live line washing

7/27/2019 live line washing

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F i e l d W o r k R e p o r t

Topic

Subject:

Power Generation and Transmission (EE-306)

Supervisor:

Engr. Tuaheed ur Rehman

Submitted By:

Muhammad Asad KhanMubashir hussainDanial waheed

D e p a r t m e n t o f E l e c t r i c a l

E n g i n e e r i n g


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preface

The purpose of this report is to establish clear and consistent guidelines for live-line

work. The term live-line maintenance, as used in this manual, includes maintenance

activities using the hot stick or the bare hand technique. Live-line maintenance is a

procedural activity and does not include such activities as switching, climbing

inspection, conductor stringing, etc. These guidelines and live-line work procedures

supplement the requirements of Westerns PSSM, and therefore shall be complied with

by Westerns operation and maintenance (O&M) employees performing work on

energized transmission lines and energized equipment in Western facilities. In the event

of a conflict between the requirements contained in this report and those contained in the

PSSM,the PSSM shall prevail until the conflict can be resolved.


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Acknowledgement

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the

kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my

sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Engr.tauheed ur rehman for their guidance and constant

supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also

for their support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member ofNTDC for their

kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving me

such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and

people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.


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Live line working

In electrical engineering, live-line working is the maintenance of electrical equipment,

often operating at high voltage, while the equipment is energized. The first techniques for

live-line working were developed in the early years of the 20th century, and both

equipment and work methods were later refined to deal with increasingly higher voltages.

In the 1960s, methods were developed in the laboratory to enable field workers to come

into direct contact with high voltage lines. Such methods can be applied to enable safe

work at the highest transmission voltages.

Requirements for working liveIt is the responsibility of the Agency to determine and establish the requirements which

allow qualified individuals to work on energized OCS equipment. It is the responsibility

of each qualified person to adhere to the requirements of the Agency, and to ensure all

proper precautions are being followed. The following topics should be addressed whenestablishing the requirements for work live:

1. Work limits/approach boundaries2. Clearances for live line work3. Appropriate PPE for live line work4. Special tools for live line work5. Special work equipment for live line work6. Qualifying employees for live line work7. Recommended live line work practices

In addition the agency should consider the following when establishing the requirements

for live line work:

1. An agency wide safety policy and or procedure2. OCS Maintenance and inspection procedures3. Minimum design requirements for insulation of the OCS


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Recommendations

1.1.Work /approach limitsThe Agency should establish working distances or approach limits for all employees, not

just employees who work on the OCS. These work limits will establish how close an

employee is allowed to get to the OCS while it is energized. In general, this is

accomplished by defining employees as qualified or un- qualified to work on or near

energized OCS equipment. Unless an employee has been qualified by the agency to

work on or near energized equipment, they should be classified as un-qualified.

Work or approach limits are measured between the closest part of the employee or

tool/material in an out reached position and the energized OCS. Working on near

energized OCS should be accomplished in the most effective and safe manner aspossible.

1.1.1. Recommended work clearances for un-qualified employees

The recommended work limit or approach distance for un-qualified employees working

near a dc OCS rated at a nominal voltage of 1500 V or less this distance is 3.05 M (10-

0).

1.1.2. Recommended work clearances for qualified employees

The recommended work limit or approach distance for qualified employees working near,

but not on, a dc OCS rated at a nominal voltage of 1500 V or less this distance is 0.66 M

(2-2).

1.2.Recommended live line work clearancesLive line work clearances are measured between an energized apparatuses and a ground

source. Live line clearances define where live line maintenance can be performed. It is

recommended that two sets of live line clearance be defined. Normal live line clearances

define where qualified employees can follow normal live line procedures to do live line

work. Restricted live line clearances defines areas where restricted clearance provisions

must be followed in order to work the line live, or alternatively, live line work is

prohibited.


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It is the Agencys responsibility to determine the minimum clearances. The

recommended minimum clearance between an energized apparatuses and a ground source

for Normal Live Line Work is 4-0.

Restricted live line clearances are areas where the minimum clearance for normal live

line maintenance can not be maintained. Some examples include; clearances to tunnel of

overhead bridges, station canopies, and other structures. Working on energized OCS

with in a restricted clearance area requires additional provisions. Work should be

prohibited in restricted clearances zones unless employees are qualified to work within

restricted clearance areas and appropriate measures are employed to mitigate the

additional risk.

1.3.Recommended PPE for live line workThe agency should establish requirements for PPE when performing maintenance on

energized OCS equipment. Personal protective equipment which is selected should

conform to all applicable safety standards as outlined by ANSI, ASTM, NFPA, and

OSHA.

