livestock feeding ans 320 “ swine feeding and management” lecture 1: april 13
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Livestock Feeding AnS 320 “ Swine Feeding and Management” Lecture 1: April 13. Dr. John F. Patience Department of Animal Science 201H Kildee Hall Phone: 294-5132 Email: [email protected]. Applied Swine Nutrition Research Program. www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/. Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Livestock FeedingLivestock FeedingAnS 320AnS 320
““Swine Feeding and Management”Swine Feeding and Management”Lecture 1: April 13Lecture 1: April 13
Dr. John F. PatienceDr. John F. PatienceDepartment of Animal ScienceDepartment of Animal Science
201H Kildee Hall201H Kildee HallPhone: 294-5132Phone: 294-5132
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
Applied Swine Nutrition Research Applied Swine Nutrition Research ProgramProgram
www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/
ObjectivesObjectives1. To establish and maintain effective two-way
communication with the pork industry.
2. To implement a research program with a short- to medium-term time line.
3. To fully integrate graduate training at both the M.S. and Ph.D. levels into our research program.
4. To communicate the results of the research program to the pork industry and the academic community.
Our GoalOur Goal
To develop an understanding of high priority nutrition and management
issues to create solutions and develop strategies that support greater economic success and
improved long term sustainability of the pork industry
Research ThemesResearch Themes
1. Energy metabolismo How to best supply energy to the pigo How the pig uses energy for growth
2. Ingredient evaluationo Evaluation of ingredientso Improved approaches to ingredient evaluation
3. Feeding and managemento Based on industry input and suggestions
OutlineOutline• Concepts of life-cycle feeding of swine
• Feeding and management: Sows Diet formulation issues Feeding management issues
• Feeding and management: GestationExample dietsDiet formulation issues Feeding management issues
• Feeding and management: LactationExample dietsDiet formulation issues Feeding management issues
PRODUCTION CONTINUUM PRODUCTION CONTINUUM
Breeding
Farrowing
Nursery
Growout
What occurs in one phase of production often affects outcomes in later phases.
OrDiagnosing problems in one phase of production often requires consideration of
what is happening in earlier phases.
Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives
1. To ensure that the feeding of animals in one phase of the production system does not impair production later in life
Gestation
Lactation
Nursery
Growout
Market
Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives
2. By understanding the implications of life-cycle feeding, achieve production objectives at the lowest possible cost
WHAT GETS MEASURED WHAT GETS MEASURED GETS MANAGEDGETS MANAGED
OR
YOU CANNOT MANAGE YOU CANNOT MANAGE WHAT YOU CANNOT WHAT YOU CANNOT
MEASUREMEASURE
The decision-making processThe decision-making process
Perception of Risk
versusPerception of
Reward
Accuracy versus PrecisionAccuracy versus Precision
Source: Rutherford and Moughan, 2000
High accuracyHigh precision
Low accuracyHigh precision
High accuracyLow precision
Low accuracyLow precision
Feeding and Management: SowsFeeding and Management: Sows
Framework for Developing Framework for Developing Feeding ProgramsFeeding Programs
Feeding Program
Nutrient Supply
Nutrient Requirements
ProfitabilityPork
Quality Sustainability
Functional Properties
Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding
Gestation feeding affects: Sow condition at farrowing Feed intake during lactation
Sows that get too fat in gestation eat less in lactation
Piglet birth weight Response is very small
Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding
Lactation feeding affects: Sow condition at weaning
Affects subsequent reproduction
Litter weaning weights Sows will “milk off their back” but this is both inefficient and
ineffective, compared to feeding the sow correctly
Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Gestation feedGestation feed
Example: 3,500 sow herd using 1,020 tons of gestation feed over 4 months.
