Livelihoods, migration and remittance Livelihoods, migration and remittance flows in times of crisis and conflictflows in times of crisis and conflict

Darfur Case-StudiesHelen Young

Why are livelihoods important?

22

Centrality of livelihoods to the Darfur conflict– Causes – Process– Outcomes– Solutions

33

Feed Back

Factor

ASSETS/

LIAB

ILITIES

PRO

CESSES,

INSTITU

TION

S &

POLIC

IES

INFLUENCE& ACCESS STRATEGIES

OUTCOMES & GOALS

LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK

44

Cultivation

Livestock

Trade

Natural resources

Labour migration

Darfur LivelihoodStrategies

Five case-studies

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1. Kebkabiya: Fur IDPs, formerly farmers from Jebel Si

2. Mellit: Zayadia (arab) agro-pastoralists

3. Disa: a mixed group of tribes in rebel-held areas

4. Seraif: Beni Hussein (arab) agro-pastoralists

5. Geneina: Masalit IDPs(previously farmers)

1

3

5

4 2

6

Migration and trade routes

66 4

International bounda

Dongolawi donkey ro

Other towns

LEGEND

State boundary

State capital

Province boundary

Camel trade routes

0 150 3

kilometres

HAMRAT EL WIZ

KABKABIYA

GULU

NERTITI

SERIF OMAR

ES SERIF

EL G

ENEI

NA

AZOMZALINGEI

SILEL AH

KOTTOM

KASS

KARNOY

GARSEILA

NYALLA NORTH

EL FASHIR

KORMA

TAWILAHKATTAL

NYALLA EAST EL LE AEIT

EN NABI

MILLET

UMM KEDADA

KUBUMMUKJAR

NYALLA

SOUTH WEST

SOQA EJ JAMEL

SAWDARI

HAMRAT ESH SHEIKH

UMM BARRO

EL MALEHA

ED DABBA

ARGO

DONGOLA

DELGO

OMDURMAN SHAMEL

WAD HAMED

EL MAT

E

SHERRI

EL SHKARIMA

ABU H

MARAWI

ABRI

WADI HALFA

ZAM

ABAY

A

ED D AEIN

WEST DARFUR

NORTH DARFUR

WEST KORDOFAN

NORTH KORDOFAN

NORTHERN

SOUTH DARFUR

SUDANCHAD

LIBYA

EGYPT

Khartoum

Zalinge

Al Jeneina

NyalaForo Burunga

Al FashirDam Jamad

An Nahud

Omdru

Beida

Kutum Melit

Malha

Dongola

Al Kufrah

Qarab Eltom

Elawynat

Rahad al Birdi

Kabkabiya

Harmat al Sheik

Um Kedada

Sodari

Wadi Halfa

Um Bal

Babanusa

Tini (Wells)

Goz Beida

Serif Omra

Majajuria

Atrun

Remittance Mechanisms & Flows -

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Hand-carried by individuals in cash and kindBanks Hawala system: cash and trade based linking Libya, Arab States and Sudan

Phone communicationHawaldar in

KufraLIBYA

Hawaldar in Gesira

SUDANRemittee in Gesira SP 100,000 ($39)

Remitter in KufraLD 60 ($45)

Per annum– Higher paid workers: $812 - $958

(up to 40%)– Unskilled workers: $271 - $319

(20-30%)

Married men send moreGoods – clothes, rice, sugar, pasta, infant formula, oil

Impact of the conflict – barriers to remittance flows

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– Insecurity/banditry – routes to Libya especially– Border closure (May 2003) blocking transnational trade and

migration– Government restrictions on movement of goods from urban to

rural areas– Closure of banks – North darfur– Impact on landlines, expansion of mobile network and use of

thurayas– Pressure on social networks, traditional leadership, caused by

displacment – impact on communications– Loss of income earning potential to pay for travel/ subsistence– Conscription pressures– High inflation of basic goods (not cereals or meat) reduces value

of cash remittances

Strategies to support, protect and facilitate remittance transfers

99

Improve communicationsFamily tracingLifting of travel restrictionsSkills development and support to diasporaReintegration of illegal migrants into the formal economy in LibyaExtend formal banking services to IDPs and traders

Current and future scenarios

1010

Crisis affected population has trebled, from 1.3 million to over 4 millionLocal responses to partial signing of the DPAIncreasing ethnic and political polarization between tribesOngoing insecurity, unpredictability & targeting of humanitariansContinuing displacement and protection threatsCollapse in the broader economy; emergence of war economy elementsCrisis has become entrenched

Humanitarian access – May 2006 and 2007

1111

Thank you

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Feinstein International CenterFriedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyTufts University126 Curtis StreetMedford MA 02155, USAwww.famine.tufts.edu