Suggested personal protective equipment which should be considered for qualified

employees performing live line work includes; Fire resistant clothing, eye protection, fire

resistant fall protection harness, fire resistance reflective safety vest, hard toe footprotection, electrical protective gloves, sleeves, and nonconductive hard hat.

The agency should establish guidelines for the proper use and care of all PPE. In

addition guidelines should be established for when different pieces of PE is required to be

worn.

1.3.1. Electrical protective gloves and sleevesElectrical protective gloves consist of a flexible rubber glove with gauntlet and a soft

pliable leather glove that is worn over the rubber glove to protect it against punctures or

abrasions. Electrical protective gloves are marked with ANSI/ASTM classifications,

classifications are based on the Maximum Use Voltage. Electrical protective gloves must

be electrically tested and certified at their voltage class before initial use. Electrical

protective gloves must be electrically tested periodically in accordance with the USA


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Standard Specification for Rubber Protective Equipment for Electrical Workers. It is

recommended that an outside testing agency do all testing of gloves and sleeves. The

Agency should establish a minimum and maximum period between tests.

In addition to the electrical test, is recommended that Agency establish guidelines for

testing prior to each use. These guidelines should include testing rubber gloves and

sleeves for punctures and cuts. Inspecting leather gloves for wear, cuts etc. Gloves and

sleeves should not be used if visual inspection proves them to be defective.

1.4.Special tools for live line workThe American National Standards Institute, American Society for Testing and Materials

& Occupational Safety and Health Administration have a number of standards which

describe the requirements for testing tools and apparatus used to perform maintenance on

the OCS. Agencies should observe these standards as they apply to the safety of the

users of the equipment. The equipment to which these standards apply is:

Hot Sticks

High Voltage Gloves and Sleeves

conductive suit

Roop tester

Rubber Line Hoses

Capstan hoist


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Hot stick

In the electric power distribution industry, a hot stickis an insulatedpole, usually made

offiberglass, used by electric utility workers when engaged onlive-line working on

energized high-voltage electric power lines, to protect them from electric shock.Depending on the tool attached to the end of the hot stick, it is possible to test for voltage,

tighten nuts and bolts, apply tie wires (twisted lengths of ductile wire which fasten the

running cable to its supporting insulators), open and close switches, replace fuses, lay

insulating sleeves on wires, and perform various other tasks while not exposing the crew

to a large risk ofelectric shock.[1]

Hot sticks are made in different lengths, from a few feet long up to telescoping types of

30 feet length. Because the fiberglass provides electrical insulation, the hot stick allows

utility workers to perform operations on power lines safely without de-energizing them or

while the state of the power line is not yet known. This is essential because certain

operations (such as opening or closing combination fuse/switches) must occasionally be

performed on an energized line. Additionally, after a fault occurs, the exact state of a line

may not be certain; in this case, for reasons of crew safety, the utility workers must treat

the line as though it were energized until it can be proven that it is not and safety ground

cables can be applied to the line (so that the line is guaranteed to

remain grounded/earthed while maintenance is performed upon it). If power tools are

fitted to the end of the hot stick, they are usually powered hydraulically rather than

electrically because, like the fiberglass of the hot stick, the hydraulic fluid is also a good

insulator. The hydraulic power is commonly supplied from the bucket truck(cherry

pickeroraerial work platform) supporting the workers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(occupation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line_workinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_wires&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation#Telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_stick#cite_note-Cadick-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_stick#cite_note-Cadick-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_stick#cite_note-Cadick-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_work_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_work_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_stick#cite_note-Cadick-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation#Telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_wires&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line_workinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(occupation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution


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High Voltage Gloves and Sleeves

Rubber insulating gloves are amongthe most important articles of personal protection for

electrical workers.Incorporating high dielectric and physicalstrength, flexibility anddurability, Salisbury rubber insulating gloves have earned thereputation for superior

performancemeeting and exceeding the requirementsof current ASTM D120

specifications and IEC EN60903 Standards.Salisbury rubber insulating gloves

aremanufactured by dipping porcelain forms into a tank of liquefied rubber. The thin

layer of rubber which results is allowed to dry and the process is repeated until the

required thickness is reached. Depending on the voltage class of the glove, this dipping-

drying-dipping cycle may need to be repeated over 30 times. After the desired thickness

is achieved, the gloves are allowed to dry. Once dry, they are cut to length, the

reinforcing bead is rolled, and the ASTM label and manufacturing information is applied

along with any additional permanent marking that may be requested. The gloves arecured in an autoclave under steam pressure and heat. After curing, the gloves are visually

inspected. Gloves with visual imperfections are rejected. The gloves are then given a

halogenation treatment (chlorination) to increase the comfort and wearability.


