9 klasebi, damokidebulia qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaze). wignis TiToeuli Tavi exeba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis iseT cnebaTagan erT-erTs, rogorebicaa: pirovnuloba _ Tavisufleba _ pasuxismgebloba _ konfliqti _ komunikacia _ pluralizmi _ wesebi da kanonebi _ Tanasworoba _ qveynis marTva.

TiToeuli gakveTilis aRwera swavlebis etapebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias. yvela Tavi danarTis formiT moicavs maswavleblis mier moswavle-TaTvis dasarigebel samuSao furclebs. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvanelo maswavleble-bzea gaTvlili, da ara moswavleebze. maswavlebelTa treningebis Sedegad miRebuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom damwyebi maswavleblebi yovelTvis gamoxataven survils, miiRon gakveTilis detaluri gegmebi. imedi gvaqvs, rom gamocdili maswavleblebisT-visac sasargeblo iqneba am wignSi warmodgenili ideebi da masalebi. maswavlebelTa trenerebma winamdebare wigni SeiZleba gamoiyenon saxelmZRvanelod demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis treningebis momzadebisas.

es wigni pirvelad bosnia-hercogovinaSi gamoica (2002 w.) axali saskolo sa-gnis _ demokratia da adamianis uflebebi _ damxmare saxelmZRvanelod. 1992 wli-dan moyolebuli, evrosabWo CarTulia demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis sferoebSi maswavlebelTa da trenerTa gadamzadebis proeqtebSi. es proeqtebi omis Semdgom samSvidobo process uwyobs xels. am wignis avtorebi da pirveli gamocemis redaqtorebi proeqtSi monawile saerTaSoriso tre-nerebis gundis wevrebi iyvnen. proeqtis farglebSi ganvaxorcieleT maswavlebelTa da trenerTa gadamzadeba, SevimuSaveT saswavlo masalebi; am ukanasknelTa ricxvSi iyo winamdebare wignis pirveli redaqciac, romelic momzadda rogorc maswavle-belTa gadamzadebis, aseve klasSi gamoyenebis mizniT.1

ra midgomebiT gamoirCeva swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da

adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb?

azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedia.2 mo-swavleebs imis gaazrebaSi unda davexmaroT, Tu ras gulisxmobs Tavisufali azris gamoxatva. moswavleebma unda icodnen, Tu rogor icavs maTi konstitucia maT ufle-bas, rom gamoxaton Tavisufali azri (es aris codnis miReba da gaazreba). gamomdinare iqidan, rom am uflebis gamoyenebazea damokidebuli pirovnebaTa monawileoba demokra-

1 am proeqtis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis gaecaniT xuTi wignisagan Semdgari seriis pirvel nawils.

2 ixileT adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 10 dekemberi, 1948 weli, muxli 19; adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, 4 noemberi, 1950, muxli 10.

6cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

tiul sazogadoebaSi, moswavleebma, aseve, unda iswavlon sazogadoebaSi kamaTis wesebi (es aris unarebis ganviTareba da kompetenciis Camoyalibeba). da bolos, azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba safuZvels uyris Ria, pluralistur sazogadoebas. aseT sa-zogadoebaSi interesTa/azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da konkurencia sayovelTao normaa, da ara gamonaklisi. arsebobs konfliqtebic, romlebic araZaladobrivi gziT unda gad-aiWras. konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kamaTi, molaparakeba, garigeba, rogorc sajarod, ise daxurul kars miRma. Ria, pluralisturi sazogadoeba emyareba mkacrad gansazRvrul wesebsa da Zlier instituciebs, romlebic am wesebis dacvis garantad gvevlinebian. aseTi sazogadoeba, pirvel yovlisa, moqalaqeTa iseT saerTo Rirebulebebs efuZneba, rogorebicaa: Semwynarebloba; urTierTpativiscema; araZaladobrioba; unari, Tvali gausworo problemur, sakamaTo situaciebs, sadac saboloo gadawyvetileba ar aris miRebuli. Tu politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba demokratiul Rirebulebs efuZneba, sazogadoeba yovelTvis gadalaxavs mwvave uTanx-moebebs konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da miaRwevs SeTanxmebas. Sesabamisad, az-ris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba mTavrobisaTvis safrTxes sulac ar warmoadgens. piriqiT, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis kultura mTavrobas samarTliani da efeqturi gamosavlis moZebnaSi exmareba.

demokratias kulturuli ganzomileba aqvs; politikuri mecnierebis TeoriaSi am kulturul ganzomilebas im dauwerel socialur kontraqtad aRiqvamen, romel-sac qveynis TiToeuli moqalaqe awers xels. yoveli axali Taoba gaazrebulad unda daeTanxmos am dauwereli socialuri kontraqtis pirobebs, riTac sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs gaiziarebs (Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebebis ganviTareba).

ase rom, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlis procesis integracias sam ganzomilebaSi axdens:

codna da gaazreba (SemecnebiTi ganzomileba);

unarebis ganviTareba da kompetenciis Camoyalibeba;

Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebebis ganviTareba.

es modeli, zogadad, ganaTlebas miesadageba da, Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi aRmoCndes. mogexsenebaT, rom maRal klasebSi SemecnebiT ganzo-milebaze metismetad Zlieri aqcenti keTdeba xolme. sainteresoa, rogor pasuxobs am gamowvevas swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavle zemoTwarmodgenil sam ganzomilebas unda daeuflos, rogori unda iyos maswavleblis roli am procesSi?

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb:

ZiriTadi principebi

demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba aerTianebs sam ganzomilebas ise, rom klasSi swavlis process mWidrod akavSirebs yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan. swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adami-anis uflebaTa Sesaxeb moicavs sam didaqtikur midgomas:

swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb;

yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba;

swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisa Tvis.

es sami didaqtikuri midgoma erTian mTels qmnis. swavlebis procesi am samive midgomas moicavs; qvemoT detalurad ganvixilavT TiToeuls.

7Sesavali

swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb

swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb gulisxmobs saskolo sagans samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi. sityvas Sesaxeb swavlis SemecnebiTi ganzomileba Semohyavs. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis saswavlo gegmis standartebi moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: moswavles SeuZlia Camoayalibos demokratiis ZiriTadi principebi da axsnas, riT gansxvavdeba demokratia diqtato-ruli, an oligarqiuli wyobebisagan; moswavlem icis adamianis uflebaTa istoriisa da masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb; mas SeuZlia, axsnas, Tu rogor aisax-eba adamianis uflebebi qveynis konstituciaSi, rac am uflebebs samoqalaqo ufle-bebad aqcevs da maT ufro mkacr dacvas uzrunvelyofs. ase rom, saswavlo gegma unda moicavdes kursebs demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb iseve, rogorc monaTesave sagnebs: istorias, socialur mecnierebebsa da ekonomikas.

yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba

moswavleebma ara mxolod unda icodnen sakuTar uflebaTa Sesaxeb, aramed unda SeeZloT maTi gamoyeneba. amisaTvis aucilebelia, moswavleebma monawileoba miiRon skolaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi da praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZinon. magaliTad, maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda misces saSualeba, gamoxaton TavianTi azrebi ara mxolod klasSi ganxiluli masalis Sesaxeb, aramed, zogadad, swavlebis procesisa da skolis marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac. Tu demokratiuli mo-qalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebas am kuTxiT SevxedavT, isini iqcevian saxelmZRvanelo pedagogiur principebad, rac ukve mTel skolas moicavs, da ara mxolod demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleb-isaTvis specialurad gadamzadebul maswavleblebs. iseTi adamianuri Rirebulebebis gaazreba, rogorebicaa TanagrZnoba da pasuxismgebloba, mxolod praqtikuli gziT miiRweva. am SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba yvela sagnis maswavlebels, romelic moswavleebisaTvis sanimuSo unda iyos da sxvadasxva adamianuri Rirebuleba unda ganasaxieros. skolaSi miRebuli gamocdileba adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb miRebul sistematizirebul codnaze (swavla adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiis Sesaxeb) unda aisaxebodes da mas unda ukavSirdebodes. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba am orive ganzomilebas moicavs. Sesabamisad, msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom saswavlo gegmaSi samoqalaqo ganaTleba, rogorc sagani, unda Caanacvlos demokratiasa da adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebulma ganzogade-bulma pedagogiurma principma, mcdaria.

swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis

es didaqtikuri midgoma exeba skolis periodSi miRebuli gamocdilebis kavSirs adamianis Semdgom cxovrebasTan. Cven gvesmis, rom pirovnebis saskolo cxovreba mniSvnelovania zogadi da politikuri socializaciis TvalsazrisiT. skolis perio-di aris adamianis cxovrebis nawili. gamocdileba, romelsac adamiani skolaSi iRebs, xSirad zrdasrul cxovrebaSic meordeba: genderuli uTanasworoba, Temis wevre-bis gaerTianeba sxvadasxva eTnikuri Tu socialuri niSnis mixedviT, ZaladobasTan gamklaveba, pasuxismgeblobis aReba, Zalauflebis araTanabari ganawileba, resurse-bis simwire (fulis, drois), wesebisa da kanonebis morCileba, daTmobaze wasvla. roca demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis swavlaze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebisaTvis. yvela sagnis maswav-

8cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

leblis valia, daexmaros moswavleebs, raTa am ukanasknelT ganuviTardeT sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis unarebi, magaliTad, unari imisa, rom sakuTari azri mokled da naTlad Camoayalibon.

skolaSi moswavleebs SeuZliaT, gaecnon realur cxovrebas. skola cxovrebaa, da ara izolirebuli adgili, sadac adamianebi mxolod akademiur codnas euflebian. skola is mikroTemia, romelic mTliani sazogadoebis models warmoadgens.3 skola SeiZleba ukeTesi, ufro demokratiuli sazogadoebis modeladac ki aRviqvaT, radgan skolis sazogadoebas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gacilebiT aqtiurad CaerTos gadawyvetile-bebis miRebis procesSi skolis doneze, vidre skolis gareT SeZlebda. demokrati-isa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis swavla niSnavs imis gaazrebas, Tu rogor unda mi-iRo monawileoba Temis cxovrebaSi. yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba ki, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba, gulisxmobs, rom Tems demokratiuli principebi marTavs, sadac adamianis uflebebi pedagogiuri saxelmZ-Rvanelo principebia. demokratia politikur kulturas emyareba; es ukanaskneli mo-swavleebma saskolo gamocdilebisa da am gamocdilebis analizis saSualebiT unda gaiTavison (swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb).

zogadad, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb mTeli skolis reformirebas gulisxmobs, raSic CarTulni arian rogorc maswavleble-bi, ise skolis direqcia. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo ki exeba swavlebas demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb konkretul saswavlo sagnad. ganaTleb-is reforma mravali elementisagan Sedgeba da Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. reformis pirveli etapi swored saklaso oTaxSi unda daiwyos, sadac maswavleblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi Secvla surT. am TvalsazrisiT, meToduri da Sinaarsobrivi sakiTxebi Zalian mniSvnelovania.


meTodikis kavSiri Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan

swavla aqtiuri procesia da am process yvela moswavle gansxvavebulad udgeba (swavlis konstruqtivistuli cneba). gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas moswavle mxolod xSiri praqtikiT eufleba. moqmedebs Semdegi principi: `gamoiyene, an dakarge~ es ufleba. es principi imas gulisxmobs, rom moswavle, romelic xSirad ar iyenebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, am unars kargavs. yvela maswavleblis movaleobaa, Seuqmnas moswavleebs iseTi saswavlo garemo da misces iseTi davalebebi, romelic maT swavlis procesSi daexmareba. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia prezentaciebis, diskusiebis, debatebis, posterebis, xelovnebis nimuSebisa da videoklipebis gamoyeneba.

Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT iseT meTodebze, romlebic proeqtis Sesrulebaze orientirebul, interaqtiul da TanamSromlobiT swavlas uwyoben xels. roca moswav-leebi davalebis Sesrulebis gzebs ikvleven da problemebis gadaWris gzebs eZeben, isi-ni gacilebiT mets swavloben, vidre maswavleblis mier swavlebis tradiciuli meTo-dis4 gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. interaqtiuli da TanamSromlobiTi swavleba TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis saWiroebebis ufro ukeT gaTvaliswinebis saSualebasac iZleva. am wignSi warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, Tu rogor SeiZleba proeqtis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli swavleba konkretuli Temebisa Tu sagnebis swavlisas gamoviyenoT. sagulisxmoa, rom swavlebis tradiciuli meTodi ar warmoadgens interqatiuli swav-lebis alternativas. xarisxiani swavleba orives meTodis elementebs unda moicavdes

3 am mosazrebas safuZvels uyrian diui (skola, rogorc `sazogadoeba embrionul stadiaSi) da fon henTingi (`skola, rogorc qalaqi-saxelmwifo).

4 swavlebis tradiciul meTodad movixseniebT saleqcio formatiT swavlebas, roca drois ZiriTadi nawili maswavleblis saubars eTmoba; nebismier diskusias, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, srulad warmarTavs da akontrolebs maswavlebeli (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

9Sesavali

da amas wignSi warmodgenili gakveTilebis aRwerebic adasturebs.

demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis mTavari amocana: moqalaqis CarTuloba

demokratiuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

swavla swavleba meTodebi skola

codna da gaazreba

unarebi

damokide-bulebebi da Rirebule-bebi

swavleba_ demokratiisa da adami-

anis uflebaTa Sesaxeb _ rogorc yoveldRiuri

saskolo gamocdileba, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba

_ demokratiisa da adami-anis uflebebisaTvis

demokratia da adamianis uflebebi

_ proeqtis Sesrule-baze orientirebuli

_ interaqtiuli_ TanamSromlobiTi

swavla

es meTodebi kombinire-bulia maswavleblis mxridan:_ swavlebasTan_ dakvalianebasTan_ varjiSTan_ demonstrirebasTan

`skola, ro-gorc mikro-sazogadoeba~

realuri cxovrebis gamocdileba skolaSi

proeqtis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli meTodi drois saTanado dagegmvas saWiroebs. Tu maswavleblis mizania, moswavleTaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micema, man naklebi unda ilaparakos da meti moqnilobiT unda moekidos moswavleTa saswav-lo saWiroebebs. interaqtiuli swavlebac karg momzadebasa da dagegmvas saWiroebs. Sesabamisad, es ori meTodi ufro met dros moiTxovs maswavleblisagan, vidre swav-lebis tradiciuli meTodi. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom es ukanaskneli jer kidev sakmaod popularulia maswavleblebSi. kvlevebis Sedegebi ki aCvenebs, rom interaq-tiul swavlebaze gadasvla aucilebelia swavlebis Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom maswavleblebisagan interaqtiuli swavleba sxvadasxva rolis Sesrulebasa da met moqnilobas moiTxovs, es wigni swored maT dasaxmare-bladaa Seqmnili. maswavlebeli aris mTavari monawile, radgan pasuxismgebelia mo-swavleTa sxvadasxva SesaZleblobiT, davalebiTa da sainformacio saSualebiT uz-runvelyofaze.

ra aris Cveni mTavari mizani?

demokratiuli sistema demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mqone aqtiuri moqalaqee-bis arsebobazea damokidebuli. demokratiuli qveynis TiToeulma moqalaqem unda Seiswavlos sakuTari uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi; is unda erkveodes demokrati-isaTvis damaxasiaTebel rTul instituciur sistemaSi. sajaro diskusiebSi monawile-obis misaRebad, adamianebs sajaro gamosvlisa da molaparakebis warmoebis unarebi sWirdebaT. Cveni mizania, axalgazrdebs aqtiur moqalaqeebad CamoyalibebaSi davexma-roT da amiT demokratias sicocxle SevunarCunoT. demokratia ver iarsebebs konsti-tuciiT daculi instituciuri sistemis arsebobis gareSe. ufro metic, am sistemas sazogadoebriv kulturaSi unda hqondes fesvi gadgmuli. Cven swored am kulturuli ganzomilebis gaZlierebisTvis vmuSaobT. amitomac evrosabWom, bosnia-hercogovinas

10


samSvidobo procesis farglebSi, ganaxorciela maswavlebelTa gadamzdebis programa demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis sferoSi.

es wigni me-8 da me-9 klaseli moswavleebis maswavleblebisTvisaa dawerili. ada-mianis mier axali codnisa da unarebis aTviseba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im codnasa da unarebze, romelic adamians swavlis dawyebisas gaaCnia, aseve im cxovre-biseul gamocdilebaze, romelic man wlebis manZilze SeiZina. am wignSi warmodge-nili masala demokratiis kulturul ganzomilebas exeba, xolo Semdegi wigni (IV) ki _ demokratiis politikur da instituciur ganzomilebebs.5


`evropuli midgoma~

es wigni demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebi-sadmi zogadevropuli damokidebulebis gamomxatvelia. wignis momzadebis idea da misi pirveli versia bosnia-hercogovinaSi gaCnda; am procesSi araerTi maswavlebeli da ganaTlebis specialisti iRebda monawileobas. wignis avtorebs swavlebis meTod-ologiebi da tradiciebi iseTi qveynebidan mohyavT, rogorebicaa: didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo, belgia, Sveicaria da germania. am gamocemis momzadebisas, mxardaWera aRmogviCines q-nma olof olafsdotirma da q-nma sara kiTing-CeTvindma evrosabWodan, aseve q-nma sabrina marunCedum da doqtor-ma viltrud vedingerma curixSi mdebare ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso proeqtebis cen-tridan. q-nma anjela doulma (evrosabWo) waikiTxa wignis saboloo varianti. b-nma peti viskermanma ki ilustraciebi moamzada; es ilustraciebi met mniSvnelobas sZens wignSi warmodgenil masalas. madlobas vuxdiT avtorebs, ilustraciebis Semqmnelsa da recenzentebs mxardaWerisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT gvinda aRvniS-noT saraevoSi evrosabWos proeqtebis koordinatoris b-ni emir adzovicis wvlili, romelmac didi daxmareba aRmogviCina muSaobis procesSi; misi CarTulobis gareSe es wigni dRis sinaTles ver naxavda. aseve, madlobas vuxdiT q-n heTer korants adminis-traciuli sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi TanadgomisaTvis. madloba yvela partniors, rom maT am WeSmaritad evropuli proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanes wvlili.

strasburgi, 2008 wlis aprili

rolf golobi (ciurixi, Sveicaria)

piter krafi (vaingarTeni, germania)

5 demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb yvela asakis moswavles SeiZleba vas-wavloT. magram aucilebelia moswavleTa gamocdilebisa da codnis gaTvaliswineba. `bavSvTa ufle-bebis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo~ (swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, wigni V) warmoadgens im didaqtikur midgomebs, romelTa gamoyenebac mizanSe-wonilia skolamdeli aRzrdis asakidan me-8 klasamde.

11

wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebidemokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTadi cnebebi: ra unda hqondes gaazrebuli aqtiur moqalaqes

orientirebulia ra cnebebze, am wignSi viyenebT klasikur didaqtikur midgomas. miuxedavad imisa, rom cnebebi Teoriidan gamomdinareobs, swavlasa da swavlebaSi cnebebi sistemur Teoriul CarCos ar qmnian. cnebebis SerCeva imitomaa saWiro, rom isini moswavlisaTvis sasargeblo saSualebas warmoadgenen.

cneba struqturirebul SemecnebiT sqemas iZleva, rac moswavles axali infor-maciis arsebul konteqstTan dakavSirebasa da mis ukeT damaxsovrebaSi exmare-ba (konstruqtivistuli swavla). es gansakuTrebiT im faqtebsa da ricxvebs exeba, romelTa zepirad daswavlac moswavleebs cnebebis gamouyeneblobis SemTxvevaSi mouwevdaT. aseve, cnebebi adamians exmareba gazeTis kiTxvisas, an axali ambebis mos-menisas imdenad, ramdenadac sakiTxi mniSvnelovani mxolod maSin xdeba, roca raime cnebas ukavSirdeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: demokratia, Zalaufleba, konfliq-ti, pasuxismgebloba. ase rom, cnebebi informirebuli moqalaqis ganaTlebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. cnebebis mniSvnelovneba mxolod SemecnebiTi codnis struq-turirebiT ar Semoifargleba; maTi gamoyeneba saWiroa Rirebulebebisa da unarebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. am wignSi warmodgenili masalebi yovelive ze-moTqmulis dadasturebaa.

moswavleebi, romlebic SekiTxvebs wignSi ganmartebuli cnebebis mixedviT das-vamen, ufro momzadebulebi iqnebian axal informaciasTan da axal problemebTan samuSaod (mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganaTleba). cnebebze dafuZnebuli swavleba moswavleebs Semdgomi akademiuri ganaTlebisTvisac amzadebs, roca maT konkretuli Teoriebis ganviTareba unda SeZlon, romlebic axal cnebebs Cauyrian safuZvels.

rogor esmiT da rogor iyeneben moswavleebi axal cnebebs?

swavla da msjeloba konkretulis abstraqtulTan dakavSirebas gulisxmobs. cnebebi analizisa da msjelobis abstraqtul, ganzogadebul Sedegs warmoadgenen. moswavlem cneba SeiZleba ori midgomis gamoyenebiT gaiazros. esenia: deduqcia da induqcia. deduqciuli midgoma iwyeba cnebiT, romelsac moswavle leqciidan an teqstidan iRebs da mas konkretul problemas usadagebs. induqciuri midgoma sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT viTardeba _ iwyeba konkretuliT da bolovdeba ab-straqtuliT. mkiTxveli dainaxavs, rom winamdebare wignis avtorebi, ZiriTadad, in-duqciur midgomas iyeneben.

am wignSi ZiriTadi cnebebis axsna konkretuli magaliTebiT iwyeba. roca moswav-leebi magaliTebs ganixilaven, isini kiTxuloben, Tu ra cneba akavSirebs da gana-zogadebs am magaliTebs. maswavleblis gadasawyvetia, ra dros miawodos moswavleebs axali cneba.

cnebebi masalis gaazrebis saSualebebs warmoadgenen. rac ufro xSirad iyen-ebs moswavle ama Tu im cnebas, miT ufro ukeTesad swvdeba mis Sinaarss da ukeTe-sad ukavSirebs mocemul cnebas sxva cnebebsa da magaliTebs. imis nacvlad, rom, ubralod, axali faqtebi daiswavlon, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, axali masala garkveul cnebebsa da CarCoebs daukavSiron.

12


rogor SeiZleba movargoT es wigni konkretuli moswavlis/ qveynis moTxovnebsa da interesebs?