Average daily gestation feed disappearance = 1,220 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
3,300 crates X 166 days
= 2,440,000547,800
= 4.45 lb/sow/day
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 1Lactation feed: Option 1
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
525 crates X 122 days
= 650,00064,050
= 10.1 lb/sow/day
[Under-estimates actual usage, due to empty crates, or pre-farrowed sows in crates. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 2Lactation feed: Option 2
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance; ave. lactation 19 d = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton2950 litters X 19 days
= 650,00056,050
= 11.6 lb/sow/day
[Over-estimates actual usage, because feed given to sows prior to farrowing is included. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa
NUTRIENTNUTRIENT Amount/head/day (g) Amount/ton (%)
TID Lysine 48 0.87TID Met & Cys 26 0.47TID Tryptophan 9 0.16TID Threonine 30 0.55TID Valine 43 0.78Calcium 49 0.90Available phosphorus
24.5 0.45
Salt 27 0.50
aAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine
Dietary TID Lysine Level Based Dietary TID Lysine Level Based Upon Litter Weaning Weight and Upon Litter Weaning Weight and
Sow Feed IntakeSow Feed IntakeAdj. 21-day
litter weaning wt, lb
Lactation feed intake, lb/d Lysine, g/d
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TID Total
100 0.88 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.59 32 36
110 1.02 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.68 0.63 37 42
120 1.03 0.93 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.66 42 48
130 1.04 0.94 0.86 0.80 0.74 0.69 47 53
140 1.04 0.96 0.88 0.82 0.76 52 59
150 1.05 0.97 0.90 0.84 57 65
Suggested TID Amino Acid Ratios for SowsSuggested TID Amino Acid Ratios for Sows
Gestation LactationLysine 100% 100%Methionine 28% 28%Met & Cys 70% 55%Threonine 80% 62%Tryptophan 20% 19%Isoleucine 60% 55%Valine 67% 90%
Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa
VITAMINSVITAMINS Amount/head/day Amount/ton
Vitamin A 60,000 USP 10,000,000 USP
Vitamin D 7,5000 USP 1,250,000 USP
Vitamin E 360 IU 60,000 IU
Vitamin Kc 24 mg 4,000 mg
Riboflavin 45 mg 7,500 mg
Niacin 270 mg 45,000 mg
d-Pantothenic acid 150 mg 25,000 mg
Vitamin B12 0.21 mg 35 mg
Folic acid 9 mg 1,500 mg
Biotin 1.2 mg 200 mg
Choline 3,000 mg 500,000 mg
Pyridoxine 27 mg 4,500 mg
Carnitine 270 mg 45,000 mgaAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine cMenadione
Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa
TRACE TRACE MINERALSMINERALSbb
Amount/head/day (mg) Amount/ton (g)
Copper 90 15Iodine 1.6 0.27Iron 900 150Manganese 216 36Selenium 1.6 0.27Zinc 900 150Chromium 1.09 0.181
aAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysinebTrace minerals and vitamins levels added to the diet
Recommended Maximum Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Toxin in Swine Concentrations of Toxin in Swine
DietsDiets
PigDietary Concentration
Deoxynivalenol
ppm
Zearalenoneppm
Aflatoxinppb
Breeding herd 1.0 2.0 100Young 1.0 1.0 20Growing 1.0 1.0 ---a
Finishing 1.0 3.0 200Young males 1.0 3.0 ---a
Old males 1.0 3.0 ---a
a Concentration not determinedModified from Michigan State University
Feeding and Management: GestationFeeding and Management: Gestation
Example Gestation DietsExample Gestation DietsMixed parity diet Young
parity dietOld parity
dietIngredient Corn-soy diet Soy hull diet
Corn or milo 1,626 1,548 1,548 1,617
Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 291 271 271 202
Soy hulls --- 100 100 100
Monocalcium phosphate, 21% P
32 31 31 29
Limestone 28 27 27 29
Salt 10 10 10 10
Vitamin premix with phytase 5 5 5 5
Trace mineral premix 3 3 3 3
Sow add pack 5 5 5 5
Total 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
Example Gestation DietsExample Gestation DietsMixed parity diet Young
parity dietOld parity
dietCalculated analysis Corn-soy diet Soy hull diet
TID Lysine, % 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.46
Total lysine, % 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.55
TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.44
TID Methionine:lysine ratio,% 38 38 38 41
TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 78 78 78 85
TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 76 76 76 80
TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 23 22 22 23
ME, kcal/lb 1,484 1,451 1,451 1,451
Protein, % 13.7 13.4 13.4 12.1
Calcium, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.61
Available phosphorus, % 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.35
Available phosphorus equiv, %a 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42aThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Gestation feeding challengesGestation feeding challenges1. Optimize lifetime sow productivity, as a means of
maximizing herd profitability2. Over-feeding sows in gestation reduces feed
intake in lactation3. Under-feeding sows in gestation impairs
reproductive performance and animal well-being (shoulder sores)
4. Avoid mycotoxins; this may be the worst place to feed mycotoxin contaminated feed
Gestation feeding targetsGestation feeding targets1. Body condition score between 3 and 3.5 – for ALL
sows Avoid sows that are too fat or too thin
2. Backfat levels of 0.75” to 0.80” at farrowing (measured at last rib, 2.5” to 3.0” off the midline) Avoid bf less than 0.55” at weaning
3. Adjust feed intake according to body weight and backfat
4. Very thin sows have higher maintenance energy requirements, because they have lower insulation levels and are often more active.