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Roop tester

The Hi-TestRope Testeris designed to test hot line ropes, slings and straps for dielectric

integrity at the time and location they are being used. Ropes with diameters ranging from3/8" diameter (9.5 mm) to 1-1/2" diameter (38 mm) can be tested along with slings and

straps of various sizes.

Rope Tester Features Continuously test any length of rope or straps

Dielectric condition is displayed by green (good) or red (bad) LED's

Powered by an 8VDC rechargeable battery

Audible buzzer sounds if defective sections of rope is found

Small, portable and easy-to-use
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Rubber Line Hoses

Rubber insulating line hose (RILH) is a portable safety device designed to cover exposed

energized power lines and protect workers from incidental contact. Insulating line hose

comes in various configurations and shapes. Its purpose is to completely cover line or

equipment to which it is applied.


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Conductive suits

Born of a need to let the lineman get closer to his work, the clothing is bonded to the

conductor, placing the lineman within the field of electricity, not as a conductor himselfbut insulated products (ladders, platforms, etc.), and allows him to work with his hand on

the conductor hardware. Thus, transmission line maintenance efficiency and effectiveness

are advanced without endangering the lineman and without interrupting customer service.


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Capstan hoist

It can be used for hoisting rails and brackets, driving chain falls, pulling electrical wires

and cables through conduit and a myriad of other chores. This lightweight powerful

worker mounts just about anywhere. It has 1,000 lbs. capacity at 40 FPM on 120V single

phase current.This versatile 1,000 lb. capstan is the perfect partner for overhead and

underground lifting and pulling applications. The unit is small and lightweight, making it

perfect for use in remote and limited access areas.


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These items should be tested and inspected daily before each use if used daily. All

rubber protective materials should be stored in a dry environment unfolded. If any defect

is found while inspecting the protective equipment, the immediate supervisor should be

notified and the equipment taken out of service.

An inspection and testing program should be established by the agency. All requiredinspection and testing should be provided by an independent laboratory. A log, which

details the testing performed on the equipment, should be established by the agency and

should be in addition to the test information provided by the test laboratory.

1.5.Special work equipment for live line work

Insulating Aerial equipment

1.6.Qualifying employees for live line work

Employees doing live line work on the OCS should have satisfactorily completed a

formal training course of instruction and practice. Records should be maintained that

include training and work experience in the areas that they are expected to perform.

Qualified employees should be re examined periodically to determine the adequacy of theworkers knowledge of the rules and procedures, their ability to use tools and techniques

Methods

In general, there are three methods of live-line working which help workers avoid the

considerable hazards of live line working. In various ways, they all serve to prevent

current flowing from the live equipment through the worker.


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Hot stick or Live Line Tool

Hot sticks are used in live line work by having the worker remain at a specified distance

from the live parts and carry out the work by means of an insulating stick. Tools can be

attached to the stick, allowing work to be performed with the worker himself safely away

from the live conductors.

Insulating Gloves or Rubber Gloves

A live line worker is electrically protected by insulating gloves and other insulating

equipment, and carries out the work in direct mechanical contact with live parts.

Barehand or Potential

The barehanded approach has a live line worker performing the work in direct electriccontact with live parts. Before contact, the worker's body is raised to the same electric

potential as the live parts, and then held there by electric connection, while maintaining

suitable isolation from the surroundings which are at different potentials, like the ground,

other people or trees. Because the worker and the work are at the same potential, no

current flows through the worker.

Unearthed or De-energized

Some organizations additionally consider working on unearthed de-energised equipment

to be another form of live-line working. This is because the line might become

inadvertently charged (e.g. through a back-charged transformer), orinductively

coupled from an adjacent in-service line. To prevent this, the line is first grounded via aclamp known as a bond or drain earth. Once this is in place, further work is not

considered to be live-line working.

Hot stick

Hot-stick working appeared in the second decade of the 20th century, when insulating

poles made from baked wood were used for tasks such as replacing fuses, replacing post

insulators, and transferring lines onto temporary supports. The sticks enabled the linemen

to carry out the work without infringing minimum clearance distances from live

equipment. As experience with the techniques developed, then the operating voltages at

which the work was performed increased. With the advent offibre glasspoles in the late

1950s, which neither split nor soaked up rainwater, utilities were prepared to carry outhot-stick working to their highest operating voltages, perhaps 765 kV

]

Tools, such as hooks orsocket wrenches can be mounted at the end of the pole. More

sophisticated poles can accept pneumatically- or hydraulically-driven power tools which

allow, for example, bolts to be unscrewed remotely. A rotary wire brush allows a

terminal to be scoured clean before a connection is made. However, a worker's dexterity

is naturally reduced when operating tools at the end of a pole that is several metres long.
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Insulating glove or Rubber Glove working