TiToeuli Tavi konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken viTardeba. moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs wigni swavlisa da swavlebis sxvadasxva saSualebas sTavazobs. wignSi moyvanili masalis praqtikuli gamoyeneba ukve zogadis konkretizacias gu-lisxmobs; process, romelic mTlianad maswavlebelsa da moswavleebzea mindobili. wignis praqtikaSi danergvis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia moswavleTa swavlis saWiroe-bebi da interesebi, mocemuli qveynis ganaTlebis sistemis instituciuri mowyobis Taviseburebebi da saganmanaTleblo tradiciebi.

wignis sxvadasxva Tavi politikur wignierebas, unarebis ganviTarebasa da damok-idebulebebis Camoyalibebas exeba. magaliTebi, romlebic wignSia warmodgenili, rome-lime konkretuli qveynis realobas an romelime konkretul dros ar ukavSirdeba. ufro metic, xSirad waawydebiT rCevas, rom moswavlem an maswavlebelma misi qveynis konteqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli magaliTebi unda moiZios. vTxovT redaqtorebsa da mTargmnelebs, gaiTvaliswinon Cveni es Canafiqri. TiToeuli qveyana Tavad aviTarebs demokratiis miseul tradiciebs, romlebic saxelmwifos kulturuli da socialur ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis tradiciac TiToeuli qveynisaTvis gansxvavebu-lad ganviTardeba. am or TemasTan dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis ganmapi-robebeli faqtorebi iqneba: ganaTlebis sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, politikuri sistemis instituciuri CarCoebi, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Taviseburebebi.

romel ZiriTad cnebebs moicavs es wigni?

moyvanili diagrama gviCvenebs im ZiriTad cnebebs, romlebic am wignis cxra TavSia mo-cemuli.

demokratia diagramis centrSia da mian-iSnebs imaze, rom es cneba demokratiuli mo-qalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis yvela konteqstSi gvxvdeba. aq-tiuri moqalaqeebis demokratiul proces-ebSi monawileoba demokratiuli moqalaqeo-bisaTvis ganaTlebisa da adamianis uflebe-bis Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTadi mizania; es cnebebic naTladaa gamoyofili.

Semdegi wre moicavs demokratiis sam ganmsazRvrel komponents: uflebebi, pa-suxismgeblobebi da samarTlianoba. es sami cneba urTierTdamokidebulia da warmate-buli demokratiis aucilebel pirobas war-moadgens.

moqalaqeebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba, isargeblon sakuTari uflebebiT da monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebrivi gadaw-yvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. saubaria iseT uflebebze, rogorebicaa: xmis micemis, azris gamoxatvis, presis Tavisuflebis, kanonTan Tanasworobis da umravlesobis mier gadaw-

demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebisa da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTadi cnebebis diagrama

garemosdacviTi sakiTxebi

moraluri sakiTxebi

socialuri sakiTxebi

ekonomikuri sakiTxebi

iuridiuli sakiTxebi

politikuri sakiTxebi

wesebi/ kanonebi

Zalaufleba/ avtoriteti

Tanaswo roba/mravalferov

neba

TanamSromloba/ konfliqti

pirovneba/Temi

ufl

ebeb

isamarTl

ianoba

pasuxismgeblobebi

demokratia

ZiriTadi mizani

monawileoba/ aqtiuri moqalaqeebi

13

wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi

yvetilebis miRebis uflebebi. demokratia konkurencias gulisxmobs. xarisxiani saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis simwiridan gamomdinare, konkurencia arsebobs interesebs, ideeb-sa da Rirebulebebs Soris. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze zegavlenis SesaZleblobebi araTanabaria; sazogadoebaSi, zogadad, araTan-abradaa gadanawilebuli resursebi, romlebic adamianTa keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs. socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamosworeba politikuri sakiTxia (social-uri samarTlianoba). moqalaqeebs unda SeeZloT TavianT uflebaTa gamoyeneba sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, magram Temi ver gadarCeba, Tu mis wevrebs ar aqvT gaazrebuli erTmaneTisa da zogad interesebze zrunvis aucilebloba (pasuxismgebloba). es dia-grama cxadyofs, rom cnebebi damoukideblad ki ar arseboben, aramed erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli; cnebaTa makavSireblebs ki saTanado gaazreba da dabalanseba sWirdeba.

cnebebi, romlebic gare wreSia moqceuli, ZiriTad cnebebsa da erTmaneTs sxva-dasxvanairad miemarTeba.

isrebi ki im sferoebze mianiSneben, romlebze muSaobis drosac am cnebebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. es sferoebia: moraluri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, iuridiuli, politikuri da garemosdacviTi.

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb: ZiriTadi cnebebi da swavlis ganzomilebebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba swavlis ganzomilebebs. rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swav-lis procesis integracias sam ganzomilebaSi axdens. qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili aCvenebs, Tu ra principiT gavaerTianeT Tavebi nawilebad da rogor dagvexmareba wignSi warmodgenili Tavebi demokratiis Sesaxeb, demokratiisaTvis swavlaSi iseve, rogorc yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdilebis demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualebad qcevaSi. wignSi warmodgenili masala oTx nawilad iyofa, es-enia: pirovneba da Temi, pasuxismgeblobis aReba, monawileoba da Zalaufleba da uflebamosileba. am nawilebSi gaerTianebuli Tavebi mTlian kurss qmnian. pirveli nawili pirovnebis cnebiT iwyeba, rac Temis cnebis ganxilvaze gadadis da Semdeg sakiTxebs moicavs: socialuri TanamSromloba, stereotipebi, mravalferovneba da pluralizmi, pluralizmi da konfliqti. meore nawili TemSi pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. mesame nawilis meSvide Tavi (gazeTis gamocema) damoukide-belia. es Tavi yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba TemSi aqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs. meoTxe Tavi kanondeblobisa da politikis sakiTxebs exeba, rogorc zogadad, ise moswavleTa parlamentis doneze.

Tavi saxelwodeba ZiriTadi cneba

demokratia, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba, swavleba demokratiis Sesaxeb, swavleba demokratiisaTvis

demokratiis Sesaxeb swavleba

demokratia _ adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba

demokratiisaTvis swavleba

pirveli nawili: pirovneba da Temi

1 stereotipebi da crurwmenebi: ra aris TviTmyo-fadoba? rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini?

TviTmyo-fadoba

pirovneba da Temi

stereoti-pebi,crurwmenebi,pirovnulo-ba da jgu-furoba

sxvadasxva midg-omis gamoyeneba

stereoti-pebisa da crurwmenebis Secnoba da ganxilva

14







2 Tanasworoba: Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT?

Tanaswo-roba

diskri-minacia

socia-luri samarTli-anoba

diskrimina-cia sazogadoe-baSi

Tanaswo-roba, rogorc adamianis ufleba

gansxvavebebisa da msgavsebebis da-faseba

diskriminaciis msxverplTa midg-omis gaziareba

diskrimi-naciasTan dakavSirebuli situaciebis analizi

moraluri midgoma

3 mravalferovneba da pluralizmi. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma er-Tad, mSvidobianad icxovron?

mravalf-erovneba

plural-izmi

demokra-tia

plura lizmi da misi CarCoebi

Tanabar uf-lebi anoba da ganaTleba

daucvelTa interese-bis dacva adamianis uflebaTa konvenciebis saSualebiT

Semwynarebloba

yuradRebis gamax-vileba prob-lemebze, da ara pirovnebebze

demokratiuli diskusia

debatebi

molaparakeba

4 konfliqti. rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxme-biT?

konfliq-ti

mSvidoba

konfliqtis mogvarebis cnebebi _ `mogeba-mogeba~

survilebi, saWiroebebi da kompro-misebi

ara Zaladobas konfliqtebis mogvarebis eqvssafexuri-ani modeli

meore nawili: pasuxismgeblobis aReba

5 uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobe-bi. ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am ufle-baTa dacva?

uflebebi

Tavisuf-lebebi

pasuxis-mgebloba

pirveladi saWiroebebi

survilebi

adamianuri Rirseba

pasuxismgeb-lobebi da adamianis uflebaTa dacva

piradi pasuxismge-blobis gacno-biereba

adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis identifikacia da ganxilva

15







6 pasuxismgebloba. ra pasuxismge-blobebi gvak-isria?

pasux-ismge-bloba

iuridi-uli, so-cialuri da moraluri pasxismge-blobebi

arasamTav-robo orga-nizaciebis roli samo-qalaqo sa-zogadoebaSi

moraluri midg-oma

dilemidan gamosavlis povna (pasuxismgeblo-baTa konfliqti)

pirovnuli pa-suxismgeblobis aReba

mesame nawili: monawileoba

7 saskolo gazeTi. rogor iqmneba me-dia?

demokra-tia

sazoga-doebivi azri

beWdviTi mediis saSu-alebebiaxali ambe-bis ganyo-filebis daniSnuleba

informaciisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

dagegmareba

erToblivi gad-awyvetilebebis miReba

konkretul proeqtTan dakavSirebiT pirovnuli pa-suxismgeblobis aReba

meoTxe nawili: Zalaufleba da uflebamosileba

8 wesebi da kanoni. ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazoga-doebas?

wesebi da kanoni

kanonis uzenae-soba

kanonis daniSnuleba

samoqalaqo samarTali da sisxlis samarTali

kanonebi ax-algazrdebi-saTvis

kargi kanonis kri-teriumebi

samarTliani kanonebis identi-fikacia

kanonis pativiscema

9 mTavroba da politika. rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba?

Zalauf-leba da ufleba-mosileba

demokra-tia

politika

sazogadoe-bis marTvis formebi (demokratia, monarqia, diqtatura, Teokratia, anarqia)mTavrobis masuxismge-blobebi

azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

kritikuli azrovneba

debatebi

wignis Tavebis ZiriTadi cnebebis mixedviT dalageba maswavlebels met SesaZleblobebs aZlevs gakveTilis dagegmvisas. moswavleebis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, Semdeg TavSi mocemuli sakiTx-

16


ebisadmi midgomebi Secvalos. aseTi moqniloba xels uwyobs moswavleTa saswavlo saWiroebebis ukeT dakmayofilebas.

rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, am wignSi yvela Tavi induqciur meTods mihyveba. swav-lis meore ganzomilebas (demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da midgomebis ganviTareba) eZRvneba meore Tavi _ pasuxismgeblobis aReba. Rirebulebis ganzomileba yvela TavSi gvxvdeba, rogorc svetSi `demokratia _ adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSu-aleba~ vxedavT. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swav-lebis mesame ganzomileba (monawileoba TemSi _ swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis) aseve yvela TavSia ganxiluli; swavlis am mesame ganzomilebaze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mexuTe TavSia gamaxvilebuli.

gakveTilis gegmebi moicavs informacias konceptualur swavlaze. TiToeuli Tavis am nawilSi ganmartebulia ZiriTadi cnebebi da, aseve, is cnebebi, romlebic mocemuli gakveTilis gaazrebisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani.

cnebebis mozaika: konstruqtivistuli swavlis modeli

mTavroba da politika

pirovnuloba

wesebi da kanonebi

sainformacio saSualebebi

uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

konfliqti

mravalferovneba da pluralizmi

pasuxismgebloba

Tanasworoba

17


cnebebis es mozaika mTel wigns laitmotivad gasdevs; is yvela Tavis sawyis gver-dzea. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mozaikis is nawilia gamokveTili, romelsac am TavSi gan-viTarebuli ZiriTadi cneba ukavSirdeba. sruli mozaika zemoTwarmodgenili cxra ilustraciisagan Sedgeba da misi wakiTxva sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba.