Gestation feeding programGestation feeding program1. Sows must be limit fed during gestation; otherwise they
become too fat2. Do not feed more than 4 to 5 lb per day for the first 3
weeks after breeding; excess intake lowers fetal survival3. Feed 4.0 to 4.5 lb of a corn-soybean meal diet per day,
adjusting as required for body condition4. Increase feed allowance by 2 lb during the last 21 days
of gestation Increases gut capacity to support maximum intake in lactation Recognizes that most fetal growth occurs during the final 3
weeks of gestation. Exception if over-fat sows
Limit feeding gestating sowsLimit feeding gestating sows Easily accomplished in gestation stalls
Automatic drops MUST be calibrated regularly, to ensure the sow is receiving what you think she should be receiving.
More difficult to achieve in group housing systems Key rule: to successfully feed sows in group housed gestation,
remove competition for feed. The greater the competition among sows for feed, the less successful the housing system will be.
Options: Electronic sow feeders Walk-in-lock-in feeding stalls Trickle feeders Floor feeding, with multiple drops, spreading out supply of feed
throughout the pen. Including dividers within the pen helps
Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required to Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required to Maintain Body WeightMaintain Body Weight
Dietary energy, kcal/lbSow weight, lb ME, kcal 1,400 1,500
350 4,741 3.4 3.2400 5,240 3.7 3.5450 5,724 4.1 3.8500 6,195 4.4 4.1550 6,654 4.8 4.4600 7,103 5.1 4.7
Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance
Backfat gain, mm (in)
Dietary energy, kcalME, kcal 1,400 1,500
0 (0) 342 0.24 0.233 (.12) 991 0.71 0.666 (.24) 1,649 1.18 1.109 (.35) 2,307 1.65 1.54
Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Backfat and Weight Category at BreedingBackfat and Weight Category at Breeding
Flank to flank, in
Estimated weight, lb
Backfat at breeding, mm (in)9-11
(.35-.43)12-14
(.47-.55)15-17
(.59-.67)> 18 (.71)
< 36.3 > 325 5.0 (.20)
4.4 (.17)
3.9 (.15)
3.4 (.13)
36.4 - 39.2 325 - 400 5.5 (.22)
5.0 (.20)
4.4 (.17)
3.9 (.15)
39.3 - 41.8 400 - 475 5.9 (.23)
5.4 (.21)
4.9 (.19)
4.3 (.17)
41.9 - 44.0 475 - 550 6.4 (.25)
5.9 (.23)
5.4 (.21)
4.8 (.20)
> 44.0 550 - 650 6.9 (.27)
6.4 (.25)
5.8 (.23)
5.3 (.21)
Based on a diet containing 1,500 kcal ME/lb (corn-soybean meal).
Case studyCase studyYou are managing a large sow herd, and your records indicate that sow productivity is a modest 23 pigs per sow per year (p/s/y). You realize that financial success is unlikely unless you elevate this level of productivity to at least 26 p/s/y.Reviewing the PigChamp records, you note the following:1.Non-productive sow days (NPD) is well above target (63)2.Weanling to re-breeding interval is acceptable (5.8)3.Percent bred by 7 days is unacceptable (88)4.Percent repeats is excessive (12)5.Numbers born and born alive is unacceptable (11.9/11.0)
You are confident that your genetics and breeding management are capable of achieving your sow productivity target. You take a walk through your gestation barn; what would you expect to see and what feeding and feeding management actions would you undertake to correct the problems?
Feeding and Management: LactationFeeding and Management: Lactation
Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsTID Lysine, %
Ingredient, lb/ton 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
Corn 1,435 1,395 1,356 1,316 1,277 1,238
Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 486 526 566 605 645 685
Choice white greasea 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5%
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21% P 28.5 28.5 28 28 28 27.5
Limestone 28 27.5 27.5 27.5 27 27
Salt 10 10 10 10 10 10
Vitamin premix with phytase 5 5 5 5 5 5
Trace mineral premix 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sow add pack 5 5 5 5 5 5
Total 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
a If adding fat, substitute for grain on an equal weight basis
Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsCalculated analysisTID Lysine, % 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
Total Lysine, % 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19
TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 2.35 2.49 2.64 2.79 2.93 3.08
TID Methionine:lysine ratio, % 32 31 30 30 29 28
TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 65 64 62 61 60 59
TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 69 68 68 67 66 66
TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 22 22 22 22 22 22
ME, kcal/lb 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547
Protein, % 17.1 17.9 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9
Calcium, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69
Available phosphorus, % 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37
Available phosphorus equiv, %b 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
bThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Feed intakeFeed intake