Usually applied for work above 1kV ac 1.5kV dc The primary classes are: Class 1 - phase

to phase working voltage 7.5kV Class 2 - phase to phase working voltage 17kV Class 3 -

phase to phase working voltage 26.5kV Class 4 - phase to phase working voltage 36kV

Gloves protect the worker from exposure to the live part being worked upon sometimesreferred to as the 1st point of contact; the point where current would enter the body

should an inadvertent contact be made. Covers of insulating material such as blankets and

linehose are employed in rubber glove working to protect the worker from exposure to a

part at a different potential sometimes referred to as the 2nd point of contact; the point

where current would leave the body should an inadvertent contact be made.

Bare hand

Bare-hand, or potential working involves placing the worker in direct electrical contact

with an energized overhead line. The worker might work alongside the lines, from a

platform that is suspended from them, or may sit or stand directly on the line itself. In all

cases, the worker's body is maintained at the same voltage as the line. It is imperative thatthe worker maintain appropriate and adequate limits of approach to any part at a different

potential.

The first procedures for barehand working were developed in 1960 by Harold L. Rorden,

a high-voltage engineer forAmerican Electric PowerTechniques were further refined

following field and laboratory tests.

There are a number of ways in which the worker can access the live parts:

The worker can access from a specialist type of mobile elevating work platform

(MEWP) termed an insulating aerial device (IAD) which has a boom of insulating

material and which all conductive parts at the platform end are bonded together.There are other requirements for safe working such as gradient control devices, a

means of preventing a vacuum in the hydraulic lines, etc.

The worker can stand on an insulating ladder which is maneuvered to the line by

means of non conductive rope.

The worker is lowered from a helicopter and transfers himself to the line.

The worker is brought alongside the wire in a hovering helicopter and works from

that position.

As the lineman approaches the wire, an arc will form between them as the worker is

charged. Although this arc carries no more than a few microamps, it is debilitating, and

the worker must immediately bond himself electrically to the line to prevent furtherarcing. A worker may use a conducting wand during the approach to first make the

connection. Once on the line, the worker is safe from shock as both the lineman and the

wire are at the same electric potential and no current passes through his body. This is the

same principle that allows birds to safely alight on power lines]

When the work is completed, the process is reversed to remove the worker safely from

the wire. Barehand working provides the lineman with greater dexterity than the hot stick
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method, and may be the preferred option if conditions permit it. With this

technique, insulator strings, conductor spacers and vibration dampers can be replaced, or

lines spliced, without any loss of supply

The strong electric field surrounding charged equipment is enough to drive a current of

approximately 15 A for each kVm1

through a human body. To prevent this, hot-hand

workers are usually required to wear a Faraday suit. This is a set of overalls made from or

woven throughout with conducting fibers. The suit is in effect a wearable Faraday cage,

which equalizes the potential over the body, and ensures there is no through-tissue

current. Conducting gloves, even conducting socks, are also necessary, leaving only the

face uncovered.

There is little practical upper voltage limit for hot-hand working, and it has been

successfully performed at some of the highest transmission operating voltages in the

world, such as the Russian1150 kV system.

1.7.General Precautions1) Live Line maintenance should not be started when if the threat of lightning is

present

2) The automatic re-closure of breakers feeding the line section should be madeinoperable while live line maintenance is being performed.

3) All work equipment and insulating tools should be inspected for defects beforework begins.

4) Proper PPE should be worn when performing live line work5) Care should be taken to maintain proper clearances when using conductive

materials.

6) When working on energized conductors, care should be taken to make sure theconductor does not flash over to adjacent objects located along the line.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge_damperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_splicinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_splicinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge_damperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)


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and Health Administration. Retrieved 3 December 2008.

4.e

"Live Work Guide for Substations".EPRI. October 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2008.

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7. ^Krawulski, Andrzej; Niejadlik, Tomasz (79 June 2006)."Live wire work on 400 kV and 220 kV

OHL".Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Live Maintenance. Prague: ICOLIM

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8. ^Bosonetto, Doriano; Iulita, Mario (79 June 2006)."The development of conductive suits: the

Italian experience".Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Live Maintenance. Prague:

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9. ^Davies, John (1988).Performance of Protective Clothing. ASTM International. pp. 813

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10.^Electrical Times156. July 1969. p. 58.

11.^Krylov, S.V.; Timashova, L.V. "Experience of live-line maintenance on 500-1200 kV lines in

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12.^"Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution".Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
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