TiToeul mozaikaSi teqsti im cnebaze migviTiTebs, romelic ilustratorma grafikulad gamoxata. cxra nawilis dakavSireba imaze mianiSnebs, rom es cnebebi mravalmxrivaa urTierTdakavSirebuli da erT mTels qmnian.

mozaika iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom cnebaTa erToba aris sruli da arc erTis gamotoveba, an damateba ar SeiZleba.

es cxra cneba ar qmnis Teoriis an gaazrebis Caketil sistemas. isini imitom SevarCieT, rom gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia. sxva cnebebic saintereso iqneboda, magaliTad, fuli, Zalaufleba da ideologia. mocemuli wigni sxvadasxva masalis erTobliobas ufro emsgavseba, vidre erT Teorias, romelic praqtikaSi unda dainergos. Sesabamisad, yvelanairi adaptacia da damateba misasalmebelia.

am mozaikas SeiZleba SevxedoT, rogorc moswavlis mier mniSvnelobis Camoya-libebis process. mniSvnelobis Zieba swavlis procesisadmi konstruqtivistul midgomas warmoadgens. moswavle axali informacias im codnas ukavSirebs, romelsac is ukve flobs. mniSvnelobis Ziebis procesSi moswavleebi demokratiuli moqalaqeo-bisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTad cnebebs erTmaneTs ukavSire-ben. am dros gonebaSi sakuTar mozaikas qmnian, sxvadasxva urTierTkavSiriTa da Semadgeneli elementebis gansxvavebuli ganlagebiT. moswavleebs, SesaZloa, daeba-doT SekiTxvebi, romlebic wignSi mocemul cnebebs scildeba. maT mier `awyobili~ mozaikebi gansxvavebuli iqneba zemoT mocemuli mozaikisagan. moswavleebs unda mieceT SesaZlebloba, rom mozaikebi klasSi erTmaneTs warmoudginon. saWiroebi-samebr, moswavlem an/da maswavlebelma mozaikis elementebis ganlagebaSi cvlile-bebi unda Seitanon (dekonstruqcia).

roca maswavlebeli am wignis daxmarebiT gakveTils amzadebs, mas ukve unda hqondes garkveuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba es cnebebi erT-maneTs da rogor unda/SeuZliaT gaigon es cnebebi moswavleebma.

grafikuli gamosaxuleba SeiZleba ufro mravlismetyveli aRmoCndes, vidre aso-biT sityva. Sesabamisad, es mozaika naTel informacias awvdis mkiTxvels wignSi ganxi-luli cnebebis, didaqtikuri variantebisa da konstruqtivistuli swavlebis Sesaxeb.

grafikuli gamosaxvis saSualebebi aqtiur mkiTxvels nawarmoebis azris wvdomaSi exmareba (metarefleqsia)

es Tavi abstraqtul ideas exeboda _ cnebebs. rogorc wesi, avtorisaTvis rTulia cnebebis Sesaxeb garkveviT wera, mkiTxvelisaTvis ki arc Tu ise advilia abstraqtu-li ideis wvdoma. urTierToba avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris SeiZleba maswavleblisa da moswavleebis urTierTobas SevadaroT. am sakiTxs SeiZleba induqciurad mivud-geT da mkiTxvelisa da avtoris urTierTobis ganzogadeba movaxdinoT.

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom teqstis gacnobamde mkiTxveli suraTebsa da diagramebs aTvalierebs. suraTis gamomsaxveloba damokidebulia mis esTeturobaze da infor-maciulobaze. grafikuli masalis uaryofiTi mxare isaa, rom informaciis araver-baluri formiT gadacema xdeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa, mkiTxvels araswori warmodgena Seuqmnas avtoris saTqmelze, mis realur Canafiqrze.

avtoris, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris saTqmelis urTierTqmedeba samkuTxediT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT. es imas niSnavs, rom avtori srulad ver akontrolebs imas, Tu rogor aRiqvams mis saTqmels mkiTxveli. analogiurad, maswavlebels ar SeuZlia, winaswar gansazRvros axsnili masalidan ras daimaxsovrebs, an daiviwyebs moswavle.

18


didaqtikuri samkuTxediT gamoxatuli modeli saSualebas iZleva, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris komunikaciis struqtura SevadaroT maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris komunikacias. arsebobs rogorc struqturuli analogiebi, ise mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi.

orive SemTxvevaSi urTierToba samkuTxedis princips efuZneba, rac imas niS-navs, rom samidan arc erTi elementi ar dominirebs. avtorebi mkiTxvelTan komu-nikacias wignis saSualebiT amyareben. es, Cveulebriv, calmxrivi komunikaciaa. av-tori da mkiTxveli TiTqmis arasodes xvdebian erTmaneTs pirispir; avtori iSviaTad iRebs mkiTxvelisagan komentarebs mis naSromTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, avtors TiTqmis ar SeuZlia, gaakontrolos mkiTxvelis gonebaSi Camoyalibebuli mosazre-bebi avtoris namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT.

analogiurad, maswavlebeli srulad ver akontrolebs klasSi moswavlis swav-lis process. skolaSi aqtiuri komunikaciis SesaZlebloba aadvilebs moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris azrebisa da komentarebis gacvlis process. aseve, swavlebis procesSi maswavleblis pirovneba yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

roca mkiTxveli grafikul gamosaxulebas uyurebs, is gonebaSi garkveul saxeebs qmnis da uCndeba molodini avtoris saTqmelTan dakavSirebiT. nawarmoebis gacnobis Semdeg, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi molodini swori iyo; SesaZloa, is mixvdes, rom misi varaudebis garkveuli nawili arazusti iyo. grafikuli gamosax-ulebebi xels uwyoben dialogis process avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris, im dialogis, romelic, arsebiTad, mkiTxvelis gonebaSi mimdinareobs. grafikuli gamosaxulebis teqstTan Serwyma aucilebelia aqtiuri mkiTxvelisa da moazrovnisaTvis.

grafikuli gamosaxulebis wakiTxvis unari Tanamedrove, e. w. informaciul sa-zogadoebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania. Sesabamisad, vurCevT maswavleblebs, zemoT moyvanili mozaika moswavleebs gauziaron. moswavleebs mozaika SeiZleba am wignis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili axali saswavlo gegmis gacnobisas, an saswavlo wlis bolos, Sejamebis dros vaCvenoT. SeiZleba vTxovoT maT, rom es mozaika cxra nawilad daSa-lon da, sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT, Tavidan aawyon. mozaikis sxvadasxva versiis urTierTgaziareba moswavleebs cnebebis sxvadasxva kombinaciaze daafiqrebs. aseTi diskusiebi maT imis gaazrebaSi daexmareba, rom azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ara mxolod gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis demokratiul process axlavs Tan, aramed swavlis procesis damaxasiaTebelicaa.

avtori

avtoris saTqmelimkiTxveli

maswavlebeli

swavlis saganimoswavle

pirveli nawili _ pirovneba da Temi

Tavi 1.

stereotipebi da crurwmenebi: ra aris TviTmyofadoba?

rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini?

Tavi 2.

Tanasworoba: Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT?

Tavi 3.

mravalferovneba da pluralizmi. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron?

Tavi 4.

konfliqti. rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT?

Tavi 1stereotipebi da crurwmenebi:

ra aris TviTmyofadoba?rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini?

1.1 rogor xedaven pirovnebas sxvebi...pirovneba ufro mravalmxrivia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans

1.2 rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT pirovneba gansxvavebulad...rogor SevqmnaT pirovnebis ukeTesi portreti

1.3 stereotipebi da crurwmenebiCveni mosazrebebi sxva adamianebis, jgufebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb

1.4 stereotipebi Cem Sesaxeb!rogor vxedav Cems Tavs da rogor aRmiqvamen sxvebi?

22


Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebira aris TviTmyofadoba? rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini?

vin var sinamdvileSi? moswavleebi yoveldRiurad iReben informacias sxvadasxva Rirebulebisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom sakuTari adgili ipovon, maT sWirdebaT arCevanis gakeTebis unaris ganviTareba. ra SemiZlia gavakeTo? risi gakeTeba ar SeiZleba? ra aris swori da ra aris araswori? bavSvebi da mozardebi male xvdebian, rom am SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema xSirad rTulia. rac, erT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba swori iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi araswori aRmoCndeba. rogor SeiZleba miviRo gadawyvetileba? ra saxelmZRvanelo principebs unda gavyve?

adamianis dakvalianebis saukeTeso saSualebebia qveynis konstitucia da midg-omebi adamianis uflebebisadmi; orive gamoxatavs, Tu ramdenad pluralistulia sa-zogadoebis Rirebulebebi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi piradi Tavisuflebaa, rac TiToeul adamians aZlevs pirovnuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. piradi Tavisuflebis urTierTSemwynareblobisa da pasuxismgeblobis principebze dafuZne-ba sasargebloa rogorc TemisaTvis, romelSic es adamiani cxovrobs, ise, zogadad, kacobriobisaTvis. SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi da midgomebi gvqondes. mTa-varia, uTanxmoebebis mSvidobiani ganxilvis wesebze vTanxmdebodeT.

bavSvebsa da mozardebs unda esmodeT, rom zrdasrulebsac uwevT problemebTan Widili. aseve, unda iazrebdnen, rom maswavlebeli ar aris absoluturi WeSmaritebis gansaxiereba, isic uSvebs Secdomebs da isic swavlobs miRebuli gamocdilebidan.

am TavSi pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze iqneba msjeloba. aseve, SevexebiT sakiTxebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xdeba sakuTari Tavisa da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis aRqma. moswavleebma unda gaiazron, rom maTi pirovneba mxolod maT mier ar yalibdeba; pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs adamianis urTierTobebs sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan. pirovnulobas gansazRvravs adamianebs Soris ganmasx-vavebeli niSnebi da adamianis survili, rom miekuTvnebodes garkveul TanamoazreTa/TanatolTa jgufs. axalgazrdebi ukeTesad Caswvdebian sakuTar pirovnebas, Tu gaaanalizeben im grZnobebsa da saWiroebebs, romelic maT amoZravebT; dafiqrdebian pirovnuli ganviTarebis gzebsa da samomavlo miznebze. axalgazrdebma yovelTvis aqtiuri, konstruqciuli monawileoba unda miiRon socialur interaqciaSi.

im qveynis socialuri da politikuri istoria, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs, did zegavlenas axdens adamianis yofaze. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs am gavlenis arsi es-modeT, isini mudmivad unda agrovebdnen informacias mimdinare movlenebze da ganixi-lavdnen mas. aseTi ganxilvebis Sedegad, maT sakuTari azri CamouyalibdebaT da sxvisi mosmenis kulturas SeiZenen. moswavleebma yuradReba unda miaqcion Sexedulebebs, crurwmenebsa da stereotipebs, rac sazogadoebrivi azris nawils warmoadgens. Tu adamiani aseT detalebs ver cnobs, mas gauWirdeba sazogadoebrivi azris kritikulad gaazreba, sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba da, saWiroebisamebr, Secvla.

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebigakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs imis gaazrebaSi, rom:

_ arsebobs stereotipebTan da crurwmenebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi;_ Cven adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs yovelTvis garkveul Tvisebebs mivawerT;_ adamianebisaTvis garkveuli Tvisebebis miweriT vcdilobT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

sirTuleebs gavumklavdeT; _ Tvisebebis miwera SeiZleba mavne da arasamarTliani iyos;_ Tvisebebis miwera xels uwyobs individualuri da jgufuri TviTmyofadobis Camoyalibebas;_ TviTmyofadoba rTuli fenomenia da imas niSnavs, rom TiToeul adamians unda mivud-

geT, gavicnoT da aRvweroT gansxvavebulad.