One of the greatest challenges in feeding the nursing sow is maximizing feed intake
Low feed intake leads to low nutrient intake Low nutrient intake leads to:
Lower weaning weights Loss of sow body condition Increased sow culling Impaired rebreeding and subsequent litter size
Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Pig PerformancePig Performance
Lactation FeedingItem Restricted Ad libitum SED Probability, P <No. of litters 38 40 --- ---
Pigs/litter d 3 (start creep) 11.0 10.9 0.3 0.75
d 21 10.4 10.4 0.3 0.93
Mortality, % 5.9 5.3 1.8 0.76
Litter weight, lb d 3 (start creep) 39.3 38.6 1.4 0.53
d 21 125.1 132.6 4.5 0.10
Litter BW gain, lb Total 94.7 102.9 3.9 0.04
ADG 5.20 5.64 0.21 0.04
NB – Restricted were fed 25% less than ab libitum
Lactation feeding programLactation feeding program
Small amount of feed on day of farrowing Hungry sows are restless and more likely to over-lay piglets Sows typically will not eat much feed; farrowing room is very
warm and fed deteriorates quickly Day 1 – 2: Limit fed modestly; do not want to limit feed
very much Days 3+: Keep fresh feed in front of the sows at all times
Feeding Strategy for Lactating SowsFeeding Strategy for Lactating SowsNumber of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 0 to 2 of lactation
Feeding
Feed in feeder AM PM
Empty 1 1
< 2 lb 0 0.5
> 2 lb 0 0
Number of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 2 to weaning
Feeding
Feed in feeder AM Noon PM
Empty 2 2 2
< 2 lb 1 1 1
> 2 lb 0 0 1
Factors affecting feed intake - 1Factors affecting feed intake - 1 Feed delivery
Pigs cannot eat feed that isn’t in front of them! By the 3rd day of lactation, sows should have feed in front of them all of the time
Feeding 3 to 4 times per day is preferred to feeding once or twice.
Density of the diet Pigs eat more of a low density (low energy) diet, up to the
volumetric capacity of their stomach
Temperature High temperature discourages feed intake; low temperature
encourages feed intake If the temperature is too cold, or conditions are drafty and damp,
part of the energy consumed by the sow will be needed to maintain thermal homeostasis
Factors affecting feed intake - 2Factors affecting feed intake - 2 Genetics
Some lines of pigs have a naturally higher appetite. If using a low appetite line of pigs, even greater attention must be directed at maximizing feed intake
Palatability It is important to note that the important factor here is what the
pig considers palatable, not what the producer “thinks” is palatable.
Nutrient balance Imbalances among, for example, amino acids will reduce feed intake
Body condition and reproductive cycle feeding If sows are overfed in gestation, they will accrue more body fat and
this tends to impair feed intake during lactation
Factors affecting feed intake - 3Factors affecting feed intake - 3 Feeder design
Large feed troughs tend to increase feed intake Wet/dry feeders tend to increase feed intake
Access to water Water is particularly critical to a lactating sow A sow weaning 11 piglets at 3 weeks of age weighing 13 lb will be
producing an average of 2.5 gallons of milk per day!
How much lactation feed is enough?How much lactation feed is enough?Example Piglets are gaining 11.5 lb during 19d nursing period Sow is weaning 10.5 piglets per litter Total weight gain is 120.8 lb, or (120.8/19) 6.4 lb/d Estimated energy req’t is 3.6 Mcal DE/lb litter gain Daily energy requirement would be (6.4 X 3.6) 23.0 Mcal DE/d, or
21.9 Mcal ME/d Diet ME content is 1.45 Mcal ME/lb Therefore, sow must eat 15.1 lb feed/d Is this possible? If yes, what actions can producer take to maximize intake? If no, what options are available to 1) the sow, or 2) the producer?
Fibre in lactation dietsFibre in lactation diets Nursing sows are susceptible to constipation Constipation can be treated by using:
Fiber Wheat midds (±20%) Soybean hulls (±10%) Alfalfa meal (±25%) Sugar beet pulp (7±%) Oats (±20%)(Risk: Use of fibrous ingredients will lower diet energy density and
may compromise sow’s ability to consume sufficient energy Chemical laxatives
MgSO4 (Epsom salts: 30 lb/ton) NaSO4 (Glauber salts: 60 lb/ton)(Risk: Chemical laxatives are harsh; should be used carefully)
Lactation feeding quandaryLactation feeding quandary In order to maximize sow feed intake, she wants the room
kept as cool as possible In order to maximize piglet growth and well-being, they
want the room to be kept very warm If the room is kept too cool for the piglets, they will huddle
with the sow, increasing the risk of being over-lain Increased mortality due to overlays is often related to a room
temperature that is too cool
Compromise Keep the farrowing room temperature elevated during
farrowing and the first 24 to 36 hours post-farrowing, to get the piglets off to a good start.
Lower the temperature to 68 to 72⁰F thereafter and provide zone heating for the piglets
Feed intake declines by about 0.2 lb/d per ⁰F above 68⁰F
Further reading Further reading
• Paper 1• Paper 2• Paper 3• Paper 4