23

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebira aris TviTmyofadoba? rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini?

gakveTilis saxelwodeba

swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba

saWiro masala moswavleTa CarTulobis forma

gakveTili 1:rogor aRiqvamen adamians sxvebi

moswavleebs gaazrebuli aqvT, rom midgomebi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos; maT SeuZliaT arCe-vanis gakeTeba.

moswavleebs ro-lebs vunawilebT da vTxovT, rolidan gamom-dinare, sakuTari Sexedulebebi Camoayalibon. isini varjiSoben sxvadasxva midg-omis SemuSavebaze.

rolebis aRw-erebi, moswav-lis samuSao furceli 1.1 (jgufebi 1-3), didi zomis furclebi, markerebi.

jgufuri muSaoba

gakveTili 2: rogori gan-sxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos erTi da imave adamianis sxvadasxva aRwera

moswavleebs esmiT, rom SeiZleba sxvadasxva daxa-siaTeba erT pirovnebas ukavSirdebodes

moswavleebi scen-ebs gaiTamaSeben da werilobiT naSroms warmoad-genen. ganixilaven dadgmebs, rom-lebic naxes.

pirveli gakveTilis Sedegebi me-ore gakveTi-lis ZiriTad masalas war-moadgens. moswavleebs esmiT, rom maTi monawileobisa da wvlilis gareSe mecadi-neoba ver gagr-Zeldeba.

rolebis gaTamaSeba, prezen-taciebi da diskusia

gakveTili 3: stereotipebi da crurwmenebi

moswavleebs esmiT, rogor ukavSirdeba crurwmenebi da stereo-tipebi erTmaneTs. aseve, maT gaazrebuli aqvT, rom stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis gamoyen-ebam SeiZleba araswori, zedmetad gamartivebuli Sexedulebebi Segviqmnas adamianebze, adamianTa jgufebsa da qveynebzec ki.

moswavleebi aana-lizeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs sxva adamianebze da am Sexedulebebs jgufebSi ganixi-laven.

furclebi da markerebi.

jgufuri muSaoba, diskusia

gakveTili 4: stereotipebi Cem Sesaxeb!

moswavleebi aanalizeben imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT sxvebi da amas iReben, rogorc realobas.moswavleebi ukeT iazre-ben, rogor aRiqvamen maT da am aRqmaze uCndebaT reaqcia.

moswavleebi aRweren sakuTar Tavs da danar-Cen moswavleebs. aRweris Sedegebs isini erTmaneTs uziareben, adare-ben sxvadasxva midgomas.

moswavlis sam-uSao furceli 1.2

wyvilebSi muSaoba, diskusia

24


gakveTili 1rogor xedaven pirovnebas sxvebipirovneba ufro mravalmxrivia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs gaazrebuli aqvT, rom SeiZleba midgomebi sxvadasxvagvari iyos; maT SeuZliaT arCevanis gakeTeba

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebs rolebs vunawilebT da vTxovT, rolidan gamomdinare, sakuTari Sexedulebebi Camoayalibon. isini varjiSoben sxvadasxva midgomis SemuSavebaze.

saWiro masala _ rolebis aRwerebi, moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1 (jgufebi 1-3), didi zomis furclebi, markerebi.

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba

gakveTili

moswavleebi sam jgufad nawildebian. maT urigeben moswavlis samuSao furcel 1.1-s (sami sxvadasxva versia sami jgufisaTvis), didi zomis furclebsa da markerebs. Tu klasSi bevri moswavlea, SeiZleba meti jgufi SevqmnaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswav-lebels mouwevs samuSao furcelebis damatebiTi versiebis momzadeba, an ramdenime jgufisaTvis erTi da imave scenaris micema.

maswavlebeli moswavleebs uyveba biWis Sesaxeb, romelmac sacxovrebeli adgili Seicvala da cdilobs, axal garemos moergos. biWi yoveldRiuri Canawerebis dRiurs awarmoebs. moswavleTa TiToeul jgufs dRiurSi gakeTebuli Canawerebis sxvadasxva amonaridi Sexvda.

saWiro informacia maswavleblebisaTvis

sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis gankuTvnili samuSao furceli dRiuridan sxvadasxva amonarids Seicavs. jgufebi biWze im amonaridis mixedviT Seiqmnian warmodgenas, romelic maT SexvdebaT. TiToeuli jgufi biWs gansxvavebuli kuTxidan aRiqvams da swored am damokidebulebas gaiTamaSebs. jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, biWis maxasiaTebel

mTliani teqsti:

`es Cemi pirveli dRea axal klasSi. Cemi ojaxi sxva regionidan Camovida da jer kidev

ucxod vgrZnob Tavs. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram gadamxda da Sen, Cemo

dRiuro, am ambebs gagiziareb.

Cveni axali bina mdinaris pirasaa. erT-erTi Cemi klaseli biWi Cems mezoblad cxov-

robs. sami dRis gadmosulebi viyaviT binaSi, roca am biWma saTevzaod wasvla SemomTavaza.

me uari vuTxari, radgan Cemi ankesi jer kidev romeliRac yuTSi devs. jer xom nivTebis

amolageba ar dagvisrulebia.

Cveni skolis win didi safexburTo moedania. Zalian mixaria, radgan fexburTis TamaSi

miyvars. movitane Cemi burTi da TamaSs vapirebdi. daviwye Tu ara TamaSi, skolis darajma

SemaCera. is gabrazebuli Canda da mkiTxa, SemeZlo Tu ara kiTxva - warwera yofila gakeTe-

buli, rom moedani droebiT daketili iyo wvimis Semdeg, raTa balaxi ar dazianebuliyo ise

Sevwuxdi, rom usityvod saxlisaken wavedi.

Cveni binis Tavze erTi moxucebuli kaci marto cxovrobs. guSin saxlSi rom movedi, sa-

darbazoSi Semosasvlel karTan Sevxvdi, sayidlebidan sursaTiT datvirTuli mosuliyo.

mZimed sunTqavda. mominda davxmarebodi. gamovarTvi mZime CanTa da binamde avatanine.

25

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

zedsarTavebs warmoadgenen. diskusiis Sedegebs jgufidan erTi moswavle did fur-celze iniSnavs Semdegi gakveTilisaTvis.

jgufebi mokle gaTamaSebisaTvis emzadebian, romelmac biWisadmi maT damokide-buleba unda warmoadginos. rolebis gasaTamaSeblad, moswavleebisaTvis mosaxerx-ebeli iqneba garkveuli sivrcis arseboba _ sakonferencio oTaxi, darbazis sxva-dasxva kuTxe an Ria cis qveS mowyobili saTamaSo moedani (Tu amindi amis saSuale-bas iZleva). gaTamaSebis mosawyobad, moswavleebs garkveuli dro dasWirdebaT. zogs gacilebiT uadvildeba saTqmelis gamoxatva gaTamaSebis formiT, vidre sityvebiT.

gakveTilis bolos yvela jgufs unda hqondes biWis maxasiaTebeli zedsarTavebis nusxa da unda daasrulon gaTamaSebaze varjiSi.

maswavlebeli agrovebs posterebs, romlebsac Semdegi gakveTilis dasawyisSi kvlav daurigebs moswavleebs da, moswavleebTan erTad, mokled ganixilavs Sedegebs. maswavlebeli dadebiTad afasebs moswavleebis muSaobas da momavali gakveTilis Temas acnobs klass.

gakveTili 2rogor SeiZleba gansxvavebulad davaxasiaToT pirovneba...rogor SevqmnaT pirovnebis ukeTesi portreti

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs esmiT, rom sxvadasxva daxasiaTeba SeiZleba erT pirovnebas ukavSirdebodes.

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi scenebs gaiTamaSeben da werilobiT naSroms warmoadgenen. ganixilaven dadgmebs, romlebic naxes.

saWiro masala _ pirveli gakveTilis Sedegebi meore gakveTilis ZiriTad masalas warmoadgens. moswavleebs esmiT, rom maTi monawileobisa da wvlilis gareSe mecadineoba ver gagrZeldeba.

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ rolebis gaTamaSeba, prezentaciebi da diskusia.

gakveTili

nawili 1

maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, Tu risi gakeTeba mouwevT gakveTilze; is klass 5 wuTs aZlevs, raTa moswavleebma gasaTamaSebeli scenebi gaimeoron. Semdeg imarTeba sxvadasxva jgufis warmodgenebi.

scenis gaTamaSebis Tanmimdevroba Semdegia: jgufis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli kiTxulobs nawyvets dRiuridan, romelic mis jgufs Sexvda da warmoadgens maT mier CamoTvlil zedsarTavebs. amas mohyveba uSualod gaTamaSeba. sasurvelia, yve-la jgufis gaTamaSeba erTmaneTs damatebiTi Sualeduri komentarebis gareSe mos-devdes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ramdenime jgufs dRiuris erTi da igive amonaridi aqvs, maT, uSualod, erTmaneTis Semdeg unda gaiTamaSon scenebi.

roca jgufebi warmodgenebs daamTavreben, maswavlebeli dadebiTad afasebs mo-swavleTa muSaobas da ajamebs am warmodgenebis mizans. Tu bavSvebi aseTi stiliT muSaobas miCveulebi arian, SeiZleba gakveTilis Semdeg etapze gadasvla. Tu moswav-leTaTvis aseTi tipis muSaoba siaxles warmoadgens, maswavlebelma unda misces maT SesaZlebloba, ganixilon warmodgenili scenebi formisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT.

26


moswavleebma azrebis gamoxatvis procesi SeiZleba Semdeg SekiTxvebze pasuxebis ZiebiT warmarTon:

_ rogori iyo jgufSi muSaoba?

_ rame axali gavige sakuTar Tavze?

_ rogor SevZeliT personaJebis realisturad warmodgena?

nawili 2

gakveTilis meore nawilSi moswavleebi skamebs dafis garSemo naxevarwred, erT an or rigad alageben. dafaze maswavlebeli erTmaneTis gverdiT kidebs posterebs.

ase xedaven biWs sxvebi:

klaselebi maswavleblebi mezoblebi

diskusis dros moswavleebma unda gaiazron, rom savsebiT bunebrivia, roca ada-mians adamianebi an adamianTa jgufebi sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamen. maT unda gaigon, rom Sexedulebebi ar SeiZleba iyos `swori~ an `araswori~. Tu biWis srulyofilad aRwera gvsurs, ar SeiZleba mxolod erTi kuTxiT aRweriT SemovifargloT.

Semdegi SekiTxvebi moswavleebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi daexmareba:

_ amdeni sxvadasxva midgoma dabneulobas xom ar iwvevs?

_ romeli aRwera Seesabameba sinamdviles?

_ realurad vin aris maqsi?

maswavlebeli icdis, sanam moswavleTa garkveuli raodenoba xels aswevs da Semdeg saSualebas aZlevs maT, gascen am SekiTxvebs pasuxebi. maswavlebeli pasuxebs dafaze an flipCartze6 iniSnavs.

ra SeiZleba vTqvaT biWze?

_ rogor SeiZleba is saTanadod davaxasiaToT?

_ winadadeba 1

_ winadadeba 2

_ winadadeba 3

_ winadadeba 4

_ winadadeba 5

6 sakancelario nivTi, romelic Sedgeba specialur mobilur stendze Camokidebuli qaRaldebisagan. gamoiyeneba prezentaciisa da/an diskusiis dros leqciaze, gakveTilze, treningze da a.S. (mTargm-nelis SeniSvna).

27

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli ajamebs moswavleTa Sexedulebebs, romlebic ori gakveTilis manZilze iqna gamoTqmuli. flipCartze ZiriTadi mosazrebebis CaniSvna sasargebloa, radgan SesaZlebeli iqneba am masalis gamoyeneba Semdeg gakveTilze. gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi informacia:

TviTmyofadoba

gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gamoxaton mosazrebebi; maswavlebeli Tavs ikavebs moswavleTa SeniSvnebis komentirebaze.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mTeli klasisaTvis SekiTxvebis dasma ar aris sauke-Teso meTodi, radgan, rogorc wesi, kiTxvebs erTi da igive moswavleebi pasuxoben xolme. umjobesia samizne dafis meTodis gamoyeneba, rac swrafi da konkretuli ko-mentarebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. danarTSi es meTodi kargadaa aRwerili.

maswavlebeli mokled mimoixilavs Semdeg or gakveTils, roca moswavleebi konk-retul adamianebze ki ar imsjeleben, aramed adamianTa jgufebsa da qveynebze.

gakveTili 3stereotipebi da crurwmenebiCveni mosazrebebi sxva adamianebis, jgufebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs esmiT, rogor ukavSirdeba crurwmenebi da stereotipebi erTmaneTs. aseve, maT gaazrebuli aqvT, rom stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis gamoyenebam SeiZleba araswori, zedmetad gamartivebuli Sexedulebebi Segviqmnas adamianebze, adamianTa jgufebze da mTel qveynebzec ki.

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi aanalizeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs sxva adamianebze da am Sexedulebebs jgufebSi ganixilaven.

saWiro masala _ furclebi da markerebi.

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba, diskusia

gakveTili

am gakveTilis mizania moswavleebisaTvis imis Cveneba, rom konkretul pirovnebas gansxvavebuliad aRviqvamT, vidre pirovnebaTa jgufs, an qveyanas.

gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli mokled, leqciis formiT, esaubreba mos-wavleebs stereotipebsa da crurwmenebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze. wina ori gakveTilis gamocdilebis moSveliebiT, maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs, stereo-tipebsa da crurwmenebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRmoCenaSi. maswavlebels es ori cneba Semoaqvs wina gakveTilebze ganxiluli magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic axal

swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi

gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs imis gaazrebaSi, rom:

_ pirovnebis TviTmyofadobas mravali mxare aqvs;

_ sxvadasxva adamians (mezoblebs, megobrebs, maswavleblebsa da ucnobebs) erTsa da

imave adamianzeSesaZloa gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondeT;

_ Tu gvinda, rom adamiani gavicnoT, sxvadasxva Sexedulebas unda movismunoT;

_ .....

_ .....

28


sazogadoebaSi biWis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs, rom sxvadasxva adamiani gansxvavebulad aRiqvams am biWs. am Sexedulebebs maswav-lebeli ganixilavs, rogorc crurwmenebs an stereotipebs (ixileT damxmare masa-la maswavlebilsaTvis am Tavis bolos, sadac mocemulia informacia aseTi mokle leqciisaTvis). Semdeg moswavleebi mcire zomis jgufebs qmnian da muSaoben iseTi socialuri jgufebis aRwerebze, rogorebicaa:

_ gogonebi da biWebi;

_ profesiebi;

_ eTnikuri jgufebi;

_ qveynebi;

_ kontinentebi.

mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs ar movTxovoT sxvebisadmi maTi piradi damok-idebulebis Camoyalibeba. umjobesia, maT imsjelon imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen, maTi azriT, mezoblebi, sazogadoeba, sainformacio saSualebebi im jgufebs, rom-lebic maT aRsawerad ergoT.

maswavleblis mier gakveTilis dasawyisSi miwodebuli informaciis gaTval-iswinebiT, moswavleebi cdiloben, crurwmenebi stereotipebisagan gaarCion.

maswavlebels SeuZlia, dafaze garkveuli miniSnebebi misces moswavleebs, rom-lebic prezentacias sakiTxebis iseTi nusxis formiT amzadeben, rogorc qvemoTaa warmodgenili.

moswavleebi davalebas, daaxloebiT, 15 wuTs uTmoben. 3-4 moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufebSi maTi muSaoba maswavleblis leqciis dasrulebisTanave iwyeba. maswavle-belma unda gadawyvitos, romel magaliTze muSaobas daavalebs moswavleebs. qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelime varianti SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos moswavleebis yoveldRiur gamocdilebasTan. maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb diskusiis/prezentaciis mow-yoba mxolod maSinaa mizanSewonili, Tu danamdvilebiTaa cnobili, rom am sakiTxze msjeloba arcerT moswavles guls ar atkens, an ar Seqmnis konfliqtur situacias.

TiToeuli jgufi diskusiis Sedegebis warmosadgenad erT adamians irCevs, romelic prezentaciis dros yuradRebas Semdeg sakiTxebze amaxvilebs:

_ Cveni qveyana, Cveni jgufi, Cveni eTnikuri kuTvnileba, Cveni profesia;

_ stereotipebi, romlebic jgufSi diskusiis dros gamoikveTa;

_ crurwmenebi, romlebic jgufSi diskusiis dros gamoikveTa;

_ Cveni varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aqvT jgufis wevrebs es Sexedulebebi;

_ Cveni azrebi, msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi Cvens midgomebSi.

prezentaciebis dros maswavlebeli TiToeuli jgufis gamosvlidan ZiriTad sakiTxebs flipCartze iniSnavs. qvemoT mocemuli diagrama daexmareba maswavlebels aseTi Canawerebis gakeTebaSi:

jgufi qveyana/profesia/eTn. jgufi stereotipebi crurwmenebi SeniSvnebi

1

2

3

4

5

29

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

bolos, maswavlebeli ajamebs gakveTils da afasebs rogorc procedurul sakiTxebs, ise Sedegebs. maswavlebeli moswavleebs mokled acnobs Semdegi gakveTilis Temas.

gakveTili 4stereotipebi Cem Sesaxeb!rogor vxedav sakuTar Tavs da rogor aRmiqvamen sxvebi?

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi aanalizeben imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT sxvebi da iReben amas, rogorc realobas.

moswavleebi ukeT iazreben, rogor aRiqvamen maT da am aRqmaze uCndebaT reaqcia.

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi aRweren sakuTar Tavs da danarCen moswavleebs. aRw-eris Sedegebs isini erTmaneTs uziareben, adareben sxvadasxva midgomas.

saWiro masala moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.2

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ wyvilebSi muSaoba, diskusia

gakveTili

maswavalebeli gakveTils wina ori gakveTilis SejamebiT da moswavleTaTvis dRevandeli gakveTilis gegmis gacnobiT iwyebs.

maswavlebeli axsenebs moswavleebs, rom maT erTi konkretuli biWis situaciis ganxilviT daiwyes msjeloba da Semdeg adamianTa jgufebis analizze gadavidnen. axla isini kvlav individualur midgomas daubrundebian da amjerad ganxilvis sa-gans Tavad moswavleebi warmoadgenen. isini Semdeg SekiTxvebs gascemen pasuxs:

vin var me?

rogor davaxasiaTebdi Cems Tavs? _ sakuTari Tavis aRqma

rogor damaxasiaTebda Cemi Tanaklaseli? _ sxvis mier Cemi pirovnebis aRqma

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, maswavlebels SeuZlia, es SekiTxvebi dafaze an flipCar-tze daweros. aseve, maswavlebels SeuZlia, mokled gamokiTxos moswavleebs wina gakveTilebze aTvisebuli masala imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqmeba adamiani sxvebisa da sakuTari Tavis mier. aseve, mas SeuZlia, Seaxsenos moswavleebs (an maT gamoh-kiTxos) ZiriTadi cnebebi stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis Sesaxeb.

Semdeg maswavlebeli uCvenebs moswavleebs maT mierve momzadebul samuSao fur-clebs, romlebzec maqsis daxasiaTebaa mocemuli. es samuSao furclebi moswavleebs daexmareba, zogadad Camoayalibon adamianis maxasiaTeblebi. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, Camoweron zedsarTavi saxelebi, romlebic adamianTa dasaxasiaTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. am etapze maswavlebels SeuZlia, garkveuli ideebis mi-wodebiT daexmaros moswavleebs. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia, garkveuli kat-egoriebi warmoudginos maT:

rogor daaxasiaTebdiT adamians, Tu:

_ is karg xasiaTzea?

_ is cud xasiaTzea, an ganrisxebulia?

30


_ is Seni kargi megobaria?

_ misi garegnobis aRwera gvsurs?

_ misi, rogorc moswavlis, daxasiaTeba gvWirdeba?

_ ------

am SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis procesSi mTeli klasi unda CavrToT, da ara mxolod ramdenime moswavle. amis misaRwevad SeiZleba Semdegi savarjiSos7 gamoyen-eba, rac moswavleebs individualuri muSaobis saSualebas miscems: oTaxis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi unda ekidos da magidebze unda ewyos didi zomis posterebi. TiToeul posterze erT-erTi kategoria unda iyos mocemuli da iqve idos markeri. moswav-leebi sxvadasxva posterTan midian da am kategoriasTan dakavSirebul zedsarTavebs posterze weren. moswavleebi unda gavafrTxiloT, rom daweramde aucilebelia, wai-kiTxon posterze ukve datanili zedsarTavebi da ar gaimeoron isini. Tumca moswav-leebs SeuZliaT, ukve daweril zedsarTavebs SeniSvnebi an axali ideebi miuweron.

savarjiSos Sedegi, daaxloebiT, ase gamoiyureba:

savarjiSos Sejameba ar sWirdeba, radgan es aris masala Semdegi safexurisaTvis. am droisaTvis maswavlebels ukve gaazrebuli unda hqondes, Tu romeli moswavlee-bis dajgufeba SeiZleba wyvilebad. Semdegi etapis Tema delikaturia da mniSvnelo-vania, maswavlebelma moswavleebi yuradRebiT daajgufos _ aucilebelia, maswavle-beli darwmunebuli iyos, rom moswavleebs, romelTac awyvilebs, erTmaneTisadmi antipaTia ar aqvT.

wyvilebi Semdeg davalebas iReben:axla vimsjelebT imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. mihyeviT

Semdeg Tanmimdevrobas:

_ jer marto imuSaveT;

_ waikiTxeT posterebi da amoarCieT is zedsarTavebi, romlebic Tqven saukeTe-sod gaxasiaTebT. CamowereT es zedsarTavebi samuSao furclze;

_ nusxas daumateT is zedsarTavebi, romlebic Tqven gaxasiaTebT, magram klasSi warmodgenil posterebze ar iyo datanili;

_ axla amave meTodiT daaxasiaTeT Tqveni mewyvile;

7 es savarjiSo `dumilis kedlis~ variantia (ix. swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, wigni IV, axali ideebis ganviTareba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTle-basa da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb swavlebaSi).

rogor gamoiyureba adamiani, romelic karg xasiaTzea?

_ mxiaruli

_ xumara

_ gantvirTuli

_ komunikabeluri

_ momxibvleli

_ -----

_ -----

31

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

_ roca orive daasrulebT muSaobas, namuSevari mewyviles gauziareT. daak-virdiT, ra emTxveva da ra ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs Tqvens aRwerebSi; gamoxa-teT Tqveni azrebi da grZnobebi am aRwerebTan dakavSirebiT:

_ ra iwvevs Cems gakvirvebas?

_ ra momwons?

_ ra ar momwons?

_ ra mtkens guls?

_ SegiZliaT konkretuli magaliTebiT isaubroT Tqvens damokidebulebebze?

_ romeli aRwera aris (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) stereotipi?

maswavleblis gadasawyvetia, Tavad Seajamebs am oTx gakveTils, Tu garkveul dros dauTmobs Semajamebel diskusias. orive SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli aRmoaCens, rom klasSi samuSao garemo sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. moswavleebs ganuviTardaT saintereso urTierTobebi, ufro axlos gaicnes erTmaneTi, erTmaneTis Sesaxeb bev-ri ram aRmoaCines da erTmaneTs gauziares gancdebi. axla maT SeuZliaT:

_ ganasxvavon stereotipebi da crurwmenebi;

_ ganasxvavon sakuTari Tavis aRqma sxvebis mier maTi pirovnebis aRqmisagan.

moswavleebma socialuri kompetenciebi ganiviTares, rac maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi daexmareba, skolaSi da skolis gareT.

moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1(jgufi 1)rolebis gaTamaSeba

SeTanxmdiT, vin waikiTxavs xmamaRla dRiuridan amonarids da davalebas Tqveni jgufisaTvis.

SearCieT jgufis meore wevri, romelic diskusiis dros Canawerebs gaakeTebs da jgufuri muSaobis bolos msjelobis Sedegebs klasis winaSe warmoadgens.

amonaridi maqsis dRiuridan:

`es Cemi pirveli dRea axal klasSi. Cemi ojaxi sxva regionidan Camovida da jer kidev ucxod vgrZnob Tavs. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram gadamxda da Sen, Cemo dRiuro, am ambebs gagiziareb.

Cveni axali bina mdinaris pirasaa. erT-erTi Cemi klaseli biWi Cems mezoblad cxovrobs. sami dRis gadmosulebi viyaviT binaSi, roca am biWma saTevzaod wasvla SemomTavaza. me uari vuTxari, radgan Cemi ankesi jer kidev romeliRac yuTSi devs. jer xom nivTebis amolageba ar dagvisrulebia.

davalebebi:

CamowereT zedsarTavebi, romlebsac maqsis Tanaklaselebi mis dasaxasiaTe-1. blad gamoiyenebdnen;rogor fiqrobT, ras etyoda maqsis Sesaxeb misi erT-erTi klaseli meores? 2. gaiTamaSeT es scena.

32


moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1(jgufi 2)

rolebis gaTamaSeba




`Cveni skolis win didi safexburTo moedania. Zalian mixaria, radgan fexburTis TamaSi miyvars. movitane Cemi burTi da TamaSs vapirebdi. daviwye Tu ara TamaSi, sko-lis darajma SemaCera. is gabrazebuli Canda da mkiTxa, SemeZlo Tu ara kiTxva _ war-wera yofila gakeTebuli, rom moedani droebiT daketili iyo wvimis Semdeg, raTa balaxi ar dazianebuliyo. ise Sevwuxdi, rom usityvod wavedi saxlisaken.

davalebebi:


moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1(jgufi 3)

rolebis gaTamaSeba




`Cveni binis Tavze erTi moxucebuli kaci marto cxovrobs. guSin saxlSi rom move-di, sadarbazoSi Semosasvlel karTan Sevxvdi, sayidlebidan sursaTiT datvirTuli mosuliyo. mZimed sunTqavda. mominda, davxmarebodi. gamovarTvi mZime CanTa da bi-namde avatanine.

davalebebi:


33

Tavi 1. pirovnuloba

damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvisstereotipebi da crurwmenebi

ra aris stereotipi?adamianebs xSirad miakuTvneben ama Tu im jgufs, maTi kulturis, religiuri war-

modgenebis, kanis feris, Tmis varcxnilobis an Cacmulobis mixedviT.jgufuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvras xSirad Tan sdevs adamianisaTvis garkveuli

maxasiaTeblebis miwerac. Sedegad, konkretuli warmodgenebi ukavSirdeba adamiane-bis konkretul jgufs. roca es warmodgenebi imdenad gazviadebulia, rom realobas aRar Seesatyviseba, maT stereotipebs vuwodebT.

stereotipebi gvxvdeba wignebSi (saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic ki), reklamebSi, filmebSi. stereotipia, magaliTad, afrikeli qalis gamosaxva didi tuCebiT, palmis rtoebisagan gakeTebul kabaSi.

stereotipidan crurwmenamde

roca adamians an adamianTa jgufs afaseben mxolod stereotipebis mixedviT, da ara, rogorc pirovnebas an pirovnebaTa jgufs, saqme gvaqvs crurwmenasTan. sxva si-tyvebiT, adamianze an adamianTa jgufze maTi gacnobis gareSe viqmniT warmodgenas. rogorc wesi, aseT damokidebulebebs araferi aqvT saerTo realobasTan, xSirad mtruli da uaryofiTia.

`dadebiTi~ stereotipebi

arsebobs dadebiTi streotipebic. magaliTad, roca amboben, rom Savkanianebi kargad darbian, saqme gvaqvs dadebiT stereotipTan. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom araferi cudi ar aris, Tu stereotipi dadebiT warmodgenas amkvidrebs. es damok-idebuleba mcdari iqneboda. ar SeiZleba adamianTa mTeli jgufi gavaerTianoT da maT yvelas erTi Tviseba mivaweroT, Tundac dadebiTi Tviseba. mizezi? es simarTle ver iqneba. gana marTalia, rom yvela Savkaniani swrafad darbis?

riTaa sasargeblo stereotipebi?

crurwmenebi adamianTa cxovrebas amartivebs. Tu ucnaur adamians vxvdebiT, Tavs arc Tu ise komfortulad vgrZnobT. crurwmenebi amgvari diskomfortis miCqmal-vaSi gvexmareba _ SegviZlia Tavi movaCvenoT, rom yvelaferi viciT sxvebis Sesaxeb da kiTxvebis dasma ar gvWirdeba. Sedegad, Tavidanve azrs vukargavT adamianTan Sinaarsian urTierTobas.

ra Sedegebamde mivyavarT crurwmenebs?

crurwmenebi Seuracxmyofelia, upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom adamianisadmi usamarTlo mopyrobas gulisxmoben. crurwmenebi adamians ukargaven SesaZleblobas, aCvenos, vinaa is sinamdvileSi da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia. magaliTad, damsaqmebelma SeiZleba samsaxurSi ar aiyvanos warmoSobiT Turqi, radgan gaugonia, rom Turqebi samsaxurSi igvianeben. zogierTi avrcelebs crurwmenebs, imisda miuxedavad, rom cxovrebaSi arasodes Sexvedria adamiani, romelic am Sexedulebas Tavisi cxovrebi-seuli magaliTiT daadasturebda.

34


ra SeiZleba gavakeToT crurwmenebis winaaRmdeg?

crurwmenebis aRmofxvra rTulia. imedis dakargva ki mainc ar Rirs, radgan ada-mianebi crurwmenebiT ar ibadebian. crurwmenebs adamianebi iTviseben, swavloben. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba maTi daviwyebac. sanam adamians gansji, hkiTxe, Tu ratom moiq-ca ase da ara _ sxvagvarad. gaiTvaliswine, rom ar gesiamovneboda, Tu Sens saqciels ise gansjidnen, rom sityvis Tqmis uflebac ar moecaT.

moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.2rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs? rogor aRgviqvamen sxvebi?

wyvilebSi muSaoba

komentarebi dis-kusiis Semdeg:_ raze veTanxmebiT

erTmaneTs;_ raze ver

vTanxmdebiT;_ SeniSvnebi.

rogor aRvwer Cems Tavs (sakuTari Tavis aRqma)

rogor aRvwer Cems Tanaklasels (Cem mier sxva adamianis aRqma, misi werilo-biTi daxasiaTeba)

komentarebi dis-kusiis Semdeg:_ raSi veTanxmebiT

erTmaneTs;_ raze ver

vTanxmdebiT;_ SeniSvnebi.

Tavi 2Tanasworoba:

Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT?

2.1 msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebiTanaswori var? gansxvavebuli var?

2.2 vesnas ambaviCven rom es mogvsvloda, rogor moviqceodiT?

2.3 qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobarogor unda movepyroT qalebsa da mamakacebs?

2.4 socialuri samarTlianobarogor unda gavarTvaT Tavi uTanasworobas?

36


Tavi 2. Tanasworoba:


Tanasworoba yvela adamianisTvis Tanabar uflebebs gulisxmobs, miuxedavad maTi sqesis, asakis, religiis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis da a.S.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis preambula iwyeba Semdegi sityvebiT: `adamianTa ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis da Tanaswori da ganuyofeli uflebebis aRiareba warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels~. moqalaqeobis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebTan. uTa-nasworoba sazogadoebaSi xels uSlis efeqtur moqalaqeobas. Sesabamisad, Tanasworobis idea samoqalaqo ganaTlebis fundamenturi principia. samoqalaqo ganaTleba swavlobs Tanasworobis sakiTxebs da sasicocxlo Zalas aZlevs adamianebs, raTa es ukanasknelni diskriminaciis sxvadasxva formis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen.8

mravalferovneba gulisxmobs TanagrZnobis CarCoebs miRma gasvlas da gansxvave-bebis realur dafasebas. mravalferovnebis idea mniSvnelovania pluralizmisa da multikulturalizmisaTvis. mravalferovneba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebis qvakuTxedia, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaT-vis ganaTleba unda ewinaaRmdegebodes yovelgvar stereotips. sazogadoeba mzad unda iyos, aRiaros da xeli Seuwyos mravalferovnebis yovelgvar gamoxatulebas adgilobriv, erovnul, regionul da saerTaSoriso doneebze.9

solidaroba adamianTa unaria, gascdnen sakuTar sivrces da aRiaron/daicvan sxvaTa uflebebi. es aris demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebis ZiriTadi mizani, ramdenadac is aZlevs adamianebs codnas, unarebsa da Rirebulebebs, rom-lebic aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis. solidaroba ukavSirdeba qmede-bas, Tumca qmedebasTan erTad garkveul damokidebulebebsac gulisxmobs.10

crurwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca adamians an adamianTa jgufs vafasebT zedapirulad, arasruli informaciis safuZvelze. crurwmenebi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi; maT socializaciis procesSi viTvisebT. rTulia crurwmenebis Secvla an aRmofxvra. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania crurwmenebis identifikaciis unaris ganviTareba.

diskriminacia SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapiri disriminaciaa, roca, magaliTad, dasaqmebis samsaxuri boSis ganacxads ar ibarebs, an roca binas ar aq-iraveben imigrantebze. iribi diskriminacia ukavSirdeba garkveul politikas, kri-teriumebs an zomebs, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, neitraluria, Tumca amoqmedebisTa-nave defaqto barierebs uqmnis adamianTa garkveul jgufebs. magaliTad, simaRlis minimaluri moTxovnebi maTTvis, visac mexanZreoba surs (aseT kriteriums SeiZleba emsxverplos araerTi qalis ganacxadi). sxva magaliTi iqneboda Tavsafriani qalba-tonebis ardaSveba samTavrobo struqturebsa da skolebSi.11

termini genderi~ aRniSnavs qalebisa da mamakacebis socialurad konstruirebul rolebs, romlebic maT sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT miewerebaT. amdenad, genderuli rolebi damokidebulia konkretul socio-ekonomikur, politikur da kulturolo-giur konteqstze da ganicdis sxvadasxva faqtoris gavlenas rasis, eTnikurobis, klasis, seqsualuri orientaciisa da asakis mixedviT. genderuli rolebi farTod gansxvavdeba TiToeuli kulturis farglebSi da kulturebs Soris. pirovnebis bi-

8 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba~, karen oSea, evrosabWo (2003), gv. 29

9 igive10 igive11 igive

37

Tavi 2. Tanasworoba

ologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderuli rolebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.12

adamianis socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi ukavSirdeba im pirobebs, romlebic aucilebelia pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da saTanado standartis sacxovrebeli pi-robebis misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad. am uflebebs adamianis uflebaTa `meore Taobis~ saxeliT moixsenieben; maTi cxovrebaSi gatareba sakmaod rTulia, radgan maTi dacva arse-buli resursebis odenobas ukavSirdeba. `meore Taobis~ uflebebi, aseve, moicavs: muSao-bis uflebas, ganaTlebis uflebas, dasvenebis uflebas, saTanado standartis mixedviT cxovrebis uflebas. es uflebebi Camoyalibebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso konvenciaSi, romelic gaeros asambleam 1966 wels miiRo.13

roca socialur samarTlianobaze vsaubrobT, gansxvavebul mosazrebebsa da damokidebulebebs vawydebiT. es mosazrebebi da damokidebulebebi sam farTo kat-egoriad SeiZleba davajgufoT:

_ darvinistebi Tvlian, rom adamiani pasuxismgebelia sakuTar problemebze da Tavad unda eZebos gamosavali; isini miiCneven, rom adamianebs wamaxalisebeli sWirdebaT, raTa ufro gulmodgined miudgnen problemebis gamosavlis Ziebas. darvinistebi socialuri politikis sakiTxebs arc ganixilaven.

_ TanagrZnobiT gamsWvalulni sibralulis grZnobas amJRavneben gaWirvebulTa da tanjulTa mimarT da surT maTi tkivilis Semsubuqeba; maTTvis social-uri da politikuri uflebebi ufro politikis sasurveli mimarTulebebia, vi-dre adamianis uflebaTa nawili. aseTi damokidebuleba meurveobis SemTxvevebs ukavSirdeba _ roca SeZlebuli fenis warmomadgeneli meurveobs gaWirvebuls.

_ samarTlianobis maZiebelni adamianTa arasamarTliani mopyrobis sakiTxiT in-teresdebian, rac maTTvis mTavrobis araswor politikas ukavSirdeba; isini Tvlian, rom gamosavali politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis cvlilebaa, rac adamianebs siRaribisagan ixsnida.14

Tavi 2. Tanasworoba:



swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masalamoswavleTa CarTulobis forma

gakveTili 1:msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi

moswavleebs SeuZliaT adamianTa Tanasworobisa da maTi gansxvavebu-lobis principebis axsna.

moswavleebi aanalizeben Tanasworobasa da gansxvavebulobas.

moswavleebi xe-daven msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs adamianebs Soris.

moswavleebi gani-xilaven, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveba gansxvavebulobas.

individualuri muSaobisaTvis gan-kuTvnili rveule-bi an furclebi, kalmebi.

Tu maswavlebeli jgufur muSaobas airCevs, saWiro iqneba didi zomis furclebi da markerebi.

individualu-ri an mcire jgufebSi muSaoba.

12 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba~, karen oSea, evrosabWo (2003), gv. 29

13 igive14 `movaleobebi da sazRvrebi. adamianis uflebebi da globaluri socialuri samarTlianoba~, adami-

anis uflebaTa politikis saerTaSoriso sabWo.

38



swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masalamoswavleTa CarTulobis forma

gakveTili 2:vesnas ambavi

moswavleebi iaz-reben, rom sazoga-doebaSi arsebobs crurwmenebi da diskriminacia.

moswavleebs esmiT diskriminaciis msxverplTa mdgo-mareoba da maTi Sexedulebebi.

moswavleebi ganixi-laven diskrimi-naciis konkretul SemTxvevas da adareben mas saku-Tar qveyanaSi arse-bul mdgomareobas.

moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.1 (aucilebeli ar aris)

jgufuri muSaoba teqstze.

gakveTili 3: qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba

moswavleebs SeuZliaT diskrimi-naciis SemTxvevebze reagireba.

moswavleebi iaz-reben qalebisadmi mopyrobis sakiTx-ebs, piradi da sa-zogadoebis mxridan

moswavlis samuSao furcel 2.2-dan erTi ambis amonaridi TiToeuli jgu-fisaTvis. jgu-fi SeiZleba Sedgebodes 4-5 moswavlisagan.

patara jgufebSi muSaoba.

gakveTili 4: social-uri samar-Tlianoba

moswavleebi iaz-reben, rom sazoga-doebaSi gvxvdeba genderul sakiTx-ebTan dakavSirebu-li diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi.

moswavleebi ganixi-laven distribuci-uli samarTliano-bis sakiTxebs.

moswavleebi mTel Tavs ajameben.

moswavlis samuSao furcel 2.3-is aslebi, romelic nawilebad iqneba dayofili moswav-leTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis (aucilebeli ar aris).

wyvilebSi muSaoba, kritikuli azrovneba.

gakveTili 1msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebiTanaswori var? gansxvavebuli var?

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT adamianTa Tanasworobisa da maTi gansxvavebulobis principebis axsna. moswavleebi aanalizeben Tanasworobasa da gansxvavebulobas.

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi xedaven msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs adamianebs Soris. moswavleebi ganixilaven, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveba gansxvavebulobas.

saWiro masala _ individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili rveulebi an furclebi, kalmebi. Tu maswavlebeli jgufur muSaobas airCevs, saWiro iqneba didi zomis furclebi da markerebi.

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ individualuri an mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.

39

Tavi 2. Tanasworoba

gakveTili

moswavleebi 4-5 kacian jgufebs qmnian. TiToeul jgufs sWirdeba furceli da kalami.

maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom dasvams SekiTxvebs, romlebzec maT unda upasuxon `ki~ an `ara~. moswavleebma furcelze horizontalurad unda daweron asoebi anidan sanis CaTvliT da asoebis qveS sakmarisi adgili datovon. maswavleb-els SeuZlia igive gaakeTos dafaze.

maswavlebeli iwyebs im SekiTxvebis dasmas anidan sanamde, romlebic SekiTxvebis pirvel nusxaSia warmodgenili. moswavleebi TiToeul SekiTxvas dadebiT (1) an uaryofiT (0) pasuxs scemen. maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT eeWvebaT pasuxis siswore, aucilebelia, erT-erTi (ufro savaraudo pa-suxi) Semoxazon.

SekiTxvebis nusxa 1 SekiTxvebis nusxa 2

a. qali xarT?

b. namyofi xarT erTze met ucxo qveyanaSi?

g. giyvarT sporti?

d. ukravT musikalur instrumentze?

e. yavisferi Tvalebi gaqvT?

v. Tqveni orive bebia cocxalia?

z. atarebT saTvaleebs?

T. giyvarT qalaqgareT gasvla?

i. wynari adamiani xarT?

k. saSualoze maRali xarT?

l. naRvliani adamiani xarT?

m. advilad civdebiT?

n. giyvarT mogzauroba?

o. giyvarT silamazis salonSi siaruli?

p. giyvarT kompiuterTan muSaoba?

J. geSiniaT simaRlis?

r. yavisferi girCevniaT Tu lurji?

s. giyvarT xatva?

a. yovelTvis bednierad grZnobT Tavs?

b. TiTebze frCxilebi gaqvT?

g. SegiZliaT Tundac mcireodeni azrovneba?

d. dedam gSobaT?

e. SegiZliaT frena, rogorc Cits, damatebi-Ti mowyobilobis gareSe?

v. SegiZliaT arseboba siTxis miRebis gareSe?

z. sunTqavT?

T. mudmivad wylis qveS cxovrobT?

i. gaqvT grZnobebi?

k. Tqveni sisxli mwvanea?

l. odesme waqceulxarT?

m. kedelSi gaxedva SegiZliaT?

n. sxvebTan komunikacia SegiZliaT?

o. giyvarT kargi amindi?

p. amjobinebdiT, rom adamianebTan ar gqon-deT saqme?

J. ena gaqvT?

r. SegiZliaT wylis zedapirze siaruli (ro-gorc zogierT mwers)?

s. iRlebiT xandaxan?

maswavlebeli TiToeuli jgufidan erT moswavles sTxovs, dafaze Camoweros pa-suxebi pirvel nusxaSi mocemul SekiTxvebze. danarCenma moswavleebma unda Seadaron TavianTi pasuxebi dafaze daweril pasuxebs. aris gansxvavebebi? SeiZleba am gansx-vavebebis Sejameba?

maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gascen pasuxebi SekiTxvebs meore nusxi-dan. yoveli jgufidan erTi moswavle pasuxebs dafaze wers da danarCenebi adare-

magaliTi

kiTxvebi: a, b, g, d, e, v, z, T, i ...

pasuxebi: 10101 ....

40


ben TavianT pasuxebs dafaze dawerils. am SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebebi pasuxebs Soris TiTqmis ar fiqsirdeba. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, CamoTvalon kidev ram-denime SekiTxva, romlebzec moswavleebs, maswavleblis molodiniT, msgavsi pasuxebi eqnebaT.

am savarjiSos ganvrcobis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, daurigos jgufebs didi zomis furclebi, markerebi da sTxovos, Camoweron:

a. sami iseTi magaliTi, roca sxva adamianebTan msgavseba misasalmebelia.

b. sami iseTi magaliTi, roca sxva adamianebisagan gansxvavebuloba misasalmebe-lia.

amocanis gaadvilebis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, moswavleebs warmoudginos azrovnebis Semdegi CarCo:

situacia, roca msgavseba misasalmebelia ratom?

a.b.g.

a.b.g.

situacia, roca gansxvaveba misasalmebelia ratom?

a.b.g.

a.b.g.

Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs jgufebs, moifiqron sami iseTi situacia, roca gan-sxvavebuloba arasasiamovnoa. am SemTxvevaSic moswavleebs uwevT argumentebis moS-velieba.

situacia, roca gansxvavebuloba arasasiamovnoa

ratom?

a.b.g.

a.b.g.

maswavlebeli ekiTxeba moswavleebs, Tu romeli jgufis `gansxvavebul~ adami-anebs eqcevian xolme cudad da vin eqceva maT cudad.

adamianTa jgufebi, visac cudad eqcevian vin eqceva maT cudad?

a.b.g.

a.b.g.

maswavlebeli sTxovs TiToeul jgufs, warmoadginon pasuxebi. klasi ganixilavs, Tu adamianis uflebaTa ra darRvevebTan gvaqvs saqme TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. am mizniT jgufebs vurigebT moswavlis samuSao furcel 5.2-s: adamianis uflebaTa nusxa.

41

Tavi 2. Tanasworoba

gakveTili 2vesnas ambaviCven rom es mogvsvloda, rogor moviqceodiT?

swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iazreben, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs crurwmenebi da diskriminacia. moswavleebs esmiT diskriminaciis msxverplTa mdgomareoba da maTi Sexedulebebi.moswavleebs SeuZliaT diskriminaciis SemTxvevebze reagireba.

moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven diskriminaciis konkretul SemTxvevas da adareben mas sakuTar qveyanaSi arsebul mdgomareobas.

saWiro masala moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.1 (SekiTxvebiT) TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis.

moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba teqstze.

gakveTili

maswavlebels SeuZlia, xmamaRla waukiTxos moswavleebs samuSao furcel 2.1-Si mocemuli ambavi, an daurigos maT samuSao furclebi da sTxovos, Tavad waikiTxon.

mas Semdeg, rac yvela moswavle moismens/waikiTxavs vesnas ambavs, maswavlebeli sTxovs maT, 4-5 kacian jgufebad daiyon da ganixilon Semdegi SekiTxvebi (samuSao furcel 2.1-ze es SekiTxvebi mocemulia. Tu maswavlebelma moswavleebs vesnas am-bavi waukiTxa, maSin am SekiTxvebis Camowera mouwevs dafaze an flipCartze).

rogor igrZnobdiT Tavs vesnas ambavi Tqven rom gadagxdenodaT? ra reaqcia 1. geqnebodaT, roca Tqveni megobari getyodaT, rom is interviuze miiwvies?

rogor fiqrobT, ratom moiqca maRaziis menejeri ase? TvliT, rom diskrimi-2. naciasTan gvaqvs saqme? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

diskriminacia sazogadoebrivi qcevis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. diskrimina-

cias mxolod mmarTveli organoebi ar axorcieleben; bevri sxva struqtura da adamiania

CarTuli diskriminaciaSi. gakveTilis rea

living in democracy

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